OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 1006 converting with TO_NUMBER function, 444 functions converting date to, 439–444 number conversion to, 437–439 checking constraints, 289 checkpoints auto-tuning, 555–557 full and partial, 557–558 manually initiated, 558 review, 571 CKPT (Checkpoint), 33–34 clauses conditional, 395 FROM, 392 GROUP BY, 465–471, 473, 474 group-level results for HAVING clauses, 472 HAVING, 471–475 JOIN…ON, 492–494, 495 JOIN…USING, 492, 495 NATURAL JOIN, 489–491, 496 ORDER BY, 403–405 row-level results for WHERE clauses, 472 using subqueries in, 516 WHERE, 392–400 clients configuring for network services, 149–151 globalizing environment settings for, 948–949 thick and thin Java, 9–10 client-server processing about, 5 Oracle Net architecture for, 134–135 user software for, 6 closed backups, 578 cluster services, synchronizing, 751, 759 COALESCE functions, 447–448 Codd, E. F., 4 columns aliasing, 387–388, 486 altering table, 269–270 characters for primary and foreign key, 374, 376 column-level privileges, 220 data types in compound queries, 527 in databases, 12 grouping data in multiple, 468–470 inserting rows of NULLs with unique constraint, 284 listing data types for, 263–266 names in compound query output result, 526 nullable, 390–391 qualifying ambiguous names for joins, 487–489 range comparisons in, 397 substituting names for in WHERE clauses, 408–409 viewing table metadata for, 369–370 command line ASM, 765–766 controlling listeners via, 145–149 interface for ADR, 967–968 SQO techniques for, 8 working from OEM vs., 66 command-line utilities ASMCMD, 765–766 expdb and impdb, 842–843 using Data Pump with, 842–843 commands. See also DDL commands; DML; and specific commands executing RMAN SET, 628 immediacy of SQL, 323 managing RMAN backups, 594–596 running RMAN, 583 scripts generating backup, 679 simulating earlier database versions, 918 COMMIT statements data loading/unloading and, 841 permanent DML transactions with, 325, 326 processing transactions, 335–336 starting transactions with, 334–335 comparison operators, 395–400 BETWEEN, 395, 397, 403 Boolean, 400–402 equality and inequality, 395, 396–397 IN, 395, 397–398, 403 IS NULL, 390, 400 LIKE, 398–400, 403 precedence rules for, 402–403 types of, 395 valid for single-row subqueries, 521 complete recovery defined, 614 noncritical file recovery in archivelog mode, 616 recovering datafiles in noarchive log mode, 614–616 review, 631–632 complex queries, 531–532 composite indexes, 281 composite inequality operators, 396 composite key unique constraint, 284 composite sorting, 405 compound queries about, 525 column names and output result set for, 526 combining to single query, 529–532 compressed backup sets about, 579, 600 unallocated blocks not backed up, 583 compressed indexes, 280 CONCAT function, 423 concatenating double pipe symbol for, 388 set results, 529–530 concurrency. See DML conditional expressions nested functions creating, 444–445 review, 454 conditional functions, 445–450 COALESCE, 447–448 DECODE, 449–450 defined, 445–446 NULLIF, 447, 448 NVL2, 446–447, 448 NVL, 446 conditions. See also WHERE clauses date-based, 394–395 determining character-based data, 393–394 expressing equality and inequality, 396–397 negated by NOT operator, 401–402 restricting numeric-based data, 393 setting with WHERE clauses, 392–393 CONFIGURE CHANNEL command, 665 CONFIGURE command, 593–594 connection pooling architecture, 6–7 connections authenticating database, 112–114 connecting network to local instance, 137–138 Database Control for database, 66, 113–114 tools for database, 61–66 consistency and ACID test, 330–331 consistent backups, 580–582 characters (continued) Index 1007 constraints, 283–290 about, 283 checking, 289 deferrable, 289 defining table, 286–288 during direct path loads, 833 foreign key, 285–286 managing, 290 not-null, 284 primary key, 284–285 review, 304 specifying state of, 288–289 types of, 283–286 unique, 284 consumer groups about, 775–776 allocating CPU percentages, 782–784 associating jobs with, 810–811 automatic switching of, 794–795 configuring and testing, 797–799 limiting concurrent statements for, 787–789 managing, 781 mapping sessions to, 795–797 pending areas for, 780, 781 plans for sessions, 776–778 ratio CPU management for, 786–787 restricting undo data generation by, 793–794 using in Scheduler, 822 context switches, 791 control transactions. See transactions controlfiles about, 41–42 autobackup and restore of, 623–627 backing up with RMAN, 578–579, 632 defined, 15 downtime and loss of, 684 incomplete recovery using backup, 625–627, 632 multiplexing, 558–560 recovering multiplexed, 683–685, 695 removing references to damaged, 683–684 SQL*Loader, 833–834 user-managed back ups