Tiếng anh chuyên ngành kế toán part 18 pdf

158 Understanding the Numbers that govern the way the calculations are performed in this spreadsheet. For ex- ample, cost of goods sold is always equal to 32.75% of sales, and advertising is always equal to 12% of sales. Likewise, the income tax rate for this company is set at 25%. Looking behind the cells (Exhibit 5.3), you can see the spreadsheet’s for- mula infrastructure. For example, cell B4, which calculates the cost of goods sold for the month of January, contains the formula that requires the spread- sheet to multiply the cost-of-goods-sold percentage that is shown in cell B21 by the sales shown in cell B3; the formula in cell B5, which calculates the gross profit, subtracts the cost of goods sold in cell B4 from the sales in cell B3; and cell H5, which calculates the total gross profit for the six months of January through June, contains the formula that adds the contents of cells B5 through G5. The spreadsheet is set up so that, should the user wish to change any of the assumptions, such as the cost-of-goods-sold-percentage, the contents of cell B21 would be changed to a new desired value, and any other cell that was affected by this change would immediately assume its new value. As mentioned earlier, most spreadsheet packages provide excellent facilities for displaying EXHIBIT 5.2 Pro forma income statement (in dollars). Pro Forma Income Statement Year January February March April May June to Date Sales 100,000 125,000 135,000 127,000 132,000 155,000 774,000 Cost of goods sold 32,750 40,938 44,213 41,593 43,230 50,763 253,485 Gross profit 67,250 84,063 90,788 85,408 88,770 104,238 520,515 Operating Expenses Salaries 22,800 28,500 30,780 28,956 30,096 35,340 176,472 Benefits 11,200 14,000 15,120 14,224 14,784 17,360 86,688 Rent 3,200 3,200 3,200 3,200 3,200 3,200 19,200 Utilities 4,300 4,750 3,790 4,100 3,100 2,800 22,840 Advertising 12,000 15,000 16,200 15,240 15,840 18,600 92,880 Supplies 1,300 1,400 1,270 1,500 1,550 1,600 8,620 Total operating expenses 54,800 66,850 70,360 67,220 68,570 78,900 406,700 Net profit before taxes 45,200 58,150 64,640 59,780 63,430 76,100 367,300 Income taxes 11,300 14,538 16,160 14,945 15,858 19,025 91,825 Net profit after taxes 33,900 43,613 48,480 44,835 47,573 57,075 275,475 Assumptions Costs of goods sold % 0.3275 Salaries (% sales) 0.228 Benefits (% sales) 0.112 Advertising (% sales) 0.12 Income taxes % 0.25 159 EXHIBIT 5.3 Spreadsheet formula infrastructur e. Pro Forma Income Statement January February March April May June Year to Date Sales 100,000 125,000 135,000 127,000 132,000 155,000 =SUM(B3:G3) Cost of goods sold =$B21*B3 =$B21*C3 =$B21*D3 =$B21*E3 =$B21*F3 =$B21*G3 =SUM(B4:G4) Gross profit =B3-B4 =C3-C4 =D3-D4 =E3-E4 =F3-F4 =G3-G4 =SUM(B5:G5) Operating Expenses Salaries =$B22*B3 =$B22*C3 =$B22*D3 =$B22*E3 =$B22*F3 =$B22*G3 =SUM(B8:G8) Benefits =$B23*B3 =$B23*C3 =$B23*D3 =$B23*E3 =$B23*F3 =$B23*G3 =SUM(B9:G9) Rent =3,200 =3,200 =3,200 =3,200 =3,200 =3,200 =SUM(B10:G10) Utilities 4,300 4,750 3,790 4,100 3,100 2,800 =SUM(B11:G11) Advertising =$B24*B3 =$B24*C3 =$B24*D3 =$B24*E3 =$B24*F3 =$B24*G3 =SUM(B12:G12) Supplies 1,300 1,400 1,270 1,500 1,550 1,600 =SUM(B13:G13) Total operating expenses =SUM(B8:B13) =SUM(C8:C13) =SU M(D8:D13) =SUM(E8:E13) =SUM(F8:F13) =SUM(G8:G13) =SUM(B14:G14) Net profit before taxes =B3-B14 =C3-C14 =D3-D14 =E3-E14 =F3-F14 =G3-G14 =SUM(B16:G16) Income taxes =$B25*B16 =$B25*C16 =$B25*D16 =$B25*E16 =$B25*F16 =$B25*G16 =SUM(B17:G17) Net profit after taxes =B16-B17 =C16-C17 =D16-D17 =E16-E17 =F16-F17 =G16-G17 =SUM(B18:G18) Assumptions Costs of goods sold % 0.3275 Salaries (% sales) 0.228 Benefits (% sales) 0.112 Advertising (% sales) 0.12 Income taxes % 0.25 160 Understanding the Numbers data in a graphical format. Exhibit 5.4 presents a graph of the information in our demonstration spreadsheet. It contrasts sales and net profit over the six months. Presentation Graphics Software Presentation graphics software is used to create slide presentations. These pre- sentations can include a variety of media through which information can be presented to an audience, such as text, graphs, pictures, video, and sound. Spe- cial effects are also available, meaning animation can be incorporated as the system transitions from one slide to the next. Slides can be printed, in black- and-white and color, for use on overhead projectors. Alternatively, the com- puter can be directly connected to a system for projection onto a screen or a television monitor, allowing the presenter to utilize the software’s animation and sound features. Most of the software comes equipped with various prede- veloped background formats and