The Insects - Outline of Entomology 3th Edition - Glossary docx

acrotergite The anterior part of a secondary segment, sometimes large (then called postnotum), often reduced (Fig. 2.7). acrotrophic ovariole See telotrophic ovariole. activation (in embryology) The commencement of embryonic development within the egg. aculeate Belonging to the aculeate Hymenoptera (Fig. 12.2) – wasps in which the ovipositor is modified as a sting. adecticous Describing a pupa with immovable mandibles (Fig. 6.7); see also decticous. adenotrophic viviparity Viviparity (producing living offspring) in which there is no free-living larval stage; eggs develop within the female uterus, nourished by special milk glands until the larvae mature, at which stage they are laid and immediately pupate; occurring only in some Diptera (Hippoboscidae and Glossina). aedeagus (Am. edeagus) The male copulatory organ, variably constructed (sometimes refers to the penis alone) (Figs. 2.24b & 5.4). aeriferous trachea Trachea with surface bearing a system of evaginated spiral tubules with permeable cuticle allowing aeration of surrounding tissues, especially in the ovary. aestivate To undergo quiescence or diapause during seasonal hot or dry conditions. age-grading Determination of the physiological age of an insect. air sac Any of the thin-walled, dilated sections of the tracheae (Fig. 3.11b). akinesis A state of immobility, caused by lack of any stimuli. alary muscles Paired muscles that support the heart. alate Possessing wings. alinotum The wing-bearing plate on the dorsum of the mesothorax or metathorax (Fig. 2.18). alitrunk The fused thorax and first abdominal segment (propodeum) of adult ants (see mesosoma) (see Box 12.2). alkaloids Chemicals found in plants, many with important pharmacological actions. GLOSSARY Each scientific and technical field has a particular vocabulary: entomology is no exception. This is not an attempt by entomologists to restrict access to their science. It results from the need for precision in communication, whilst avoiding, for example, misplaced anthropocentric terms derived from human anatomy. Many terms are derived from Latin or Greek: when competence in these languages was a prerequisite for scholarship (including in the natural sciences), these terms were comprehensible to the educated, whatever their mother tongue. The utility of these terms remains, although fluency in the languages from which they are derived does not. In this glossary we have tried to define the terms we use in a straightforward manner to complement the definitions used on first mention in the main body of the book. Comprehensive glossaries of entomological terms are provided by Torre-Bueno (1989) and Gordh & Headrick (2001). Bold within the text of an entry indicates a relevant cross-reference to another headword. The following abbreviations are used: adj. adjective dim. diminutive n. noun pl. plural sing. singular Am. American spelling. abdomen The third (posterior) major division (tagma) of an insect body. acanthae Fine, unicellular, cuticular extensions (Fig. 2.6c). accessory gland(s) A gland subsidiary to a major one; more specifically, a gland opening into the genital chamber (Figs. 3.1 & 3.20a,b). accessory pulsatile organs Valved pumps aid- ing the circulation of hemolymph, usually lying close to the dorsal vessel. acclimation Physiological changes to a changed environment (especially temperature) that allow tolerance of more extreme conditions than prior to acclimation. TID01 5/20/04 4:39 PM Page 445 446 Glossary allelochemical A chemical functioning in inter- specific communication; see also allomone, kairomone, pheromone, synomone. allochthonous Originating from elsewhere, as of nutrients entering an aquatic ecosystem; see also autochthonous. allomone A communication chemical that benefits the producer by the effect it invokes in the receiver. allopatric Non-overlapping geographical distribu- tions of organisms or taxa; see also sympatric. altruism Behavior costly to the individual but bene- ficial to others. ametabolous Lacking metamorphosis, i.e. with no change in body form during development to the adult, with the immature stages lacking only genitalia. amnion (in embryology) The layer covering the germ band (Fig. 6.5). amphimixis True sexual reproduction, each female inherits a haploid genome from both her mother and father. amphitoky (amphitokous parthenogenesis; deuterotoky) A form of parthenogenesis in which the female produces offspring of both sexes. amplexiform A form of wing-coupling in which there is extensive overlap between the fore and hind wing, but without any specific coupling mechanism. anal In the direction or position of the anus, near the anus or on the last abdominal segment. anal area The posterior part of the wing, supported by the anal vein(s) (Fig. 2.20). anal fold (vannal fold) A distinctive fold in the anal area of the wing (Fig. 2.20). anamorphic Describing development in which the immature stages have fewer abdominal segments than the adult; see also epimorphic. anautogenous Requiring a protein meal to develop eggs. anemophily Wind pollination. anholocyclic (adj.) Of aphids, describing a life cycle in which the only host plant used is a summer annual, and in which reproduction is solely by parthenogenesis. anlage A cell cluster in an immature individual that will give rise to a specific organ in the adult; see also imaginal disc. annulate Comprised of ring(s). anoxic Lacking oxygen. antecostal suture (intersegmental groove) A groove marking the position of the intersegmental fold between the primary segments (Figs. 2.7 & 2.18). antenna (pl. antennae) Paired, segmented, sensory appendages, lying usually anterodorsally, on the head (Figs. 2.9, 2.10, & 2.17); derived from the second head segment. antennomere A subdivision of the antenna. anterior At or towards the front (Fig. 2.8). anthophilous Flower-loving. anthropogenic Caused by humans. anthropophilic Associated with humans. antibiosis A property of an organism that adversely affects the wellbeing of another organism that con- sumes or contacts it. antixenosis In plant resistance, the unsuitability of a plant to a feeding insect. anus The posterior opening of the digestive tract (Fig. 2.23). apical At or towards the apex (Fig. 2.8). apneustic A respiratory system without functional spiracles; see also oligopneustic, polypneustic. apocritan Belonging to the suborder of Hymen- optera (Apocrita) in which the first abdominal segment is fused to the thorax; see also propodeum. apod A larva lacking true legs (Fig. 6.6); see also oligopod, polypod. apode (adj. apodous) An organism without legs. apodeme An ingrowth of the exoskeleton, tendon- like, to which muscles are attached (Figs. 2.23 & 3.2c). apolysial space The space between the old and the new cuticle that forms during apolysis, prior to ecdysis. apolysis The separation of the old from the new cuticle during molting. apomixis Parthenogenesis (q.v.) in which eggs are produced mitotically (no meiosis); see also automixis. apomorphy (synapomorphy) A derived feature (shared by two or more groups). apophysis (pl. apophyses) An elongate apodeme, an internal projection of the exoskeleton. aposematic Warning of unpalatability, particularly using color. aposematism A communication system based on warning signals. apparency Obviousness (e.g. of a plant to an insect herbivore). appendicular ovipositor The true ovipositor formed from appendages of segments 8 and 9; see also substitutional ovipositor. appendix dorsalis The medial caudal appendage arising from the epiproct, lying above the anus; present in apterygotes, most mayflies, and some fossil insects. apterous Wingless. arachnophobia Fear of arachnids (spiders and relatives). aroliar pad Pretarsal pad-like structure (Fig. 2.19). arolium (pl. arolia) Pretarsal pad-like or sac-like structure(s) lying between the claws (Fig. 2.19). arrhenotoky (arrhenotokous parthenogenesis) TID01 5/20/04 4:39 PM Page 446 Production of haploid male offspring from unfertilized eggs; see also haplodiploidy. arthrodial membrane Soft, stretchable cuticle, e.g. between segments (Fig. 2.4). articular sclerites Separate, small, movable plates that lie between the body and a wing. asynchronous muscle A muscle that contracts many times per nerve impulse, as in many flight muscles and those controlling the cicada tymbal. atrium (pl. atria) A chamber, especially inside a tubular conducting system, such as the tracheal system (Fig. 3.10a). augmentation The supplementation of existing natural enemies by the release of additional individuals. autapomorphy A feature unique to a taxonomic group; see also apomorphy, plesiomorphy. autochthonous Originating from within, as of nutrients generated in an aquatic ecosystem, e.g. primary production; native; see also allochthonous. automimic A condition of Batesian mimicry in which palatable members of a species are defended by their resemblance to members of the same species that are chemically unpalatable. automixis Parthenogenesis (q.v.) in which eggs are produced after meiosis, but ploidy is restored. autotomy The shedding of appendage(s), notably for defense. axillary area An area at the wing base bearing the wing articulation (Fig. 2.20). axillary plates Two (anterior and posterior) articulating plates that are fused with the veins in an odonate wing; the anterior supports the costal vein, the posterior supports the remaining veins; in Ephemeroptera there is only a posterior plate. axillary sclerites Three or four sclerites, which together with the humeral plate and tegula com- prise the articular sclerites of the neopteran wing base (Fig. 2.21). axon A nerve cell fiber that transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body (Fig. 3.5); see also dendrite. azadirachtin (AZ) The chemically active principal of the neem tree. basal At or towards either the base or the main body, or closer to the point of attachment (Fig. 2.8). basalare (pl. basalaria) A small sclerite, one of the epipleurites that lies anterior to the pleural wing process; an attachment for the direct flight muscles (Fig. 2.18). basisternum The main sclerite of the eusternum, lying between the anterior presternum and posterior sternellum (Fig. 2.18). Batesian mimicry A mimetic system in which a palatable species obtains protection from predation by resembling an unpalatable species; see also Müllerian mimicry. benthos The bottom sediments of aquatic habitats and/or the organisms that live there. benzoylureas A class of chemicals that inhibit chitin synthesis. biogeography The study of biotic distribution in space and time. biological control (biocontrol) The human use of selected living organisms to control populations of plant or animal pest species. biological monitoring Using plants or animals to detect changes in the environment. biological transfer The movement of a disease organism from one host to another by one or more vectors in which there is a biological cycle of disease. bioluminescence The production by an organism of cold light, commonly involving the action of an enzyme (luciferase) on a substrate (luciferin). biotype A biologically differentiated form of a purported single species. bivoltine Having two generations in one year; see also univoltine, multivoltine, semivoltine. bivouac An army ant camp during the mobile phase. borer (adj. boring) A maker of burrows in dead or living tissue. brachypterous Having shortened wings. brain In insects, the supraoesophageal ganglion of the nervous system (Fig. 3.6), comprising proto- cerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum. broad-spectrum insecticide An insecticide with a broad range of targets, usually acting generally on the insect nervous system. brood A clutch of individuals that hatch at the same time from eggs produced by one set of parents. bud See imaginal disc. bursa copulatrix The female genital chamber if functioning as a copulatory pouch; in Lepidoptera, the primary receptacle for sperm (Fig. 5.6). bursicon A neuropeptide hormone that controls hardening and darkening of the cuticle after ecdysis. caecum (pl. caeca) (Am. cecum) A blind-ending tube or sac (Fig. 3.1). calliphorin A protein produced in the fat body and stored in the hemolymph of larval Calliphoridae (Diptera). calyx (pl. calyces) A cup-like expansion, especially of the oviduct into which the ovaries open (Fig. 3.20a). camouflage crypsis The state in which an organism is indistinguishable