of, 680, 694 conversion functions, 434–444 about, 434 explicit data type conversion, 436 implicit data type conversion, 434–436 national language support parameters, 437 review, 454 correlated subqueries, 521–522 COUNT function, 461, 462, 464 CPU (Critical Patch Update) patches, 971 CPU usage allocating percentages of, 782–784 plans for, 776 ratio method for, 786–787 CREATE CONTROLFILE command, 680 Create Tablespace window (OEM), 182 CREATE USER command, 213–214 CreateDB.sql script, 88–89 CREATE_JOB procedure, 807–808, 823 critical files about, 613–614 hardware redundancy strategies for, 619 cross joins about, 482 generating Cartesian products with, 505–507 using, 485–486 crosschecking backups, 597–598 csminst.sql script, 947 cumulative backups, 584 currency formatting, 439 CURRVAL of sequence, 300 DD data. See also data types; moving and reorganizing data comparing with subqueries, 517–518 creating with GROUP BY clause, 465–466, 475 detecting corrupt blocks, 629–630 exporting/importing with Data Pump, 841–849, 860 file storage technologies for, 178–179 globalizing database, 947 grouping in multiple columns, 468–470 investigating storage structure of, 179–180 limiting amount generated, 713–714 loading and unloading, 67–68 managing with DML, 339–340 normalizing relational table, 371–374 null values in SQL, 390–391 Oracle storage model, 172–180 organizing with views, 292 processing in buffer cache, 20–21 recovering from multiple controlfiles, 41–42 removing corruptions in, 553 rules for relational tables, 12 sample WEBSTORE schema, 381 segments, extents, blocks, and rows, 174–178 snapshots of, 866–867, 868, 869, 870, 871–872 stored in datafiles, 15 transferring as streams, 17–18 data dictionaries about, 46–47 cache for, 24 creating, 78–79 defined, 12, 15 familiarity with, 100 setting accessibility to, 237–238 views for, 123–124, 126, 127 data manipulation language. See DML Data Pump about, 67–68, 838–839 architecture of, 839–840, 860 data export/import with, 841–849, 860 Database Control interface to, 843 directories and file locations, 840 exercise, 844 file types for, 839–840 loading/unloading methods in, 840–841 suspending expdb/impdb utilities, 851 using command-line utilities with, 842–843 Data Pump Export Wizard, 843 Data Recovery Advisor. See DRA data saves, 832 data types for columns in compound queries, 527 converting, 434–436 investigating in schemas, 266 knowledge of for exam, 265 listing table, 263–266 returned for single-row functions, 431 review, 303 scalar values of, 322 Database 11g, connection tools in, 64 database administrators. See DBAs OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 1008 database advisory framework, 871–880. See also DRA; SQL Access Advisor; SQL Tuning Advisor about, 871 ADDM features, 871–874 Automatic Undo Advisor, 875 DRA, 875 memory advisors, 874, 897–900, 918 MTTR advisor, 875 review, 886–887 Segment Advisor, 857–858, 859, 875–876 SQL advisors, 874, 876–877 database buffer cache datafile buffer for RMAN multiplexing, 664–665 illustrated, 19 size of, 21, 894, 895 updating data in, 20–21 writing blocks to datafiles from, 332 Database Character Set Scanner, 946, 958 Database Configuration Assistant. See DBCA Database Control about, 7, 8 Advisor Central window, 872 allocating CPU percentages with, 784 applying patches with, 972–977 Automated Maintenance Tasks window, 876–877 AWR management in, 867–868 configuring Alert system notifications, 882–886 connecting to databases with, 66, 113–114 creating tablespaces in, 180–186 Data Pump interface in, 843 DRA interface in, 612 Flashback Database with, 706–707, 710–713 Flashback Drop user interface in, 717–720 Flashback Query with, 733–734 Health Monitor interface in, 608–609 lightweight jobs unavailable from, 820 limiting parallel processing in, 789–790 managing standard auditing in, 243 mapping sessions to consumer groups, 797 memory advisors, 871, 874–875, 897–900, 918 Patch Advisor, 971–972 PL/SQL development in, 341 program and schedule creation in, 814–816 recovering noncritical datafiles, 616–619 resolving lock contention, 348–349 Resource Manager debugging aids in, 780 reusing Scheduler programs and schedules, 814–817 scheduling SQL tuning task, 903–906 setting job and job class priorities, 823 setting up idle time disconnections, 792 shrink interface in, 858–859 SQL Access Advisor with, 910–913, 914 starting, 108–110 starting database listeners, 110–112 Top Activity window, 903–904 undo management with, 357–358 undo pool configuration with, 794 user account management from, 214–215 viewing initialization parameters in, 102 database files defined, 752 storage structures for, 44–45 database listeners command-line control of, 145–149 creating network, 139–140, 141 launching for Oracle