clip art to help simplify the process of creat- ing the presentation. Also, these software packages allow the user to import both graphs and text from other software packages, such as word processing and spreadsheets. EXHIBIT 5.4 Pro forma sales and income. January February March April May June Sales Net profit after taxes 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 Months Dollars Information Technology and You 161 Database Sof tware A database is a collection of data stored in such a way that the user may create and identify relationships among data. For example, a mailing list of one’s cus- tomers might contain information about each customer’s purchases and every- thing about the sales transactions, including the prices the customer paid, who sold it to him, how she paid, and so forth. This information can be retrieved in a variety of ways usually specified by the user at the time of execution. The user might want a list of all customers that purchased a specific product be- tween January and May or perhaps an aggregate list of all products a customer has ordered and purchased from a particular salesperson. The number of pos- sible combinations and permutations and ways one may view the data is limited only by the collection of the data and the imagination of the user. Databases are discussed in more detail in Chapter 16, Information Technology and the Firm. Personal Finance Sof tware There are several software packages that allow individuals or small businesses to manage finances, such as paying bills either electronically or by check, and monitor investments. The packages are fairly sophisticated in that they provide for secure communications for electronic bill paying and other online banking services such as account reconciliation, as well as the importing of current stock-market quotes. The most widely used package is Quicken and, for small businesses, Quickbooks. Microsoft Money is also a comparable and popular package. Exhibit 5.5 displays a sample screen that is used to enter bills to be paid. As you can see, the user input metaphor is a check, the very same document the user would use if he or she were paying the bill manually. The difference using Quicken is that data is collected for a host of other purposes such as: • Paying bills. • Tracking paid bills by category for budgeting purposes. • Tracking payments for tax purposes. • Reconciling the checking account. The system has the capability to keep track of more than one account and to make interaccount transfers. Project Management Software Often a manager or entrepreneur is faced with the challenge of managing the many details concerned with a project, be it constructing a building or pulling together a financial plan. With fairly simple projects, paper and pencil or a simple spreadsheet might be an adequate tool for coordinating the people and steps involved in a project. But, as the project gets complex, involving, say, 162 EXHIBIT 5.5 Personal financial sof tware check-w riting screen. Screen shot printed with permission of Intuit. 163 EXHIBIT 5.6 Project management software scre en. 164 Understanding the Numbers more than a few people and more than a few dozen steps, one should consider using project management software to help with the planning and control of the activities. Project management software allows a manager to plan for and then con- trol the steps in a project with an eye toward managing the people working and resources being spent on the project. Good project-management software can help a manager foresee bottlenecks or constraints in a plan and can help the manager bring the project to completion in the shortest possible time. One popular tool for managing projects is Microsoft Project. Exhibit 5.6 shows a typical screen from Microsoft Project, which shows the steps in a proj- ect along with a graphical representation of those steps called a GAANT chart. NETWORKING Another electronic advent of the 1990s was extensive networking, or intercon- necting, of computers, which has facilitated the sharing and exchanging of in- formation. The interconnecting may be done through wires within a building; via the telephone system using modems; or through radio frequency transmis- sions between the computers using wireless modems. There are several differ- ent approaches, or types of architecture, for computer networks. In a small office environment with only a few computers, the computers might be con- necting in what is referred to as a peer-to-peer network. Here all the computers function on the same level as peers or equals to each other. Peer-to-peer net- working software comes built into Windows 98 and Windows Millennium Edi- tion (ME), making it relatively easy to set up a peer-to-peer network between two or more PCs. All one needs is a network adapter card in each computer, the cables for connecting the computers, and a connecting piece of hardware called a hub. However, in a larger networking environment (dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of computers hooked together), the situation is more complex. In this case, the most common network architecture is called a client-server net- work. To deal with the added complexity, in a client-server network there is a hierarchy of computers with a host or file server acting as the traffic police- man, storing common data and directing the network traffic. In this architec- ture, the user computer is frequently referred to as the client in the network. A picture of a typical client-server network appears in Exhibit 5.7. As mentioned earlier, the file server is the centerpiece of the network, and the software that makes the network operate is called the network operat- ing system. Novell’s NetWare and Microsoft’s Windows 2000 (formerly Win- dows NT) are two popular network operating systems. Within a business the typical network is called a local area network, or LAN. Clients are connected to the server, using wires or fiber-optic cables. Transmission speeds are gener- ally either 10 or 100 megabytes per second. As with the peer-to-peer network, there is a hub that acts as a concentrator for all of the cabling. Again, each PC Information Technology and You 165 on the network must have a network interface card if it is connected to a LAN, or a modem if it is connected through telephone lines. When a series of LANs in different cities are interconnected, they form a wide area network, or WA N. Large businesses with facilities around the country or world network their users’ personal computers together in a series of LANs that are further interconnected into a large WAN. The largest WAN, the Internet, connects to- gether millions of computers of commercial companies, government agencies, schools, colleges and universities, and nonprofit agencies around the world. Preventing unauthorized people from accessing confidential information is one of the biggest challenges posed by networks. To do so, people and orga- nizations use special security software. One technique, a fire wall, allows out- side users to obtain only that data which is outside the “fire wall” of the file server; subsequently, only people inside the company may access information inside the fire wall. Electronic Mail (E-mail) E-mail is the most popular network application because it has become the method of choice for communicating over both short distances (interoffice) and long distances. It allows you to send communications to any other person EXHIBIT 5.7 Diagram of client-server network. Ethernet/WinNT Network User PC User PC User PC File server Print server Internet/mail server Laptop Laptop Printers Internet Files Files 166 Understanding the Numbers on your local network as well as to any other network within your WAN, including the Internet. E-mail has become so popular that U.S. Mail and overnight delivery services such as FedEx are being rendered obsolete for some types of communication. Most e-mail software packages include a basic word-processing applica- tion with which you can generate your letters. In addition, these packages allow you to keep mailing lists and send a document to numerous people simultane- ously. Once sent, a document can be received within seconds by people thou- sands of miles away. One of the more advantageous features of e-mail is that it allows you to attach another document—a spreadsheet, graphic presentation, another word processing report, a picture, or even a database—to your letter, much as you would do with a paper clip. Imagine that you have used a spreadsheet package to prepare a budget for your division in Boston. You print out your letter and spreadsheet and mail or ship it overnight to the main office in Chicago. You may even include an elec- tronic copy of your spreadsheet on a floppy disk, in case the individual in Chicago needs to further modify the numbers. Sometime within the next day or two, the recipient will receive the package. He or she will then read the information and may even use the floppy disk for additional reporting. Alterna- tively, using e-mail, you could draft your letter, electronically attach the spreadsheet file, and send it via e-mail to your recipient in Chicago. Within a matter of seconds or minutes, she or he will receive the electronic package, read your letter, and be able to extract your attachment and load it directly into a spreadsheet