LICENSE AGREEMENT THIS PRODUCT (THE “PRODUCT”) CONTAINS PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE, DATA AND INFORMATION (INCLUDING DOCUMENTATION) OWNED BY THE McGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. (“McGRAW-HILL”) AND ITS LICENSORS. YOUR RIGHT TO USE THE PRODUCT IS GOVERNED BY THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT. LICENSE: Throughout this License Agreement, “you” shall mean either the individual or the entity whose agent opens this package. You are granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license to use the Product subject to the following terms: (i) If you have licensed a single user version of the Product, the Product may only be used on a single computer (i.e., a single CPU). If you licensed and paid the fee applicable to a local area network or wide area network version of the Product, you are subject to the terms of the following subparagraph (ii). (ii) If you have licensed a local area network version, you may use the Product on unlimited workstations located in one single building selected by you that is served by such local area network. If you have licensed a wide area network version, you may use the Product on unlimited workstations located in multiple buildings on the same site selected by you that is served by such wide area network; provided, however, that any building will not be considered located in the same site if it is more than five (5) miles away from any building included in such site. In addition, you may only use a local area or wide area network version of the Product on one single server. If you wish to use the Product on more than one server, you must obtain written authorization from McGraw-Hill and pay additional fees. (iii) You may make one copy of the Product for back-up purposes only and you must maintain an accurate record as to the location of the back-up at all times. COPYRIGHT; RESTRICTIONS ON USE AND TRANSFER: All rights (including copyright) in and to the Product are owned by McGraw-Hill and its licensors. You are the owner of the enclosed disc on which the Product is recorded. You may not use, copy, decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, modify, reproduce, create derivative works, transmit, distribute, sublicense, store in a database or retrieval system of any kind, rent or transfer the Product, or any portion thereof, in any form or by any means (including electronically or otherwise) except as expressly provided for in this License Agreement. You must reproduce the copyright notices, trademark notices, legends and logos of McGraw-Hill and its licensors that appear on the Product on the back-up copy of the Product which you are permitted to make hereunder. All rights in the Product not expressly granted herein are reserved by McGraw-Hill and its licensors. TERM: This License Agreement is effective until terminated. It will terminate if you fail to comply with any term or condition of this License Agreement. Upon termination, you are obligated to return to McGraw-Hill the Product together with all copies thereof and to purge all copies of the Product included in any and all servers and computer facilities. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PRODUCT AND THE BACK-UP COPY ARE LICENSED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL, ITS LICENSORS AND THE AUTHORS MAKE NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED BY ANY PERSON OR ENTITY FROM USE OF THE PRODUCT, ANY INFORMATION OR DATA INCLUDED THEREIN AND/OR ANY TECHNICAL SUPPORT SERVICES PROVIDED HEREUNDER, IF ANY (“TECHNICAL SUPPORT SERVICES”). McGRAW-HILL, ITS LICENSORS AND THE AUTHORS MAKE NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE WITH RESPECT TO THE PRODUCT. McGRAW-HILL, ITS LICENSORS, AND THE AUTHORS MAKE NO GUARANTEE THAT YOU WILL PASS ANY CERTIFICATION EXAM WHATSOEVER BY USING THIS PRODUCT. NEITHER McGRAW-HILL, ANY OF ITS LICENSORS NOR THE AUTHORS WARRANT THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED IN THE PRODUCT WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR THAT THE OPERATION OF THE PRODUCT WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR FREE. YOU ASSUME THE ENTIRE RISK WITH RESPECT TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCT. LIMITED WARRANTY FOR DISC: To the original licensee only, McGraw-Hill warrants that the enclosed disc on which the Product is recorded is free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of purchase. In the event of a defect in the disc covered by the foregoing warranty, McGraw-Hill will replace the disc. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: NEITHER McGRAW-HILL, ITS LICENSORS NOR THE AUTHORS SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SUCH AS BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOSS OF ANTICIPATED PROFITS OR BENEFITS, RESULTING FROM THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PRODUCT EVEN IF ANY OF THEM HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THIS LIMITATION OF LIABILITY SHALL APPLY TO ANY CLAIM OR CAUSE WHATSOEVER WHETHER SUCH CLAIM OR CAUSE ARISES IN CONTRACT, TORT, OR OTHERWISE. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of indirect, special or consequential damages, so the above limitation may not apply to you. U.S. GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED RIGHTS: Any software included in the Product is provided with restricted rights subject to subparagraphs (c), (1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights clause at 48 C.F.R. 52.227-19. The terms of this Agreement applicable to the use of the data in the Product are those under which the data are generally made available to the general public by McGraw-Hill. Except as provided herein, no reproduction, use, or disclosure rights are granted with respect to the data included in the Product and no right to modify or create derivative works from any such data is hereby granted. GENERAL: This License Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties relating to the Product. The terms of any Purchase Order shall have no effect on the terms of this License Agreement. Failure of McGraw-Hill to insist at any time on strict compliance with this License Agreement shall not constitute a waiver of any rights under this License Agreement. This License Agreement shall be construed and governed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. If any provision of this License Agreement is held to be contrary to law, that provision will be enforced to the maximum extent permissible and the remaining provisions will remain in full force and effect. Thank you, Silvia, for helping me do this (and for giving me a reason for living). —John Ameetha, a more loving and caring companion to share this journey through life, I could not have found. —Roopesh This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS AT A GLANCE Part I Oracle Database 11g Administration Chapter 1 Architectural Overview of Oracle Database 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 2 Installing and Creating a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Chapter 3 Instance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Chapter 4 Oracle Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Chapter 5 Oracle Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Chapter 6 Oracle Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Part II SQL Chapter 7 DDL and Schema Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Chapter 8 DML and Concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Chapter 9 Retrieving, Restricting, and Sorting Data Using SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Chapter 10 Single-Row and Conversion Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Chapter 11 Group Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Chapter 12 SQL Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Chapter 13 Subqueries and Set Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 vii OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide viii Part III Advanced Database Administration Chapter 14 Configuring the Database for Backup and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . 543 Chapter 15 Back Up with RMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Chapter 16 Restore and Recover with RMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 Chapter 17 Advanced RMAN Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Chapter 18 User-Managed Backup, Restore, and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Chapter 19 Flashback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 Chapter 20 Automatic Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 Chapter 21 The Resource Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 Chapter 22 The Scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 Chapter 23 Moving and Reorganizing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 Chapter 24 The AWR and the Alert System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Chapter 25 Performance Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 Chapter 26 Globalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937 Chapter 27 The Intelligent Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 Appendix About the CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003 CONTENTS Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix Part I Oracle Database 11g Administration Chapter 1 Architectural Overview of Oracle Database 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Oracle Product Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Oracle Server Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Oracle Development Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Oracle Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Prerequisite Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Oracle Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SQL Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Operating System Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Single-Instance Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Single-Instance Database Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Distributed Systems Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Instance Memory Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The Database Buffer Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 The Log Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The Shared Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 The Large Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 The Java Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 The Streams Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Instance Process Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 SMON, the System Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 PMON, the Process Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 DBWn, the Database Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 LGWR, the Log Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 CKPT, the Checkpoint Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 MMON, the Manageability Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ix OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide x MMNL, the Manageability Monitor Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 MMAN, the Memory Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 ARCn, the Archiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 RECO, the Recoverer Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Some Other Background Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Database Storage Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The Physical Database Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 The Logical Database Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 The Data Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Single-Instance Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Instance Memory Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Instance Process Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Database Storage Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Chapter 2 Installing and Creating a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Identify the Tools for Administering an Oracle Database . . . . . . . . . . . 56 The Oracle Universal Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Database Creation and Upgrade Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Tools for Issuing Ad Hoc SQL: SQL*Plus and SQL Developer . 61 Oracle Enterprise Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Other Administration Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Plan an Oracle Database Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Choice of Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Hardware and Operating System Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Optimal Flexible Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Environment Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Install the Oracle Software by Using the Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Create a Database by Using the Database Configuration Assistant . . . 77 The Instance, the Database, and the Data Dictionary . . . . . . . . . 78 Using the DBCA to Create a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 The Scripts and Other Files Created by the DBCA . . . . . . . . . . . 84 The DBCA’s Other Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Identify the Tools for Administering an Oracle Database . . . . . 91 Plan an Oracle Database Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Install the Oracle Software by Using the Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Create a Database by Using the Database Configuration Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Contents xi Chapter 3 Instance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Set Database Initialization Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Static and Dynamic Parameters and the Initialization Parameter File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 The Basic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Describe the Stages of Database Startup and Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Starting and Connecting to Database Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Starting the Database Listener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Starting SQL*Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Database Startup and Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Use the Alert Log and Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Use Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 The Data Dictionary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 The Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Describe the Stages of Database Startup and Shutdown . . . . . . 