Net, 105 running on separate computers from instances, 140 starting instances of, 110–112 database management systems (DBMS), 11 database objects, 260–261, 303 Database Replay, 921–927 analysis and reporting for, 924–925 exercise, 925–927 launching, 923–924 preprocessing workload for, 922–923 review, 929 steps for using, 921 workload capture with, 921–922 database servers about, 4–6 steps creating, 78–79 database startup and shutdown, 108–121 authenticating connections, 112–114 Database Control and, 108–110 database listener startup, 110–112 exercise, 120–121 instance startup, 112, 118 mounting/dismounting databases, 112 NOMOUNT, MOUNT, and OPEN states during, 115–119 options during shutdown, 119–120 parameter file search in startup, 116 review, 126 SQL*Plus and, 112 SYSOPER and SYSDBA privileges, 114–115 database storage structures, 40–48 about, 40 alert log and trace files, 45 controlfile, 41–42 data dictionary, 46–47 datafiles, 43–44 illustrated, 46 investigating, 47–48 logical structures, 45–47 miscellaneous database files, 44–45 physical structures, 40–45, 46 redo log files, 42–43 required file types, 41 review, 49–50 database triggers about, 342–344 AFTER SUSPEND ON DATABASE, 851 auditing with, 244–245 defined, 244 fixing invalid, 916–918, 928 Database Upgrade Assistant (DBUA), 60–61 database user accounts. See user accounts Database Writer. See DBWn databases. See also database startup and shutdown; Flashback Database administration tools for, 67–68, 91 advisory framework for, 871–880 archivelog mode for, 565–566, 615 auditing, 241–248 backing up, 544–546, 680 Index 1009 backup utilities for, 68 basic queries, 12, 13 categorizing main objects, 260–261 character sets for, 89, 938–940, 945–947, 958 connecting to recovery catalog, 643–645 corrupting, 554 creating, 60–61, 77–91, 92, 643–645 creation shell scripts for, 86–88 critical and noncritical files for, 613–614 Database Control connections to, 66, 113–114 DRA limitations for, 609 duplicate, 651–654, 668–669 file types of, 173 globalization within, 947 initialization parameters for, 100, 101–107, 126 installing with OUI, 74–77, 92 linking with Oracle Net, 153–154 loading stored PL/SQL into, 340–341 locking conflicts for, 346–350 maintaining image copy of, 628 managing with OUI, 56–60 monitoring flashback, 707–708 moving data between, 841–849, 860 network registration for, 140, 142–143 Oracle Net session architecture, 135 planning installation of, 68–74, 92 preparing for recovery, 558–567 rebuilding indexes, 919 recovering, 544–546 remote connection security and privileges for, 236 repairing with DRA, 613 restoring onto new host, 669 review, 91–92 running incompletely recovered, 616 self test and answers for installing, 92–98 server vs., 11 simulating earlier versions of, 918 single instance or distributed, 18 startup and shutdown, 108–121 storage structures for, 40–48, 179–180 tables, rows, and columns in, 12 tools for connecting to, 61–66 transporting, 848–849, 860 user account attributes for, 205 users and indirect connection to, 16 viewing all segments in, 174–175 datafiles backing up, 578–579, 680 composition of, 174 creating and using ASM, 762–763 data storage in, 15 defined, 15 disk space required for, 13 file storage technologies for, 178–179 illustrated, 46 incomplete recovery of, 620–623 recovering, 614–619, 688–691 renaming tablespaces and, 186–187 review, 197 self test and answers for, 198–202 storage structure of, 43–44 writing buffer cache blocks to, 332 dataguard, 16, 18 DATE fields conversion functions with, 436–437 format masks for, 439–443 date manipulation functions, 429–433 about, 429 ADD_MONTHS, 431 database storage of dates, 429 date arithmetic for, 430 date TRUNC, 433 LAST_DAY, 432 MONTHS_BETWEEN, 430–431 NEXT_DAY function, 431–432 ROUND, 432–433 SYSdates, 429 dates. See also date manipulation functions altering session-level format, 950–951 converting to characters, 439–444 date-based conditions in WHERE clauses, 394–395 format masks for, 439–443 implicit characters converted to, 434–436 statement-level settings for, 951–952 territory-related settings for, 943 DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL view, 244, 246–247 DBA_COMMON_AUDIT_TRAIL view, 247 DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL view, 247 DBA_RESUMABLE view, 850 DBAs (database administrators) administering applications, 7 backup and recovery issues, 544–546 knowledge of RMAN needed, 68 languages needed by, 9 limiting concurrent consumer group statements, 787–789 scope of knowledge required, 546 separation of duties for, 241 DBA_TABLES view, 124, 177 DBCA (Database Configuration Assistant), 77–91 about, 60–61 concepts for, 78–79 creating databases with, 79–81, 92 examination objectives for, 77 exercise, 81–84 