software package for any necessary additional processing. Since colleges and universities have sites on the Internet, many college students use e-mail regularly to keep in contact with their friends both in the United States and around the world. Likewise, parents of college students have picked up the e-mail bug and use it to correspond with their children. The Internet The Internet is the worldwide WAN that has become the major growth area in technology and the business community. While the Internet has been around for decades, its popularity exploded with the development of the World Wide Web and the necessary software programs that made the “Web” very user- friendly to explore. Accessing the Internet requires that the user establish a connection to it called a node. Large organizations have a dedicated data link to the Internet using very fast data telephone lines. Individual users connect to the Internet using third-party companies called Internet Service Providers (ISPs), such as America Online (AOL) and Microsoft Network (MSN). These ISPs allow users to dial into their computers, which are connected directly to the Internet. Re- cently, a number of ISPs have started providing high-speed or broadband connectivity between users and the Internet with the use of cable modems or DSL technology (as discussed previously). High-speed connectivity will Information Technology and You 167 typi cally cost $20 to $30 more than the normal $20 per month for modem speed (56K) access. World Wide Web Though the terms Internet, World Wide Web, the Web, and the Net have be- come synonymous, the Web is actually a subsystem of the Internet. One of the major attractions of the Web is that it is quite easy for the average person to ac- cess any of the millions of sites on the Web. All you need is a Web browser and a connection to the Internet. Web browsers are merely software programs that allow users to navigate the Web. The two most common browsers are Microsoft Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Internet Explorer comes free with Win- dows, and Netscape Navigator can be downloaded for free from Netscape’s Web site. Every site that appears on the Internet has an address composed of a company or organization name, called a domain name, and a domain type. For example, “www.GenRad.com” refers to the Web site of a commercial company named GenRad. These addresses are referred to as universal resource locators, or URLs. Some of the more common domain types are as follows: .com commercial organization .org not-for-profit organization .gov government organization .mil military group .edu educational institution Each Web site displays its information using a series of Web pages. A Web page may contain text, drawings, pictures, even audio and video, as well as blue text called hypertext. Position your mouse pointer over one of these words, and the arrow changes to a drawing of a hand. Click the mouse, and the computer will automatically move to a new Web page. This move is called a hypertext link. Using these hypertext links, a user can move around the Internet, from page to page, company to company, state to state, country to country. Internet e-mail addresses often consist of a username followed by the symbol “@,” followed by the domain name, followed by the domain type. Thus, Bill Smith’s e-mail address at GenRad might well be bsmith@genrad.com. Many companies have put much of their literature on the Web, thereby using the Web as an electronic catalogue. Home pages are the first page of in- formation that you encounter when you reach an organization’s Web site. Com- panies use their Web sites for marketing and distributing information about their products. Instead of waiting on a telephone line for customer service, the user can go online to get expert help about frequently asked questions (FAQs), at any time of day, unattended. For example, the AICPA (American Institute of CPAs) has a Web site at www.aicpa.org. Available at that Web site are many of the AICPA services, including information on their membership, conferences, . =SUM(B17:G17) Net profit after taxes =B16-B17 =C16-C17 =D16-D17 =E16-E17 =F16-F17 =G16-G17 =SUM(B18:G18) Assumptions Costs of goods sold % 0.3275 Salaries (% sales) 0.228 Benefits (% sales) 0.112 Advertising. 19,200 Utilities 4,300 4,750 3,790 4,100 3,100 2,800 22,840 Advertising 12,000 15,000 16,200 15,240 15,840 18, 600 92,880 Supplies 1,300 1,400 1,270 1,500 1,550 1,600 8,620 Total operating expenses 54,800. and May or perhaps an aggregate list of all products a customer has ordered and purchased from a particular salesperson. The number of pos- sible combinations and permutations and ways one may