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TOPIC 1: Examples: 1. She went to Los Angeles. subject pronoun 2. She gave him her card. object pronoun 3. That essay is mine her card. possessive pronoun 4. Little babby has learned to eat by himself. reflexive pronoun 1 Subject pronouns I You He/She/It We You They Object pronouns Me You Him/Her/It Us You Them Possessive pronouns Mine Yours His/Hers/Its Ours Yours Theirs Reflexive pronouns Myself Yourself Himself/Herself/Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves Relative pronouns Who Whom Whose Which That TOPIC 2: A. Form 1. Adverbs a. Most adverbs end in –ly. adjective adverb brave bravely loud loudly quick quickly dangerous dangerously bad badly b. Some adverbs are irregular. adjective adverb good well fast fast hard hard 2. Adjectives a. We put adjectives in front of the noun. adjective noun a new car two green apples blue eyes b. Adjectives do not change. adjective noun a big house two big houses c. We use an in front of an adjective that begins with a vowel. an old man an easy exam B. Use 1. Adverbs describe verbs. You can do this exercise easily. (Easily describes do.) 2. Adjectives describe nouns. This is an easy exercise. (Easy describes exercise.) 2 TOPIC 3: A. Form  Spelling 1. Basic rule: We add –ing to the infinitive. wash washing read reading hurry hurrying 2. Exception: for verbs that end in –e, we remove the -e and add –ing. drive driving use using For verbs with a short vowel and only one consonant, we double the consonant and add –ing. swim swimming sit sitting B. Use 1. We use gerunds as subjects or objects. Skiing can be dangerous. I like travelling by plane. 2. Certain verbal expressions take a gerund. Would you mind going to the bank for me? I don’t mind doing that. Do you fancy watching a video? 3 TOPIC 4: A. in is used with years in 1994 centuries in the nienteenth century parts of the day in the morning decades in the 1960s seasons in summer months in November B. on is used with dates on 19 July days of the week on Monday on Sunday morning ‘special’ days on my birthday on Christmas Day C. at is used with times at 7.00 at midnight holidays at Christmas at Easter at the weekend D. no preposition is used with expressions with ago tonight, this morning this afternoon, etc. tomorrow, tomorrow afternoon, etc. yesterday, yesterday morning, etc. expressions with last or next TOPIC 5: 4 I. THE FUTURE WITH “WILL” A. Form 1. Positive and negative I He She It We You They ‘ll (will) won’t (will not) see you tomorrow. get the job. 2. Questions Short answers Will Will you he be at the meeting? Yes, I will. lend you his car? No, he won’t. B. Use 1. We use the future with will to make predictions or general statements about the future. We’ll need some more money soon. In the year 2050 the world’s population will reach 10 billion. 2. We use the future with will to describe a decision made at the moment of speaking often or to make an offer. ‘Have you got that report?’ ‘Yes, I’ll fax you a copy.’ ‘I can’t hear the TV very well.’ ‘I’ll turn it up.’ II. THE FUTURE WITH “GOING TO” A. Form 1. Positive and negative I ‘m (am) going to do the shopping. have a shower. clean the windows. ‘m not (am not) He She It ‘s (is) Isn’t ‘s not (is not) We You They ‘re (are) aren’t ‘re not (are not) 2. Questions Short answers Are you going to play football? Yes, I am. Is he going to buy the wine? No, he isn’t B. Use 5 1. We use going to to describe plans, intentions, and things we have decided to do. I’m going to look for a new job. I’m going to sell my car. 2. We use going to to describe things we can see or feel will definitely happen in the future. She’s going to have a baby. 3-0 up with five minutes to play, Manchester City are going to win. III. THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE A. Form 1. Positive and negative I We You They live in Manchester. don’t live (do not live) He She It plays tennis. doesn’t play (does not play) a. In the third person singular we add –s to the infinitive. b. When the verb ends in –ss, -sh, -ch, -z or –o, we add –es. kiss kisses wish wishes watch watches buzz buzzes do does c. When the verb ends in consonant + y, we change the –y to –ies worry worries study studies 2. Questions Short answers Do you live in London? Yes, I do. Does he play golf? No, he doesn’t. B. Use 1. We use the present simple tense to describe states. I live with my parents. Water boils at 100 degrees. 