from its background. campaniform sensillum A mechanoreceptor that detects stress on the cuticle, comprising a dome of thin cuticle overlying one neuron per sensillum, located especially on joints (Fig. 4.2). Glossary 447 TID01 5/20/04 4:39 PM Page 447 448 Glossary cantharophily Plant pollination by beetles. cap cell The outermost cell of a sense organ such as a chordotonal organ (Fig. 4.3). carbamate A synthetic insecticide. cardiopeptide A neuropeptide hormone that stimulates the dorsal vessel (“heart”) causing hemolymph movement. cardo The proximal part of the maxillary base (Fig. 2.10). castes (sing. caste) Morphologically distinctive groups of individuals within a single species of social insect, usually differing in behavior. caudal At or towards the anal (tail) end. caudal filament One of two or three terminal filaments (Fig. 8.4, see also Box 10.1). caudal lamellae One of two or three terminal gills (see Box 10.2). cavernicolous (troglodytic; troglobiont) Living in caves. cecidology The study of plant galls. cecidozoa Gall-inducing animals; see also gallicola. cell An area of the wing membrane partially or com- pletely surrounded by veins; see closed cell, open cell. cement layer The outermost layer of the cuticle (Fig. 2.1), often absent. central nervous system In insects, the central series of ganglia extending for the length of the body (Fig. 3.6); see also brain. cephalic Pertaining to the head. cercus (pl. cerci) One of a pair of appendages originating from abdominal segment 11 but usually visible as if on segment 10 (Fig. 2.23). cervical sclerite(s) Small sclerite(s) on the membrane between the head and thorax (actually the first thoracic segment) (Fig. 2.9). chitin The major component of arthropod cuticle, a polysaccharide composed of subunits of acetyl- glucosamine and glucosamine (Fig. 2.2). chitin synthesis inhibitor An insecticide that prevents chitin formation. chloride cells Osmoregulatory cells found in the epithelium of the abdominal gills of aquatic insects. chordotonal organs Sense organs (mechanore- ceptors) that perceive vibrations, comprising one to several elongate cells called scolopidia (Figs. 4.3 & 4.4). Examples include the tympanum, subgenual organ, and Johnston’s organ. chorion The outermost shell of an insect egg, which may be multilayered, including the exochorion, endochorion, and wax layer (Fig. 5.10). cibarium The dorsal food pouch, lying between the hypopharynx and the inner wall of the clypeus, often with a muscular pump (Figs. 2.14 & 3.14). circadian rhythms Repeated periodic behavior with an interval of about 24 h. clade A group of organisms proposed to be monophyletic, i.e. all descendants of one common ancestor. cladistics A classification system in which clades are the only permissible groupings. cladogram A diagram illustrating the branching sequence of purported relationships of organisms, based on the distribution of shared derived features (synapomorphies) (Fig. 7.2). classical biological control Control of an exotic pest by natural enemies from the pest’s area of origin. claval furrow A flexion-line on the wing that separates the clavus from the remigium (Fig. 2.20). clavus An area of the wing delimited by the claval furrow and the posterior margin (Figs. 2.20 & 2.22e). claw (pretarsal claw; unguis) A hooked structure on the distal end of the pretarsus, usually paired (Fig. 2.19); more generally, any hooked structure. closed cell An area of the wing membrane bounded entirely by veins; see also open cell. closed tracheal system A gas-exchange system comprising tracheae and tracheoles but lacking spiracles and therefore closed to direct contact with the atmosphere (Fig. 3.11d–f ); see also open tracheal system. clypeus The part of the insect head to which the labrum is attached anteriorly (Figs. 2.9 & 2.10); it lies below the frons, with which it may be fused in a frontoclypeus or separated by a suture. coevolution Evolutionary interactions between two organisms, such as plants and pollinators, hosts and parasites; the degree of specificity and reci- procity varies; see also guild coevolution, phyletic tracking, specific coevolution. colleterial glands Accessory glands of the female internal genitalia that produce secretions used to cement eggs to the substrate. collophore The ventral tube of Collembola. colon The hindgut between the ileum and rectum (Figs. 3.1 & 3.13). comb In a social hymenopteran nest, a layer of regu- larly arranged cells (Fig. 12.6 & Box 12.1). common (median) oviduct In female insects, the tubes leading from the fused lateral oviducts to the vagina (Fig. 3.20a). competency The potential of a termite of one caste to become another, e.g. a worker to become a soldier. compound eye An aggregation of ommatidia, each acting as a single facet of the eye (Figs. 2.9 & 4.11). conjunctiva (conjunctival membrane) See intersegmental membrane. TID01 5/20/04 4:39 PM Page 448 connective Anything that connects; more specifically, the paired longitudinal nerve cords that con- nect the ganglia of the central nervous system. conservation (in biological control) Measures that protect and/or enhance the activities of natural enemies. constitutive defense Part of the normal chemical composition; see also induced defense. contact poisons Insecticides that poison by direct contact. coprophage (adj. coprophagous) A feeder on dung or excrement (Fig. 9.5). corbicula The pollen basket of bees (Fig. 12.4). coremata (sing. corema) Eversible, thin-walled abdominal organs of male moths used for dissemina- tion of sex pheromone. corium A section of the heteropteran hemelytron (fore wing), differentiated from the clavus and membrane, usually leathery (Fig. 2.22e). cornea The cuticle covering the eye or ocellus (Figs. 4.10 & 4.11). corneagenous cell One of the translucent cells beneath the cornea which secretes and supports the corneal lens (Fig. 4.9). cornicle (siphunculus) Paired tubular structures on the abdomen of aphids that discharge defensive lipids and alarm pheromones. corpora allata (sing. corpus allatum) Paired endocrine glands associated with the stomodeal ganglia behind the brain (Fig. 3.8), the source of juvenile hormone. corpora cardiaca (sing. corpus cardiacum) Paired glands lying close to