illustrated, 83, 84 opening screen options, 90–91 post-creation scripts, 90 scripts and files created by, 84–90 DBMS (database management systems), 11 DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER_ PRIVS package, 778–779, 781 DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER package, 779–780, 781 DBMS_SQLTUNE package, 908–909 DBMS_STATS package, 854 DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY package, 869–870 DB_NAME instance parameter, 86, 117 DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST instance parameter, 568, 569 DB_RECOVERY_FILE_SIZE instance parameter, 568, 569 DBUA (Database Upgrade Assistant), 60–61 DBWn (Database Writer) COMMIT commands ineffective in, 335 dirty buffers written by, 30–32 incremental checkpoints and, 34 writing to datafiles, 44, 332 DDL commands committing current transactions with, 336 failure with active DML commands, 326 permanency of, 325 TRUNCATE, 325–326 OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 1010 deadlocks, 348, 350 decimals, precision, 427 DECODE function, 449–450, 452 DEFAULT clause, 268 DEFAULT profile, 231, 232–233 defaults character set, 939 configuring RMAN, 592–594 default RMAN sessions, 590–591 startup initialization parameter filenames, 116–117 deferrable constraints, 289 DEFINE command, 409–411 DELETE ALL INPUT clause, 589 DELETE command about, 323–324, 596 exercise, 324–325 TRUNCATE vs., 325 DELETE EXPIRED command, 598 DELETE OBSOLETE command, 595–596, 598 DELETE statements, 333–334, 853 demonstration schemas, 375–381. See also WEBSTORE schema about, 368 creating, 379–381 HR and WEBSTORE, 375–379 descending indexes, 281 descending sort order, 404 DESCRIBE command, 369–370 development tools external languages for, 9–10 internal languages for, 8–9 diacritical marks, 953 diagnosing and repairing problems ADR, 966–968, 969 MetaLink, 966, 969, 971–972, 977–978 patches, 971–978 review, 978–979 self test and answers, 979–981 SRs, 966, 967, 968, 970 dictionary-managed tablespaces, 185, 194–196 digital certificates, 110 diphthongs, 953 direct path loads, 832–833, 840–841 directories Data Pump, 840 external table, 835 directory naming, 145 dirty buffers, 20–21, 30–31 disaster recovery, 669 disconnecting session by idle time, 791–792 disk groups, 751–753 disk space requirements, 13 dispatcher persistence, 159 distributed databases, 18 distributed transactions, 36–37 DML (data manipulation language) ACID test for, 330–331 commands for, 316 creating rows with subqueries in, 519 DELETE command, 323–325 enabling parallel, 789 executing statements, 331–335 external tables unavailable for, 834 failures in DML statements, 328–329 handling locking conflicts, 346–350 INSERT command, 316–320 limiting parallel processing in, 789–790 managing data with, 339–340 MERGE command, 326–328 review of statements, 359–360 running out of undo space, 355 self test and answers, 361–366 TRUNCATE command, 325–326 Undo, 351–352 UPDATE command, 320–323 using DDL commands with active, 326 dot notation, 487–489 double ampersand substitution, 407–411 double pipe symbol (||), 388 downtime damaged multiplexed online log files and, 688 loss of controlfiles and, 684 DRA (Data Recovery Advisor) about, 608, 609 exercises, 610, 613 Health Monitor and ADR, 608–609 listing failures in, 611, 613 part of advisory framework, 875 restoring and recovering databases, 613–614 review, 631 using, 610–613 DROP DATABASE command, 91 DROP TABLE command, 550, 716 dropping. See also Flashback Drop indexes, 282 synonyms, 296–297 tables, 270–273 tablespaces, 191, 192–194 user accounts, 213 views, 294–295 dump files, 839–840 duplex backups, 588–589, 600 DUPLICATE command, 653–654 duplicate databases creating, 651–654 review, 668–669 durability, 331 dynamic database registration, 140, 142–143 dynamic performance views about, 100 using, 124–126, 127 EE Easy Connect configuring service aliases in, 150 name resolution in, 144 electronic version of book, 988 elements of sets, 525 enabling active session pools, 788 OMF, 191–192 roles, 225–226 encrypting backups, 591–592, 601 endian data format, 845 ending transactions, 334–335 enqueue mechanism, 347 Enterprise Manager. See also Database Control; Support Workbench accessing ADR from Support Workbench, 966–968 Alert system notifications in, 882–886 capabilities of, 8 configuring and testing consumer groups, 797–799 creating tablespaces in, 180–186 forms of, 7–8 granting and revoking system privileges, 219 using SQL Tuning Advisor with, 901–908 working from command line vs., 66 entity-relationship diagrams, 374, 375 environment variables checking in Windows registry, 62, 63 setting, 72–74 TNS_ADMIN, 151, 152, 153 equality operators, 395, 396–397, 403 equijoins about, 482, 500 JOIN…USING clause, 492, 495 