2. We use the present simple tense to describe regular events. I usually work late on Mondays. They go on holidays to Ireland every year. C. Pronunciation 1. After a vowel sound or a voiced consonant sound (/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /δ/, /z/, /l/, /r/, /m/, /n/, /η/) we pronounce the final –s as /z/. comes / kʌmz/ goes /gәʊz/ 2. After a voiceless consonant sound (/t/, /p/, /f/, and /k/) we pronounce the final –s as /s/. cuts / kʌts/ stops /stɒps/ coughs /kʌfs/ looks /lʊks/ 3. When the verb ends in –ges, –ches, –sses, –ses, –zes or –shes, we pronounce the final syllable /iz/. changes /ʧeinʤiz/ pushes /pʊʃiz / IV. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE A. Form 6 1. Positive and negative I ‘m (am) reading. watching TV. working at home. . ‘m not (am not) He She It ‘s (is) Isn’t ‘s not (is not) We You They ‘re (are) aren’t ‘re not (are not) 2. Questions Short answers Am I meeting Mike at 12.00? Yes, you are. Is she coming to the meeting? No, she isn’t Are they driving or coming by train? a. To make –ing forms we add –ing to the infinitive. eat eating fly flying b. For verbs that end in –e, we remove the –e and add –ing. drive driving come coming c. When the verb ends consonant–vowel–consonant and the stress is on the final syllable, we double the final consonant and add –ing. run running admit admitting B. Use 1. We use the present continuous tense to say what is happening at the moment. We’re having dinner just now. ‘Where’s Sue?’ ‘She’s watching TV.’ 2. We use the present continuous tense to describe a temporary state. I can’t find a flat, so I’m living with my parents. I’m doing French evening classes this year. 3. We use the present continuous tense to describe a future arrangement. I’m playing tennis tomorrow evening. They’re arriving next Monday at 10.00. C. Present simple and present continuous 1. Sometimes the use of the present simple or the present continuous depends on whether we see a situation as permanent or temporary. I live in a flat in George Road. (I see the situation as permanent.) I’m living with my parents until I find a place of my own. (I think the situation is temporary.) Where do you work? (I think you have a permanent job.) Where are you working? (I think you are doing something temporary.) 2. Some verbs are not normally used in the continuous form even when they refer to the present moment. They refer to states and not to actions. The most important ones are a. like, love, prefer, hate, want, wish, need I need a new pen. NOT I’m needing a new pen. b. think, imagine, believe, know, realize, mean, understand, remember, forget, suppose, hope, see 7 I don’t understand. NOT I’m not understanding. c. be, seem, appear, sound, taste, smell This tastes delicious. NOT This is tasting delicious. d. belong, contain, include, matter, owe, own Who does the car belong to? NOT Who is the car belonging to? 3. Some of these verbs can be used in the continuous form when they describe actions and not states. Compare these sentences. This ice cream tastes disgusting. (state) He’s tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt. (action) I think it’s important. (state) ‘What are you doing?’ ‘I’m thinking.’ (action) V. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A. Form We make the present perfect tense with have/has and the past participle. 1. Positive and negative I We You They ‘ve (have) lived abroad. haven’t (have not) He She It ‘s (has) cooked dinner. hasn’t (has not) 2. Questions Short answers Have you been to Paris before? Yes, I have. Has she broken her leg? No, she hasn’t a. To make regular past participles, we add –ed to the infinitive. play played open opened This is the same as the regular past tense. b. A lot of common verbs have an irregular past participle. go gone write written see seen B. Use The present perfect links the past with the present. PAST PRESENT 1. We use the present perfect tense when we are interested in the present result of a past action. She’s gone home. (She isn’t here now.) I’ve bought a new car. (I’ve got a new car now.) 2. We use the present perfect tense when an activity or situation started in the past and still continues to the present. He’s worked in the same office for twenty years.