the aorta and behind the brain (Fig. 3.8), acting as stores and producers of neurohormones. cosmopolitan Distributed worldwide (or nearly so). costa (adj. costal) The most anterior longitudinal wing vein, running along the costal margin of the wing and ending near the apex (Fig. 2.21). costal fracture A break or weakness in the costal margin in Heteroptera that divides the corium, sep- arating the cuneus from the embolium (Fig. 2.22e). coxa (pl. coxae) The proximal (basal) leg segment (Fig. 2.19). crepuscular Active at low light intensities, dusk or dawn; see also diurnal, nocturnal. crista acustica (crista acoustica) The main chordotonal organ of the tibial tympanal organ of katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) (Fig. 4.4). crochets Curved hooks, spines, or spinules on prolegs. crop The food storage area of the digestive system, posterior to the oesophagus (Figs. 3.1 & 3.13). cross-resistance Resistance of an insect to one insecticide providing resistance to a different insecticide. cross-veins Transverse wing veins that link the longitudinal veins. cryoprotection Mechanisms that allow organisms to survive periods of, often extreme, cold. crypsis Camouflage by resemblance to environmental features. cryptic Hidden, camouflaged, concealed. cryptobiosis The state of a living organism during which there are no signs of life and metabolism virtu- ally ceases. cryptonephric system A condition of the excret- ory system in which the Malpighian tubules form an intricate contact with the rectum, allowing production of dry excreta (see Box 3.4). crystalline cone A hard crystalline body lying beneath the cornea in an ommatidium (Fig. 4.10). crystalline lens A lens lying beneath the cuticle of the stemma of some insects (Fig. 4.11). ctenidium (pl. ctenidia) A comb (see Box 15.4). cubitus (Cu) The sixth longitudinal vein, lying posterior to the media, often divided into an anterior two-branched CuA 1 and CuA 2 and a posterior unbranched CuP 1 (Fig. 2.21). cuneus The distal section of the corium in the heteropteran wing (Fig. 2.22e). cursorial Running or adapted for running. cuticle The external skeletal structure, secreted by the epidermis, composed of chitin and protein comprising several differentiated layers (Fig. 2.1). cycloalexy Forming aggregations in defensive cir- cles (Fig. 14.7). cyclodienes A class of organochlorine insecticides. cytoplasmic incompatibility Reproductive incompatibility arising from cytoplasmic-inherited microorganisms that causes embryological failure; can be unidirectional or bidirectional. day-degrees A measure of physiological time, the product of time and temperature above a threshold. deciduous Falling off, detaching (e.g. at maturity). decticous Describing an exarate pupa in which the mandibles are articulated (Fig. 6.7); see also adecticous. delayed effect (of a defensive chemical) An effect that appears after a time lapse from first encounter; see also immediate effect. delayed parasitism Parasitism in which hatching of the parasite (or parasitoid) egg is delayed until the host is mature. delusory parasitosis A psychotic illness in which parasitic infection is imagined. dendrite A fine branch of a nerve cell (Fig. 3.5); see also axon. dermal gland A unicellular epidermal gland that may secrete molting fluid, cements, wax, etc., and probably pheromones (Fig. 2.1). Glossary 449 TID01 5/20/04 4:39 PM Page 449 450 Glossary determinate Describing growth or development in which there is a distinctive final, adult, instar; see also indeterminate. detritivore (adj. detritivorous) An eater of organic detritus of plant or animal origin. deuterotoky See amphitoky. deutocerebrum The middle part of the insect brain; the ganglion of the second segment, comprising antennal and olfactory lobes. developmental threshold (growth threshold) The temperature below which no development takes place. diapause Delayed development that is not the direct result of prevailing environmental conditions. diapause hormone A hormone produced by neurosecretory cells in the suboesophageal ganglion that affects the timing of future development of eggs. dicondylar Describing an articulation (as of a mandible) with two points of articulation (condyles). diplodiploidy (diploid males) The genetic system found in most insects in which each male receives a haploid genome from both his mother and his father, and these two genomes have equal probabil- ity of being transmitted through his sperm; see also haplodiploidy, paternal genome elimination. diploid With two sets of chromosomes; see also haploid. direct flight muscles Flight muscles that are attached directly to the wing (Fig. 3.4); see also indir- ect flight muscles. disjunct Widely separated ranges, as in populations or species geographically separated so as to prevent gene flow. dispersal Movement of an individual or population away from its birth site. distal At or near the furthest end from the attachment of an appendage (opposite to proximal) (Fig. 2.8). diurnal Day active; see also crepuscular, nocturnal. domatia Plant chambers produced specifically to house certain arthropods, especially ants. dorsal On the upper surface (Fig. 2.8). dorsal closure The embryological process in which the dorsal wall of an embryo is formed by growth of the germ band to surround the yolk. dorsal diaphragm The main fibromuscular sep- tum that divides the hemocoel into the pericardial and perivisceral sinuses (compartments) (Fig. 3.9). dorsal vessel The “aorta” and “heart”, the main pump for hemolymph; a longitudinal tube lying in the dorsal pericardial sinus (Fig. 3.9). dorsum The upper surface. drift Passive movement caused by water or air currents. drone The male bee, especially of honey bees and bumble bees, derived from an unfertilized egg. Dufour’s gland In aculeate hymenopterans, a sac opening into the poison duct near the sting (Fig. 14.11); the site of production of pheromones and/or poison components. dulosis A slave-like relationship between parasitic ant species and the captured brood from another species. Dyar’s rule An observational “rule” governing the size increment found between subsequent instars of the same species (Fig. 6.11). ecdysis (adj. ecdysial) The final stage of molting, the