errors avoiding rm command, 551 determining language for messages, 941 messages for SQL statement failure, 874 Index 1011 missing keyword or view, 387 preventing user, 549–551 related to undo data, 354–355 views preventing, 292 ESTIMATED_MTTR parameter, 556 events common triggering, 343 event-driven jobs, 817–818, 826 triggering partial checkpoint, 558 executing SQL statements, 331–335. See also SELECT statements; statements INSERT and DELETE statements, 333–334 rules for SELECT statements, 383–385 SELECT statements, 332–333 syntax for SELECT statements, 382–383 UPDATE statements, 333 exercises ADDM report generation, 878–880 alert configuration, 885–886 alert log, 122 ampersand substitution, 411–412 answering questions in SQL, 385–386 ASM, 759–760, 761–762 ASM datafile, 763 auditing databases, 247–248 Automatic Memory Management, 896–897 automating RMAN backups, 581–582 AWR monitoring, 870–871 backups using multiple channels, 590–591 case conversion functions, 422–423 character manipulation functions, 433–434 command line administration of ASM, 765–766 confirming hardware resources, 70–71 constraint management, 290 constructing SQL expressions, 391–392 controlling Resource Manager with windows, 825–826 creating and granting roles, 227–229 data dictionary and view queries, 126 Data Pump, 844 database repair with DRA, 613 Database Replay, 925–927 database storage structures, 47–48, 179–180 DBCA database creation, 81–84 DBMS investigations, 11 DECODE function, 452 deleting table rows, 324–325 diagnosing database problems, 610 DML data management, 339–340 enabling controlfile autobackup, 624–625 enabling resumable space allocation, 851–852 finding processes running instance, 38–40 flash recovery area investigations, 569–570 Flashback Data Archive creation, 737–739 Flashback Database, 711–713 Flashback Database configuration, 706–707 Flashback Query, 733–734 globalization, 949, 950–951 granting privileges, 221–222 group functions, 465 HAVING clause, 474–475 incomplete recovery, 625–627, 692–693 index creation, 282–283 initialization parameter queries, 106–107 INSERT command, 319–320 installing on Linux, 75–77 instance memory structures, 27–28 investigating data types in schemas, 266 job creation in Scheduler, 814 joins, 507–508 LIKE operator, 398, 400 loading data, 837–838 lock contention, 350 memory advisor, 899–900 modifying tablespaces, 192–194, 196–197 monitoring RMAN channels, 659–660 multiplexing redo log, 562–563 natural join, 490–491 noncritical datafile recovery, 616–619 object accessibility during sessions, 263 online log file recovery, 686–688 open incremental backups, 586–587 Oracle Net configuration, 154–157 patches, 977–978 PL/SQL object creation, 344–345 profile management, 233–234 raw device creation, 756–757 recovery catalog creation, 648–649 removing privileges, 240 repairing objects and indexes, 919–921 Resource Manager, 785–786, 797–799 RMAN backup management, 598–599 row migration, 854–855 running SQL Tuning Advisor, 909 self-joins, 500 sequences, 302–303 set operator, 527–528 shared server configuration, 164 sorting tables, 405 SQL Developer installation, 65–66 startup/shutdown, 120–121 subqueries, 517, 522–523 Support Workbench, 970 synonym creation and use, 297–298 table creation, 270–273 time zone adjustments, 956–957 transporting databases, 848–849 TSPITR, 657–658 updating table rows, 323 user account creation, 215–216 user-managed backups, 682 using undo data, 352 view creation, 295 writing complex subqueries, 519–520 expdb utility about, 839 suspending, 851 transporting tablespaces with, 846–847 using from Data Pump command line, 842 expired undo segments, 353 expired user accounts, 209 explicit data type conversion, 436 Export utility, 67–68 export/import. See also expdb utility; impdb utility data with Data Pump, 67–68, 841–849, 860 tablespaces, 845–848, 860 OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 1012 expressions about, 386 arithmetic operators, 386–387 CASE, 450–452 column aliasing, 387–388 conditional, 444–445, 454 constructing SQL, 391–392 exercise, 391–392 literals in, 388–389, 397–398 using in statements, 386–390 extents about, 46, 174 allocating, 326 data storage in, 176–177 managing, 194–196 external naming, 145 external tables about, 834, 859 directories for, 835 loading data with, 837–838 loading/unloading methods from, 840, 841, 850 using, 835–837 external user account authentication, 211–212 FF failures. See also media failures assessing in DRA, 610–613 backup and recovery issues, 544–545 data loading operations, 832 effect on RDBMS instances, 758 instance, 33, 552 media, 551–552 network, 548–549 redundancy strategies and, 619 statement, 546–547, 548, 874 types of database, 570 user errors, 549–551 user process, 547 FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET parameter, 555–556 fault tolerance RAID levels and, 748–749, 750 redundancy strategies, 619 FBDA (Flashback Data Archive) about, 700, 702, 703 creating, 737–739 using, 736–737 file systems granting PL/SQL access to, 236 storing datafiles on clustered system, 178 using OMF rather than, 191–192 files. See also controlfiles; datafiles; scripts about init and spfile, 117 alert log and trace, 45 archive redo log, 45, 566–567 ASM, 752, 755–756 authenticating password, 210 backing up password and parameter, 682–683 binaries, 13 change tracking, 585 controlfiles, 15, 41–42, 558–560 creation of instance parameter, 84–86 critical and noncritical, 613–614 Data Pump, 839–840 database, 752 datafiles, 13, 15, 43–44 enabling OMF, 191–192 instance parameter, 44 location of Data Pump, 840 multiple copies of controlfile, 558–560 naming and planning OFA, 71–72 parameter, 78, 682–683 password, 44, 210, 682–683 privileges for, 234 redo log, 21–22, 42–43 required database, 41 RMAN backups for, 578–579 SQL*Loader, 833 storage technologies for data, 178–179 fine-grained auditing (FGA), 245–247 fixing invalid objects, 916–918, 928 flash recovery area about, 567, 572 configuring, 568, 572 exercise, 569–570 recovery files in, 567–568 space usage in, 569 using, 572 Flashback Data Archive (FBDA) about, 700, 702, 703 creating, 737–739 review, 460 using, 736–737 Flashback Database about, 551, 700 architecture of, 704–705 configuring, 705–707 exercise, 710–713 limiting amount of data generated, 713–714 monitoring, 707–708 review, 740 tools using, 709–711 Flashback Drop about, 701–702, 715 dropping tables, 270, 702 implementing, 715–717 managing recycle bin, 720–723 recovering tables with, 550, 701–702, 715, 721 SQL*Plus user interface for, 719–720 using, 717–720 Flashback Query about, 701, 723–724 basic form of, 724–725 combining with Flashback Transaction, 732 correcting errors with, 549–550 exercise, 733–734 performing table queries, 725–727 review, 739 undo data and, 735 Flashback Table, 701 Flashback technology about, 700 error recovery without incomplete recovery, 620 reviews, 739–740 self tests and answers, 740–746 Flashback Transaction about, 701 combining with Flashback Query, 732 review, 739–740 Flashback Transaction Query, 729–732 Flashback Versions Query, 728–729 foreground processes, 14 foreign keys character indicating, 376 constraints for, 285–286 joins connected with, 495 normalization and, 373–374 nullable columns and, 391 self-referencing, 375–376 format masks currency and, 439 date, 439–443 numeric, 438, 439, 444 fractured blocks, 583, 681 FROM clauses, 392, 516 full backups, 578 full checkpoints, 557–558 full outer joins, 503–505 full table scans, 275–276 function-based indexes, 281 functions, 420–458. See also group functions about, 341–342 ADD_MONTHS, 431 AVG, 461, 463–464 case conversion, 421–423 Index 1013 character manipulation, 423–426 COALESCE, 447–448 CONCAT, 423 conditional, 445–450 conversion, 434–444 COUNT, 461, 462, 464 date arithmetic for, 430 date manipulation, 429–433 date ROUND, 432–433 date TRUNC, 433 DECODE, 449–450, 452 defined, 420 exercise, 452 fixing invalid, 916–918, 928 group, 460–465 HAVING clauses and group, 471–475 INITCAP, 422 INSTR, 425–426 LAST_DAY, 432 LENGTH, 424 LOWER, 421–422 LPAD and RPAD, 424–425 MAX and MIN, 464 MOD, 428–429 MONTHS_BETWEEN, 430–431 nested group, 470–471 nested single-row, 444–445, 470 NEXT_DAY, 431–432 NULLIF, 447, 448 numeric, 427–429 numeric ROUND, 427–428 numeric TRUNC, 428 NVL2, 446–447, 448 REPLACE, 426 return data types for single-row, 431 review, 453–454, 475–476 self test and answers, 454–458 single- and multiple-row, 420–421 SUBSTR, 426 SUM, 461, 462–463 SYSDATE, 429 TRIM, 425 UPPER, 422 GG global areas. See PGA; SGA global authentication, 212 global users, 212 globalization, 938–963. See also languages character sets, 938–940, 945– 947, 957 client-side environment settings, 948–949 database, 947 exercise, 949, 950–951, 956–957 instances, 948 linguistic sorting, 953–954, 963–964 Locale Builder, 954, 955 precedence of settings, 945 requirements and capabilities for, 938–944 review, 957–958 self test and answers, 958–963 session-level settings for, 950–951 statement-level settings, 951–952 territory support for, 942–943 time zones, 954–957 using features for, 944–949 glossary, 983–997 GRANT command, 216 GRANT REGISTER DATABASE command, 646–647 granting privileges, 220, 221–222, 236 roles, 223–224, 227–229 greater than (>) operator, 396 greater than or equal to (>=) operator, 396 grid computing, 4 Grid Control, 7, 8 GROUP BY clauses about, 465 grouping attributes, 467, 468 grouping data in multiple columns, 468–470 subqueries in, 516 using in SELECT statements, 466–468 using with HAVING