(He still works there now.) I’ve lived here for three years. (I still live here now.) NOW I’ve lived here for three years. 8 PAST three years ago 3. We use the present perfect tense when we are referring to a time frame that comes up to the present. Have you ever been to Brazil? (In your life until now.) I’ve been to Brazil three times. (Until now I’ve been there three times.) Have you seen John today? (We are still in the time frame of ‘today’.) VI. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE A. Form 1. Positive and negative I We You They ‘ve (have) been playing football. having a rest. waiting for an hour. haven’t (have not) He She It ‘s (has) hasn’t (has not) 2. Questions Short answers Has he been reading? Yes, he has. Have you been waiting long? No, I haven’t B. Use 1. We use the present perfect continuous tense to describe an activity that is still incomplete. I’ve been writing a letter. (I haven’t finished it yet.) How long have you been reading that book? (You haven’t finished it yet.) 2. We use the present perfect continuous tense to focus on the process of an activity. ‘What have you been doing?’ ‘I’ve been running.’ 3. We use the present perfect continuous tense to emphasize the duration of an activity. You’re late. I’ve been waiting for an hour. C. Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous 1. The present perfect continuous and the present perfect simple can both be used to describe situations which started in the past and are still going on, or about past actions which have present results. The important difference is that the present perfect continuous focuses on the action itself, but the present perfect simple focuses on the completion or result of the action. I’ve been playing a lot of football this week. (focus on activity) I’ve played two matches. (focus on completion) 2. We always use the present perfect simple when we say how much or how many. How many letters have you written this week? How much rice have you cooked? 3. With the verbs live and work we can normally use either the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous. Have you lived here long? Have you been living here long? 4. Sometimes the present perfect simple can describe a more permanent state and the present perfect continuous can describe a temporary activity. I’ve lived here for ten years. (permanent) I’ve been living with my sister for the last few months. (temporary) 9 VII. THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE A. Form 1. The verb to be a. Positive and negative I He She It was at home last week. wasn’t (was not) We You They were here yesterday. weren’t (were not) b. Questions Short answers Was he at home last week? Yes, he was. Were they here yesterday? No, they weren’t. 2. Regular verbs a. To make the past simple tense we add –ed to the infinitive. The past simple is the same for all persons. verb past simple watch We watched a film last night. happen It happened in Rome.  When the verb ends in –e, we add –d. use used decide decided  When the verb ends consonant-vowel-consonant, and the stress is on the final syllable, we double the final consonant and add –ed. stop stopped prefer preferred  But we do not double –y, or –w as final letters. delay delayed show showed  When the verb ends in consonant + y, we change the –y to –ied. hurry hurried study studied b. Pronunciation  After /p/, /k/, /ʃ/, /ʧ/, and /s/ we pronounce the final –d as /t/.  When the verb ends in –t or –d we pronounce the final syllable /id/.  Otherwise we pronounce the final –d as /d/. /d/ /t/ /id/ pulled lived seemed watched liked missed wanted ended decided 3. Irregular verbs Many commons verbs have an irregular past form. The irregular form is the same for all persons. a. Positive verb past simple see I saw her yesterday. buy They bought a new car last week. 10 [...]