process of casting off the cuticle (Fig. 6.8). ecdysone The steroid hormone secreted by the prothoracic gland that is converted to 20- hydroxyecdysone, which stimulates molting fluid excretion. ecdysteroid The general term for steroids that induce molting (Figs. 5.13, 6.9, & 6.10). ecdysterone An old term for 20-hydroxyecdysone, the major molt-inducing steroid. eclosion The release of the adult insect from the cuticle of the previous instar; sometimes used of hatching from the egg. eclosion hormone A neurohormone with several functions associated with adult eclosion, including increasing cuticle extensibility. economic injury level (EIL) The level at which economic pest damage equals the costs of their control. economic threshold (ET) The pest density at which control must be applied to prevent the economic injury level being reached. ectognathy Having exposed mouthparts. ectoparasite A parasite that lives externally on and at the expense of another organism, which it does not kill; see also ectoparasitoid, endoparasite. ectoparasitoid A parasite that lives externally on and at the expense of another organism, which it kills; see also ectoparasite, endoparasitoid. ectoperitrophic space The space between the peritrophic membrane and the midgut wall (Fig. 3.16). ectothermy (adj. ectothermic) The inability to regu- late the body temperature relative to the surrounding environment. edeagus (Am.) See aedeagus. ejaculatory duct The duct that leads from the fused vas deferens to the gonopore (Fig. 3.20b), through which semen or sperm is transported. elaiosome A food body forming an appendage on a plant seed (Fig. 11.9). elytron (pl. elytra) The modified, hardened, fore wing of a beetle that protects the hind wing (Fig. 2.22d). TID01 5/20/04 4:39 PM Page 450 empodium (pl. empodia) A central spine or pad on the pretarsus of Diptera. encapsulation A reaction of the host to an endoparasitoid in which the invader is surrounded by hemocytes that eventually form a capsule. endemic Describing a taxon or disease that is restricted to a particular geographical area. endite An inwardly directed (mesal) appendage or lobe of a limb segment (Fig. 8.4). endocuticle The flexible, unsclerotized inner layer of the procuticle (Fig. 2.1); see also exocuticle. endogenous rhythms Clock-like or calendar-like activity patterns, commonly with circadian rhythms, unaffected by external conditions. endoparasite A parasite that lives internally at the expense of another organism, which it does not kill; see also endoparasitoid, ectoparasite. endoparasitoid A parasite that lives internally at the expense of another organism, which it kills; see also endoparasite, ectoparasitoid. endoperitrophic space In the gut, the space enclosed within the peritrophic membrane (Fig. 3.16). endophallus (vesica) The inner, eversible tube of the penis (Fig. 5.4). endophilic Indoor loving, as of an insect that feeds inside a dwelling; see also exophilic. endopterygote Describing development in which the wings form within pockets of the integument, with eversion taking place only at the larval– pupal molt (as in the monophyletic grouping Endopterygota). endosymbiont Intracellular symbionts, typically bacteria, that usually have a mutualistic association with their insect hosts. endothermy (adj. endothermic) The ability to regu- late the body temperature higher than the surrounding environment. energids In an embryo, the daughter nuclei cleavage products and their surrounding cytoplasm. entomopathogen A pathogen (disease-causing organism) that attacks insects particularly. entomophage (adj. entomophagous) An eater of insects. entomophily Pollination by insects. entomophobia Fear of insects. environmental manipulation Alteration of the environment, particularly to enhance natural populations of insect predators and parasitoids. enzootic A disease present in a natural host within its natural range. epicoxa A basal leg segment (Fig. 8.4), forming the articular sclerites in all extant insects, believed to have borne the exites and enditesthat fused to form the evolutionary precursors of wings. epicranial suture A Y-shaped line of weakness on the vertex of the head where the split at molting occurs. epicuticle The inextensible and unsupportive outermost layer of cuticle, lying outside the procuticle (Fig. 2.1). epidemic The spread of a disease from its endemic area and/or from its normal host(s). epidermis The unicellular layer of ectodermally derived integument that secretes the cuticle (Fig. 2.1). epimeron (pl. epimera) The posterior division of the pleuron of a thorax, separated from the episternum by the pleural suture (Fig. 2.18). epimorphic Describing development in which the segment number is fixed in the embryo before hatching; see also anamorphic. epipharynx The ventral surface of the labrum, a membranous roof to the mouth (Fig. 2.15). epipleurite (1) The more dorsal of the sclerites formed when the pleuron is divided longitudinally. (2) One of two small sclerites of a wing-bearing segment: the anterior basalare and posterior subalare (Fig. 2.18). epiproct The dorsal relic of segment 11 (Fig. 2.23). episternum (pl. episterna) The anterior division of the pleuron, separated from the epimeron by the pleural suture (Fig. 2.18). epizootic Of a disease, when epidemic (there is an unusually high number of cases and/or deaths). ergatoid (apterous neotenic) In termites, a sup- plementary reproductive derived from a worker, held in a state of arrested development and lacking wings, able to replace reproductives if they die; see also neotenic. erythrocyte A red blood cell. erythrocyte schizogonous cycle The stage in the asexual development of a malaria parasite (Plasmodium spp.) in which trophozoites within the vertebrate host’s red blood cells divide to form merozoites (Box 15.1). esophagus (Am.) See oesophagus. euplantula (pl. euplantulae) A pad-like structure on the ventral surface of some tarsomeres of the leg. eusocial Exhibiting co-operation in reproduction and division of labor, with overlap of generations. eusternum (pl. eusterna) The dominant ventral plate of the thorax that frequently extends into the pleural region (Fig. 2.18). eutrophication Nutrient enrichment, especially of water