Next you'll be asked if you intend to run the X Window System (X.org). If you say yes here, a system-level setting for the AGP aperture will be adjusted according to your detected hardware. This makes it more efficient to display graphics, but it could be a theoretical security risk (attacks via the graphics processor). All things considered, it's not much of a security concern, but if you aren't going to run X.org on this machine (or if you have a graphics adapter that uses a proprietary bus or a non-AGP interface such as PCI or PCI Express), there is absolutely no sense in turning it on. The default here is no, so if you want to enable it, type yes and press Enter. The following option ("Change the default console to com0?") is for serial terminalsyou don't want to change this unless you will be primarily administering this machine over a serial terminal. The default is no. Finally, you'll be asked to set the local time zone. Type a ? (question mark) and press Enter to see the list. When you've identified the name of your time zone, type it in and press Enter. (Many of the time zones are shown as a list of prefixesfor example, US/. Type the prefix associated with your location, press Enter, and you'll be prompted for the subtime zone.) The installer will then finish, and you'll be directed to use the halt command. Do so, and when the system is halted, eject the CD or floppy you booted from, then press Enter to reboot into OpenBSD. Now skip down to the section on post-install configuration. Chapter 4. Upgrading from OpenBSD 3.9 OpenBSD supports upgrades only from the release immediately prior to the one you want to install. In this case, that version is 3.9, so if you are using a release that is older than 3.9, there are no guarantees that this process will work for you. The method listed here is the quickest, easiest, and most predictable method of upgrading. You could alternatively download the OpenBSD 4.0 source code via CVS and build the entire operating system from scratch, but it'll take a long time and may not work perfectly. If this is what you want to do, find the section below on switching to the OpenBSD 4.0-STABLE branch and follow those directions instead. 4.1. Upgrading the Base System and Package Sets Since you are already familiar with the OpenBSD installation process, there's no need to hold your hand through it. Here are the upgrade instructions in short form: 1. At the installation mode prompt, press the u key. 2. Type pcvt25 for the terminal type (unless you have a good reason to use a different term mode). 3. Type your keyboard language/region hereit's probably us if you are reading this guide in English. 4. Type yes hereof course you want to proceed! 5. In most cases, the default partition selection should be exactly what you want. However, this part can be tricky because you have to know which partitions match up to what filesystems. If you have no idea, reboot back into the existing version of OpenBSD and see what your /etc/fstab file says. You can also boot from the OpenBSD 4.0 media, choose Shell at the installation mode prompt, and then mount your hard drive partitions and see what's on them. 6. Unless you have a good reason to change the network settings, opt to have the installer use the network configuration from your existing OpenBSD installation. 7. Press Enter to choose the default setting of no to the manual network configuration question. If you decide to type yes instead, you'll be brought to the shell, and you'll have to start the installation process all over again. 8. There should be no reason to edit the fstab file (and if there is and it's non- critical, you can do this later with a more sensible editor than ed), so press Enter. 9. If you're installing from the official CD set, press Enter to go with the default locations for the package sets. If you are installing over FTP, then you'll have to type ftp when the installer asks where the sets are, and then you'll be asked to put in the OpenBSD FTP mirror that you wrote down earlier. If you forgot to do that, then here are a few that should work for you: o ftp://ftp5.usa.openbsd.org/ o ftp://rt.fm/ o ftp://ftp.kd85.com/ 10. You should know which package sets you want or don't want, so select at will. Type done and press Enter when you're finished, then press Enter again to install the sets. Choosing no here will bring you back to the package set location screen. 11. The actual upgrade process takes anywhere from 2 to 45 minutes depending on where you're getting the updated package sets from, how many you need to upgrade, and what either your optical drive or Internet connection speed is. 12. Press Enter to choose the default done to the question on installing more sets. 13. When you get to the command line, type halt and press Enter. Remove the diskette or CD and press Enter to restart. 