clause, 473, 474 group functions, 460–480 applying to data, 465–471 AVG, 461, 463–464 COUNT, 461, 462 defined, 460–461 exam tip for, 464 exercise, 465 HAVING clauses and, 471–475 MAX and MIN, 464 nested, 470–471 review, 475–476 self test and answers, 476–480 SUM, 461, 462–463 using, 461–464 grouping attributes, 467, 468 groups. See also consumer groups; group functions consumer, 775–776 disk, 751–753 window, 822 HH hardware. See also RAID ASM on raw devices, 752 confirming resources of, 70–71 disk groups, 751–753 redundancy strategies for, 619 requirements for database installations, 69–70 volume sizes, 749 hash (#) character, 374, 376 hash clusters, 266 HAVING clauses, 471–475 exercise, 474–475 GROUP BY clauses with, 473, 474 specifying in SELECT statements, 473–474 using subqueries in, 516 WHERE clauses vs., 472–473 Health Monitor, 608–609, 610, 611 heap tables, 266, 267–268 help files on CD-ROM, 988 hits, buffer cache, 20 HR schema, 368, 375–379 II idle session termination, 776, 791–792 if-then-else logic, 445–446. See also conditional functions image copies about, 579 making for archive logs, 588 recovery using, 627–628, 632 review, 600 IMMEDIATE shutdown mode, 119–120 impdb utility about, 839 suspending, 851 transporting tablespaces with, 846, 847 using from Data Pump command line, 842–843 implicit commit, 338–339 import/export. See also expdb utility; impdb utility data with Data Pump, 67–68, 841–849, 860 tablespaces, 845–848, 860 IN operator, 395, 397–398, 403, 521 incident packages, 967 incidents (ADR), 967 incomplete recovery about, 551 review, 632 steps in RMAN, 620–623 OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 1014 user-managed, 691–693, 694 using backup controlfile in RMAN, 625–627 incremental backups about, 583–585 applying in RMAN, 619 defined, 578 enabling fast, 600 performing open, 586–587 review, 632 incremental checkpoints, 557 index clusters, 266 index organized tables, 266 indexes B*Tree, 276–278, 280 bitmap, 278–280 creating and using, 281–282 exercise, 282–283 function of, 275 modifying and dropping, 282 need for, 275–276 options when creating, 280–281 repairing unusable, 916, 918–921 review, 304 shrinking, 861 types of, 276 inequality operators, 395, 396–397, 403 init files, 117 INITCAP function, 422 initialization parameters about, 100 ASM, 757 basic instance parameters, 103–105 changing, 105–106 default startup, 116 querying and settings, 106–107 setting database, 101–107, 126 inline views, 518 inner joins, 500 inner queries, 516 input data files, 833, 834 INSERT command, 316–320 INSERT statements executing, 333–334 relying on positional notation, 317 row migration not caused by, 853 using subqueries in, 519 installing databases with OUI, 74–77 MasterExam, 988 planning databases before, 68–74 SQL Developer, 63–64, 65–66 instance memory structures, 19–28 database buffer cache, 20–21 investigating, 27–28 Java pool, 26–27 large pool, 19, 26 log buffer, 21–23 review, 49 shared pool, 19, 23–26 Streams pool, 26–27 instance parameter files, 44, 84–86 instance process structures, 28–40 about, 28–29 ARCn, 35–36 CKPT, 33–34 DBWn, 30–32 investigating processes running instance, 38–40 LGWR, 32–33 miscellaneous, 37–38 MMAN, 35 MMNL, 35 MMON, 34–35 PMON, 30 RECO, 36–37 review, 49 SMON, 29 instance recovery, 552–558 about, 552–553 checkpointing, 557–558 impossibility of corrupting databases, 554 mechanics of, 553 MTTR Advisor and checkpoint auto-tuning, 555–557 review, 571 tuning, 555 instances. See also instance memory structures; instance process structures; single-instance architecture ADR for, 966–967 alert log and trace files, 121–122 architecture of, 13–16 ASM instance prefixed with plus, 758 in client-server processing, 5 components in ASM, 753–754 connecting Oracle Net to local, 137–138 creating ASM, 757–760 data dictionary views for, 123–124, 126 data structure types in, 19 Database Control, 108–110 database listener, 110–112 default startup parameter filenames for, 116–117 defined, 5 determining if database has single, 18 dynamic performance views for, 124–126 failure of, 33, 552 globalization for, 948 initialization parameters for, 100, 101–107, 126 investigating processes running, 38–40 managing, 100, 126–127 parameter files for, 78 process structures for, 28–29 RDBMS instances for ASM, 754–755 recovering, 552–558, 571 running listener separate from, 140 security-critical parameters for, 235–240 self test and answers, 127–132 size of ASM, 758 SQL*Plus, 112 starting database, 112, 118 static and dynamic database registration, 140, 142–143 INSTR function, 425–426 interim patches, 971 INTERSECT operator, 525, 530–531 inventories, OUI, 57–58 is equal to (=) operator, 396 IS NULL operator, 390, 400 isolation, 331, 346 JJ Japanese Imperial calendar, 