bodies. evolutionary systematics A classification system in which clades (monophyletic groups) and grades (paraphyletic groups) are recognized. Glossary 451 TID01 5/20/04 4:39 PM Page 451 452 Glossary exaptation A morphological–physiological predis- position or preadaptation to evolve into a new function. exarate Describing a pupa in which the appendages are free from the body (Fig. 6.7), as opposed to being cemented; see also obtect. excretion The elimination of metabolic wastes from the body, or their internal storage in an insoluble form. exite An outer appendage or lobe of a limb segment (Fig. 8.4). exocuticle The rigid, sclerotized outer layer of the procuticle (Fig. 2.1); see also endocuticle. exogenous rhythms Activity patterns governed by variations in the external environment (e.g. light, temperature, etc.). exophilic (n. exophily) Out-of-door loving, used of biting insects that do not enter buildings; see also endophilic. exopterygote Describing development in which the wings form progressively in sheaths that lie externally on the dorsal or dorsolateral surface of the body (as in the paraphyletic grouping Exopterygota). exoskeleton The external, hardened, cuticular skeleton to which muscles are attached internally. external On the outside. extra-oral digestion Digestion that takes place outside the organism, by secretion of salivary enzymes onto or into the food, with soluble digestive products being sucked up. facultative Not compulsory, optional behavior, such as facultative parasitism, in which a free-living organism may adopt a parasitic mode of life. fat body A loose or compact aggregation of cells, mostly trophocytes suspended in the hemocoel, responsible for storage and excretion. femur (pl. femora) The third segment of an insect leg, following the coxa and trochanter; often the stoutest leg segment (Fig. 2.19). fermentation Breakdown of complex molecules by microbes, as of carbohydrates by yeast. file A toothed or ridged structure used in sound production by stridulation through contact with a scraper. filter chamber Part of the alimentary canal of many hemipterans, in which the anterior and posterior parts of the midgut are in intimate contact, forming a system in which most fluid bypasses the absorptive midgut (see Box 3.3). fitness (1) Darwinian fitness The contribution of an individual to the gene pool through its offspring. (2) Inclusive (extended) fitness The contribution of an individual to the gene pool by enhanced success of its kin. flabellum In bees, the lobe at the tip of the glossae (“tongue”) (Fig. 2.11). flagellomere One of the subdivisions of a “multi- segmented” (actually multi-annulate) antennal flagellum. flagellum The third part of an antenna, distal to the scape and pedicel; more generally, any whip or whip-like structure. flexion-line A line along which a wing flexes (bends) when in flight (Fig. 2.20). fluctuating asymmetry The level of deviation from absolute symmetry in a bilaterally symmetrical organism, argued to be due to variable stress during development. fold-line A line along which a wing is folded when at rest (Fig. 2.20). follicle The oocyte and follicular epithelium; more generally, any sac or tube. follicular Relic morphological evidence left in the ovary showing that an egg has been laid (or resorbed), which may include dilation of the lumen and/or pigmentation. food canal A canal anterior to the cibarium through which fluid food is ingested (Figs. 2.11 & 2.12). forage To seek and gather food. fore Anterior, towards the head. fore wings The anterior pair of wings, usually on the mesothorax. foregut (stomodeum) The part of the gut that lies between the mouth and the midgut (Fig. 3.13), derived from the ectoderm. forensic entomologist A scientist that studies the role of insects in criminal matters. formulation The components and proportions of additional substances that accompany an insecticide when prepared for application. fossorial Digging, or adapted for digging (Fig. 9.2). frass Solid excreta of an insect, particularly a larva. frenate coupling A form of wing-coupling in which one or more hind-wing structures (frenulum) attach to a retaining structure (retinaculum) on the fore wing. frenulum Spine or group of bristles on the costa of the hind wing of Lepidoptera that locks with the fore-wing retinaculum in flight. frons The single medio-anterior sclerite of the insect head, usually lying between the epicranium and the clypeus (Fig. 2.9). frontoclypeal suture (epistomal suture) A groove that runs across the insect’s face, often separ- ating the frons from the clypeus (Fig. 2.9). frontoclypeus The combined frons and clypeus. fructivore (adj. fructivorous) A fruit-eater. fundatrix (pl. fundatrices) An apterous viviparous TID01 5/20/04 4:39 PM Page 452 parthenogenetic female aphid that develops from the overwintering egg. fungivore (adj. fungivorous) A fungus-eater. furca (furcula) The abdominal springing organ of Collembola (see Box 9.2); with the fulcral arm, the lever of the hymenopteran sting (Fig. 14.11). galea The lateral lobe of the maxillary stipes (Figs. 2.10, 2.11, & 2.12). gall An aberrant plant growth produced in response to the activities of another organism, often an insect (Fig. 11.5). gallicola (pl. gallicolae) A gall-dweller, more particularly a stage in certain aphids (including Phylloxeridae) that induces aerial galls on the host plant; see also radicicola. gametocyte A cell from which a gamete (egg or spermatozoon) is produced. ganglion (pl. ganglia) A nerve center; in insects, forming fused pairs of white, ovoid bodies lying in a row ventrally in the body cavity, linked by a double nerve cord (Fig. 3.1). gas exchange The system of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination. gas gills Specific respiratory (gas-exchange) surfaces on aquatic insects, often as abdominal lamellae, but may be present almost anywhere on the body. gaster The swollen part of the abdomen of aculeate Hymenoptera, lying posterior to the petiole (waist) (see Box 12.2). gena (pl. genae) Literally, a cheek; on each side of the head, the part lying beneath the compound eye. genital chamber A cavity of the female body wall that contains the gonopore (Fig. 3.20a), also known as the bursa