126 Set Database Initialization Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Use the Alert Log and Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Use Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . 127 Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Chapter 4 Oracle Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Configure and Manage the Oracle Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Oracle Net and the Client-Server Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 A Word on Oracle Net and Communication Protocols . . . . . . . 136 Establishing a Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Creating a Listener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Database Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Techniques for Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 The Listener Control Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Configuring Service Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Filenames and the TNSADMIN Environment Variable . . . . . . . 151 Database Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Use the Oracle Shared Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 The Limitations of Dedicated Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 The Shared Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Configuring Shared Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 When to Use the Shared Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Configure and Manage the Oracle Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Use the Oracle Shared Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide xii Chapter 5 Oracle Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Overview of Tablespaces and Datafiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 The Oracle Data Storage Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Segments, Extents, Blocks, and Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 File Storage Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Create and Manage Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Tablespace Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Altering Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Dropping Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Oracle-Managed Files (OMF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Space Management in Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Extent Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Segment Space Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Overview of Tablespaces and Datafiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Create and Manage Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Space Management in Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Chapter 6 Oracle Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Create and Manage Database User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 User Account Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Authentication Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Creating Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Grant and Revoke Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 System Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Object Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Create and Manage Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Creating and Granting Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Predefined Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Enabling Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Create and Manage Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Password Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Resource Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Creating and Assigning Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Database Security and Principle of Least Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Public Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Security-Critical Instance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Work with Standard Database Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Auditing SYSDBA Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Database Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Value-Based Auditing with Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Fine-Grained Auditing (FGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Contents xiii Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Create and Manage Database User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Grant and Revoke Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Create and Manage Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Create and Manage Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Database Security and Principle of Least Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Work with Standard Database Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Part II SQL Chapter 7 DDL and Schema Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Categorize the Main Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Object Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Naming Schema Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Object Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 List the Data Types That Are Available for Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Create a Simple Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Creating Tables with Column Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Creating Tables from Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Altering Table Definitions after Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Dropping and Truncating Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Create and Use Temporary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Why Indexes Are Needed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Types of Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Creating and Using Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Modifying and Dropping Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 The Types of Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Defining Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Constraint State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Constraint Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Why Use Views at All? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Simple and Complex Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 CREATE VIEW, ALTER VIEW, and DROP VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Creating Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Using Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Categorize the Main Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 List the Data Types That Are Available for Columns . . . . . . . . . . 303 . 515 vii OCA/ OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide viii Part III Advanced Database Administration Chapter 14 Configuring the Database for Backup and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . 543 Chapter. could not have found. —Roopesh This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS AT A GLANCE Part I Oracle Database 11g Administration Chapter 1 Architectural Overview of Oracle Database 11g . . for Administering an Oracle Database . . . . . 91 Plan an Oracle Database Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Install the Oracle Software by Using the Oracle Universal Installer