944 Java, 9 Java pool, 26–27 job chains, 819, 820, 826 job classes about, 810–811 assigning jobs to, 822 defined, 822 using, 823–824 JOB_ACTION parameter, 815 JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSES parameter, 806 jobs about, 807 assigning to classes, 822 associating with consumer groups, 810–811 controlling execution time of, 790–791 creating and scheduling, 813–822 event-driven, 817–818, 826 lightweight, 813, 819–822, 826 incomplete recovery (continued) Index 1015 linking execution with job chains, 819 monitoring RMAN, 658, 660, 670 namespaces for programs and, 816 review, 826 as Scheduler object, 807–809 schedules for launching, 811 setting priorities for, 823, 824 JOIN…ON clause, 492–494, 495, 498–499 join columns, 482 JOIN keyword, 503 joins, 482–514. See also natural joins about, 370, 371 cross, 485–486, 505–507 equijoins, 482, 492, 495, 500 exercise, 507–508 full outer, 503–505 left outer, 501–502 natural, 483–485 natural JOIN…ON clause, 492–494, 495, 496 natural JOIN…USING clause, 492, 495, 496 n-way and additional conditions for, 495–496, 497 outer, 485, 500–505 qualifying ambiguous column names, 487–489 review, 508–509 self test and answers, 510–514 self-joins, 498–500 source and target tables for, 482–483 SQL:1999 join syntax, 487, 505 traditional Oracle syntax for, 486 types of, 482–486 KK keywords. See also specific keywords error message for missing, 387 JOIN, 503 NATURAL JOIN, USING, and ON, 483 in view syntax, 294–295 LL Language and Character Set File Scanner, 946, 947, 958 languages. See also character sets about, 952 choosing character sets, 939–940 linguistic sorting, 941, 942, 953–954 Oracle support for, 940–942 review, 957 large object data types, 265 large pool about, 26 illustrated, 19 memory allocation for, 894–895 LAST_DAY function, 432 launching Database Replay, 923–924 networking server process, 139 OUI, 60 LDAP (Lightweight Directory Protocol) about, 145 directory naming for, 145 global authentication with, 212 left outer joins, 501–502 LENGTH function, 424 less than (>) operator, 396 less than or equal to (<=) operator, 396 LGWR (Log Writer), 32–33 library cache, 23–24 Lightweight Directory Protocol. See LDAP lightweight jobs, 813, 819–822, 826 LIKE operator, 398–400, 403 linguistic sorting details managed with, 941, 942, 953–954 review, 958 Linux confirming available hardware resources, 70–71 connecting Oracle Net to local instances, 137–138 database creation shell scripts, 86–88 DBCA launches from, 80 launching OUI in, 74–75 running SQL*Plus from, 61–62 selecting for database installations, 68–69 setting environment variables, 72, 74 LIST command, 594–595 LIST FAILURE command, 611 listener.ora file, 139–140, 151 literals DUAL table and, 388–389 specifying, 389–390 testing values of, 397–398 loading. See also SQL*Loader data, 67–68, 837–838 Data Pump for, 840–841 failures, 832 local name resolution method, 144–145 Locale Builder, 954, 955 locally managed tablespaces, 185, 194–196 lock contention causes of, 348 defined, 347–348 detecting and resolving, 348–349 exercise, 350 review, 360 locked user accounts, 208, 209, 213 locks, 346–350 about, 346 deadlocks, 348, 350 enqueue mechanism, 347 lock contention, 347–349 shared and exclusive, 346–347 log buffers about, 21–23 flushing, 32, 33 illustrated, 19 memory allocation for, 894–895 setting for static parameters, 105 size of, 22, 23 log files for SQL*Loader, 833 logical operators, 400–401 logical standbys, 18 logical volumes, 178–179 logs. See alert logs; archive logs; redo logs LOWER function, about, 421–422 LPAD function, 424–425 lsnrctl utility, 110, 145–149 LVMs (logical volume managers). See also ASM ASM as, 748 ASM vs. third-party, 750–751 purpose of, 748–751 RAID levels, 748–749, 750 size restrictions of volumes, 749 MM mail privileges, 235 Manageability Monitor. See MMON many-to-many relationships, 172–174 many-to-one relationships, 373 master-detail relationships, 500 MasterExam, 988, 989 MAX function, 464, 470, 524 media failures about, 551–552 datafile recovery, 688–691 Flashback technology and, 703 hardware redundancy strategies and, 619 recovering multiplexed controlfile, 683–685, 695 . 303 scalar values of, 322 Database 11g, connection tools in, 64 database administrators. See DBAs OCA/ OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 1008 database advisory framework, 871–880. See also. to datafiles from, 332 Database Character Set Scanner, 946, 958 Database Configuration Assistant. See DBCA Database Control about, 7, 8 Advisor Central window, 872 allocating CPU percentages. Manager with windows, 825–826 creating and granting roles, 227–229 data dictionary and view queries, 126 Data Pump, 844 database repair with DRA, 613 Database Replay, 925–927 database storage