copulatrix if functioning as a copulatory pouch. genitalia All ectodermally derived structures of both sexes associated with reproduction (copulation, fertilization, and oviposition). genus (pl. genera, adj. generic) The name of the taxonomic category ranked between species and family; an assemblage of one or more species united by one or more derived features and therefore believed to be of a single evolutionary origin (i.e. monophyletic). germ anlage (in embryology) The germ disc that denotes the first indication of a developing embryo (Fig. 6.5). germ band (in embryology) The postgastrulation band of thickened cells on the ventral gastroderm, destined to form the ventral part of the developing embryo (Fig. 6.5). germarium The structure within an ovariole in which the oogonia give rise to oocytes (Fig. 3.20a). giant axon A nerve fiber that conducts impulses rapidly from the sense organ(s) to the muscles. gill A gas-exchange organ, found in various forms in aquatic insects. glossa (pl. glossae) The “tongue”, one of a pair of lobes on the inner apex of the prementum (Fig. 2.11). gonapophysis (pl. gonapophyses) A valve (part of the shaft) of the ovipositor (Fig. 2.23); also in the genitalia of many male insects (Fig. 2.24). gonochorism Sexual reproduction in which males and females are separate individuals. gonocoxite The base of an appendage, formed of coxa + trochanter, of a genital segment (8 or 9) (also called a valvifer in females) (Figs. 2.23 & 2.24). gonopore The opening of the genital duct; in the unmodified female the opening of the common oviduct (Fig. 3.20a), in the male the opening of the ejaculatory duct. gonostyle The style (rudimentary appendage) of the ninth segment (Fig. 2.23), often functioning as a male clasper (Fig. 2.24). grade A paraphyletic group, one which does not include all descendants of a common ancestor, united by shared primitive features. gregarious Forming aggregations. gressorial Walking, or adapted for walking. guild coevolution (diffuse coevolution) Con- certed evolutionary change that takes place between groups of organisms, as opposed to between two species; see also specific coevolution. gula A ventromedian sclerotized plate on the head of prognathous insects (Fig. 2.10). gyne A reproductive female hymenopteran, a queen. habituation Reduction in the response to a stimu- lus with repeated exposure, through modification of the central nervous system. haemo- See hemo-(Am.). hair A cuticular extension, also called a macro- trichium or seta. hair plate A group of sensory hairs that act as a proprioceptor for movement of articulating parts of the body (Fig. 4.2a). haltere The modified hind wing in Diptera, acting as a balancer (Fig. 2.22f ). hamuli (adj. hamulate) Hooks along the anterior (costal) margin of the hind wing of Hymenoptera which couple the wings in flight by catching on a fold of the fore wing. haplodiploidy (adj. haplodiploid) A genetic system in which the male is haploid and transmits only his mother’s genome; see also arrhenotoky, diplodiploidy, paternal genome elimination. haploid With one set of chromosomes; see also diploid. haustellate Sucking, as of mouthparts. haustellum Sucking mouthparts (Fig. 15.1). Glossary 453 TID01 5/20/04 4:39 PM Page 453 454 Glossary head The anterior of the three major divisions (tagmata) of an insect body. hellgrammite The larva of Megaloptera. hematophage (or haematophage) (adj. hemato- phagous) An eater of blood (or like fluid). hemelytron (pl. hemelytra) The fore wing of Heteroptera, with a thickened basal section and membranous apical section (Fig. 2.22e). hemimetaboly (adj. hemimetabolous) Develop- ment in which the body form gradually changes at each molt, with wing buds growing larger at each molt; incomplete metamorphosis; see also holometaboly. hemocoel (or haemocoel) The main body cavity of many invertebrates including insects, formed from an expanded “blood” system. hemocoelous (or haemocoelous) viviparity Vivi- parity (producing live offspring) in which the immature stages develop within the hemocoel of the parent female, e.g. as in Strepsiptera. hemocyte (or haemocyte) An insect blood cell. hemolymph (or haemolymph) The fluid filling the hemocoel. hermaphroditism Having individuals that possess both testes and ovaries. heterochrony Alteration in the relative timing of activation of different developmental pathways. heteromorphosis (hypermetamorphosis) Undergoing a major change in morphology between larval instars, as from triungulin to grub. hibernate To undergo quiescence or diapause during seasonal cold conditions. hind At or towards the posterior. hind wings The wings on the metathoracic segment. hindgut (proctodeum) The posterior section of the gut, extending from the end of the midgut to the anus (Fig. 3.13). holoblastic (in embryology) A complete cleavage of the egg. holocyclic In aphids, describing a life cycle in which reproduction is solely sexual, and in which winter survival is on a (often scarce) host plant, with no migration to a summer host plant. holometaboly (adj. holometabolous) Development in which the body form abruptly changes at the pupal molt; complete metamorphosis, as in the group Endopterygota; see also hemimetaboly. homeosis (adj. homeotic) The genetic or developmental modification of a structure (e.g. an appendage) on one segment to resemble a morphologically similar or different structure on another segment (serial homology). homeostasis Maintenance of a prevailing condition (physiological or social) by internal feedback. homeothermy The maintenance of an even body temperature despite variation in the ambient temperature. homology (adj. homologous) Morphological iden- tity or similarity of a structure in two (or more) organisms as a result of common evolutionary origin. homoplasy Characters acquired convergently or in parallel, rather than by direct inheritance from an ancestor. honeydew A watery fluid containing sugars elimin- ated from the anus of some Hemiptera. hormone A chemical messenger that regulates some activity at a distance from the endocrine organ that produced it. host An organism that harbors another, especially a parasite or parasitoid, either internally or externally. host discriminate To choose between