... didn’t Kate come to our party D wouldn’t Kate come to our party “Stay in bed for a few days,” the doctor said to me In indirect speech, this should read: A The doctor said me to stay in bed for a few days B The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days C The doctor said that I stay in bed for a few days D The doctor told me that to stay in bed for a few days I asked Tim, “Will you listen to me?” In reported... carefully to the doctor’s story Then he said, “I understand your problem, doctor You cannot tell the king the truth He will throw you into prison if you do You must let the king find out for himself why he is always ill.” “How can I do that?” the doctor asked “I have a plan,” the old monk said “Can you get me an invitation to breakfast at the palace?” “Yes, I can do that easily,’ the doctor answered... said “I eat only one meal a day I saw your doctor He is a very clever man and he told me that I eat and drink too much He was right Now I do not eat very much and I am healthy I never have pains in my stomatch or head “That is very interesting,” the king said “I’ll eat and drink less, too Perhaps it will cure me.” And, of course, it did 1 2 3 4 5 What was the doctor’s problem? A He was ill, too C The... replaced by A recent B unusual C established D exceptional The word “will” in line 4 refers to A Nobel’s wishes B a legal document C a future intention D a free choice A Nobel prize would NOT be given to A an author who wrote a novel B a doctor who discovered a vaccine C a composer who wrote a symphony D a diplomat who negotiated a peace settlement The word “one” in line 12... said “I’ll eat and drink less, too Perhaps it will cure me.” And, of course, it did 1 2 3 4 5 What was the doctor’s problem? A He was ill, too C The king wanted to throw him into prison What would the doctor give the monk? A Fine clothes C An invitation to breakfast with the king Why did the monk look very fat? A He was a holy man C He wore a lot of clothes What did the monk do after the meal? A He... tell the king the truth D The king would not listen to him B The best food D A big breakfast B He had cushions under his clothes D He ate a lot of food B He sat next to the king D He asked to see the doctor B Slim and healthy D In great pain 28 PASSAGE 6 “Oh dear, Sally, you look unwell What’s the matter with you?” “Mother, I think I have a fever!” Mrs Lee sat by the side of Sally’s bed and put her... medicine and stay in bed for a few days I’m writing a note for you to send to your teacher You should not go to school until you have recovered In this way, you will not infect your class-mates.” “Thank you, doctor,” Sally said Mrs Lee then paid the bill at the counter and took Sally home 1 2 3 4 5 Who said the sentence “Oh dear, Sally, you look unwell…” at the beginning of the passage? A Miss Wong B Dr Pang... 4A 5B 6C 7C 8B Passage 2 1A 2A 3A 4C 5C 6B 7C 8A Passage 3 1C 2B 3A 4C 5B 6C 7A 8C Passage 4 1A 2A 3B 4A 5B 6C 7C 8B Passage 5 1B 2C 3B 4C 5B Passage 6 1D 2A 3A 4B 5A 29 9C 10B 9C 10B 9C 10A 9D 10A I Anh (Chò) chọn từ có phần gạch dưới có cách phát âm khác với các từ còn lại trong cùng một nhóm và viết chữ A, B, C, hoặc D tương ứng với các từ đã chọn vào các ô từ 1 đến 10 trong bảng trả lời (10 x 0,2... tea full study put bread about seven take C C C C C C C C C C small water pink rush during sugar break round sugar face D D D D D D D D D D war decade screen club opportunity push steak out sun any II Anh (Chò) hãy chọn một từ hoặc nhóm từ thích hợp cho mỗi chỗ trống trong những câu sau Viết chữ A, B, C, hoặc D tương ứng với từ / nhóm từ đã chọn vào các ô từ 11 đến 40 trong bảng trả lời (30 x 0,1 =... _ A would succeed B will succeed C will have succeed D had succeeded If I had known that you were coming I you at the airport A would meet B would have met C must have met D might meet If our documents _ in order, we could have left at once A have been B were C were to be D had been Accidents _ A are often caused by carelessness B are often cost by carelessness C are often caused . + person + (not) to + verb. ‘Don’t worry.’ He told me not to worry. 19 ‘Please sit down.’ The doctor asked me to sit down. TOPIC 12: I. SUBJECT SEPARATED FROM THE VERB Very often, if the subject