4.2. Post-Installation Upgrading This section is valid only for people who are performing an upgrade from a previous version of OpenBSD. If that's not you, skip down to the next section on the first boot into OpenBSD. This is the second part of the upgrade process, and it assumes that you've upgraded from the official OpenBSD CD set or via FTP. Updating the /etc files can take a half-hour or more, so make sure you've got the time to dedicate to properly performing the remainder of this upgrade. Feel free to ignore the sections below that do not apply to your situation. 4.2.1. Checking for updated config files The upgrade process you just went through did not install any files to /etc because that would have overwritten your existing config files. You can probably leave your old 3.9 configuration files just as they are without running into any problems, but if you want to be safe (or for the sake of completeness), you should retrieve the etc40.tgz package from an FTP mirror or the installation media, unpack it to a temporary directory, and merge it into your /etc directory by hand. Here's a quick overview of how this is done: 1. Mount the installation disc for your architecture, or use the ftp command to log into an OpenBSD mirror site. 2. If you are using FTP, download the etc40.tgz file. It will be in the the /pub/OpenBSD/4.0/i386/ or /pub/OpenBSD/4.0/amd64/ directory. 3. Change to the /tmp directory, to which you'll be extracting the updated files (alternatively, you can create a directory for this purpose if you're worried about the existing clutter in /tmp interfering with your upgrade): 4. cd /tmp 5. Unpack the tarball (substitute the location of the etc40.tgz file on your machine): 6. tar zxvf /mnt/cdrom/4.0/i386/etc40.tgz 7. Now unpack the X.org configuration tarball if you have X.org installed (if not, skip this step): 8. tar zxvf /mnt/cdrom/4.0/i386/xetc40.tgz 9. More than just the contents of the /etc directory will be unpackedyou'll also get some dotfiles, and root and var directories. This is because these directories also contain files that may need to be copied over. Now comes the tedious part: you have to move the new files to the old /etc directory by hand, carefully taking into account the customizations you've made to the old config files. Unless you have an extremely versatile and active system that provides many network services and has many users, you should have a decent idea of which files are safe to move and which have to be manually edited first. According to the OpenBSD Project, the following files can probably be copied over to /etc as they are: chio.conf dvmrpd.conf netstart pf.os rc security services mail/helpfile mail/localhost.cf mail/sendmail.cf mail/submit.cf mtree/ ppp/ppp.conf.sample The following files have changed significantly since 3.9 and need to be copied over or merged by hand if you've made important changes to them: changelist ftpusers mail/aliases rc.conf ssh/ssh_config ssh/sshd_config Many files have not changed at all since 3.9 (/root/.login and /root/.klogin, to name two), and others have changed only a little bit, and in ways that may not affect you. The OpenBSD Project recommends that you take a look at these files to see how they've changed, and to possibly incorporate those changes to your existing files: hostapd.conf ipsec.conf rc.local sensorsd.conf spamd.conf 4.2.2. Updating your .profile If you merged the new and old /root/.profile configurations, you may have saved an outdated PKG_PATH variable setting. If so, make sure you update it to 4.0 before you proceed with updating programs. Perhaps this is the first time you've heard of PKG_PATH. It is, after all, a relatively new feature to OpenBSD. If that is the case, you should definitely set it. See the section below on auto-fetching packages for details on what this feature is and how to configure and use it. 4.2.3. Updating Intel Centrino firmware If you are using an Intel Pro Wireless (Centrino) chip, you may need to update the firmware to version 3.0. You can do that with pkg_add as follows: pkg_add http://damien.bergamini.free.fr/iwifw/OpenBSD/iwi-firmware-3.0.tgz . proceed! 5. In most cases, the default partition selection should be exactly what you want. However, this part can be tricky because you have to know which partitions match up to what filesystems OpenBSD 4.0 media, choose Shell at the installation mode prompt, and then mount your hard drive partitions and see what's on them. 6. Unless you have a good reason to change the network. that's not you, skip down to the next section on the first boot into OpenBSD. This is the second part of the upgrade process, and it assumes that you've upgraded from the official OpenBSD