different hosts. host preference To prefer one host over another. host regulation The ability of a parasitoid to manipulate the host’s physiology. humeral plate One of the articular sclerites of the neopteran wing base (Fig. 2.21); see also axillary sclerites, tegula. humus Organic soil. hydrostatic skeleton Turgid structural support provided by fluid pressure maintained by muscle contractions on a fixed volume of liquid, especially within larval insects. hypermetamorphosis See heteromorphosis. hyperparasite (adj. hyperparasitic) A parasite that lives upon another parasite. hyperparasitoid A secondary parasitoid that develops upon another parasite or parasitoid. hypognathous With the head directed vertically and mouthparts directed ventrally; see also opi- sthognathous, prognathous. hypopharynx A median lobe of the preoral cavity of the mouthparts (Fig. 2.10). hyporheic Living in the substrate beneath the bed of a waterbody. idiobiont A parasitoid that prevents its host from developing any further, by paralysis or death; see also konobiont. ileum The second section of the hindgut, preceding the colon (Figs. 3.1 & 3.13). imaginal disc (imaginal bud) Latent adult structure in an immature insect, visible as group of undif- ferentiated cells (Fig. 6.4). imago (pl. imagines or imagos) The adult insect. immediate effect (of a defensive chemical) An effect that appears immediately on first encounter; see also delayed effect. TID01 5/20/04 4:39 PM Page 454 [...]... isolates one part of the body of a living insect from another, usually by tightening a ligature ligula The glossae plus paraglossae of the prementum of the labium, whether fused or separate litter A layer of dead vegetative matter overlying the soil longitudinal In the direction of the long axis of the body longitudinal muscles Muscles running along the long axis of the body (Fig 2.7a) lotic Of flowing water... paired lobes at the apex of the proboscis, derived from labial palps (see Box 15.5) labial palp One- to five-segmented appendage of the labium (Figs 2.9 & 2.10) labium (adj labial) The “lower lip”, forming the floor of the mouth, often with a pair of palps and two pairs of median lobes (Figs 2.9 & 2.10); derived from the sixth head segment labrum (adj labral) The “upper lip”, forming the roof of the preoral... paedogenesis, thelytoky patch A discrete area of microhabitat patenty In the course of the malaria disease, the first appearance of parasites in the red blood cells paternal genome elimination Loss of the paternal genome during the development of an initially diploid male, so that his sperm carries only his mother’s genes pedicel (1) The stem or stalk of an organ (2) The stalk of an ovariole (Fig 3.20a) (3) The. .. trail-marking pheromone mass trapping The use of pheromones to lure pest insects, which are then killed phoresy (adj phoretic) The phenomenon of one individual being carried on the body of a larger individual of another species photoperiod The duration of the light (and therefore also dark) part of the 24 h daily cycle photoreceptor A sense organ that responds to light phragma (pl phragmata) A plate-like... 4:39 PM Page 462 462 Glossary prepatent period In the course of a disease, the time between infection and first symptoms prescutum The anterior third of the alinotum (either meso- or metanotum), in front of the scutum (Fig 2.18) presoldier In termites, an intervening stage between worker and soldier press The process on the proximal apex of the tarsus of a bee that pushes pollen into the corbicula (basket)... of a segment (Fig 2.7) terminalia The terminal abdominal segments involved in the formation of the genitalia testis (pl testes) One of (usually) a pair of male gonads (Figs 3.1b & 3.20b) thanatosis Feigning death thelytoky (thelytokous parthenogenesis) A form of parthenogenesis producing only female offspring thorax The middle of the three major divisions (tagma) of the body, comprising prothorax, mesothorax,... other animals to humans, especially used of feeding preference of blood-feeding insects zygote A fertilized egg; in malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) resulting from fusion of a microgamete and macrogamete (Box 15.1) FURTHER READING Gordh, G & Headrick, D (2001) A Dictionary of Entomology CABI Publishing, Wallingford Torre-Bueno, J.R de la (1989) The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology, 2nd edn The. .. to the body; not free (Fig 6.7); see also exarate occipital foramen The opening of the back of the head occiput The dorsal part of the posterior cranium (Fig 2.9) ocellus (pl ocelli) The “simple” eye (Fig 4.10b) of adult and nymphal insects, typically three in a triangle on the vertex, with one median and two lateral ocelli (Figs 2.9 & 2.11); the stemma of some holometabolous larvae oenocyte A cell of. .. with other sperm to fertilize the eggs sperm precedence The preferential use by the female of the sperm of one mating over others spermatheca The female receptacle for sperm deposited during mating (Fig 3.20a) spermathecal gland A tubular gland off the spermatheca, producing nourishment for sperm stored in the spermatheca (Fig 3.20a) spermatophore An encapsulated package of spermatozoa (Fig 5.6) spermatophylax... consist of mothers and their daughters maxilla (pl maxillae) The second pair of jaws, jawlike in chewing insects (Figs 2.9 & 2.10), variously modified in others (Fig 2.13); derived from the fifth head segment maxillary palp A one- to seven-segmented sensory appendage borne on the stipes of the maxilla (Figs 2.9 & 2.10) mechanical transfer The movement of a disease organism from one host to another by . paraglossae of the prementum of the labium, whether fused or separate. litter A layer of dead vegetative matter overlying the soil. longitudinal In the direction of the long axis of the body. longitudinal. posterior, often horseshoe- shaped area of the head. postgena The lateral part of the occipital arch posterior to the postoccipital suture (Fig. 2.9). postmentum The proximal part of the labium (Figs genital duct; in the unmodified female the opening of the common oviduct (Fig. 3.20a), in the male the opening of the ejaculatory duct. gonostyle The style (rudimentary appendage) of the ninth segment