MARKETING RESEARCH PART 19 docx

Regression Analysis in Marketing Research Understanding Prediction • Prediction: statement of what is believed will happen in the future made on the basis of past experience or prior observation Ch 19 Understanding Prediction Two Approaches • Two approaches to prediction: – Extrapolation: detects a pattern in the past and projects it into the future – Predictive model: uses relationships among variables to make a prediction Ch 19 Understanding Prediction Goodness of Prediction • All predictions should be judged as to their “goodness” (accuracy) • The goodness of a prediction is based on examination of the residuals (errors: comparisons of predictions to actual values) Ch 19 Analysis of Residuals Ch 19 Linear Relationships and Regression Analysis • Regression analysis is a predictive analysis technique in which one or more variables are used to predict the level of another by use of the straight-line formula, y=a+bx Ch 19 Bivariate Linear Regression Analysis • Bivariate regression analysis is a type of regression in which only two variables are used in the regression, predictive model • One variable is termed the dependent variable (y), the other is termed the independent variable (x) • The independent variable is used to predict the dependent variable, and it is the x in the regression formula Ch 19 Bivariate Linear Regression Analysis • With bivariate analysis, one variable is used to predict another variable • The straight-line equation is the basis of regression analysis Ch 19 Bivariate Linear Regression Analysis Ch 19 Bivariate Linear Regression Analysis: Basic Procedure • Independent variable: used to predict the independent variable (x in the regression straight-line equation) • Dependent variable: that which is predicted (y in the regression straight-line equation) • Least squares criterion: used in regression analysis; guarantees that the “best” straight-line slope and Ch 19 10 intercept will be calculated Example of Multiple Regression • Calculation of Lexus purchase intention using the multiple regression equation: • Multiple regression is a powerful tool because it tells us which factors predict the dependent variable, which way (the sign) each factor influences the dependent variable, and even how much Ch 19 (the size of b) each factor influences it 21 Example of Multiple Regression • Basic assumptions: – A regression plane is used instead of a line – A coefficient of determination (multiple R) indicates how well the independent variables can predict the dependent variable in multiple regression Ch 19 22 Example of Multiple Regression • Basic assumptions: – Independence assumption: the independent variables must be statistically independent and uncorrelated with one another – Variance inflation factor (VIF) can be used to assess and eliminate multicollinearity Ch 19 23 Multiple R • Multiple R: also called the coefficient of determination, is a measure of the strength of the overall linear relationship in multiple regression Ch 19 24 Multiple R • Multiple R ranges from to +1 and represents the amount of the dependent variable is “explained,” or accounted for, by the combined independent variables • Researchers mentally convert the Multiple R into a percentage: Multiple R of 75 means that the regression findings explain 75% of the Ch 19 dependent variable 25 Multiple R Ch 19 26 Multiple R Ch 19 27 Multiple R Ch 19 28 Making a Prediction Ch 19 29 Example of Multiple Regression: Special Uses • Special uses of multiple regression: – Dummy independent variable: scales with a nominal 0-versus-1 coding scheme – Standardized beta coefficient: betas that indicate the relative importance of alternative predictor variables – Multiple regression is sometimes used to help a marketer apply market Ch 19 30 segmentation Stepwise Multiple Regression • Stepwise regression is useful when there are many independent variables, and a researcher wants to narrow the set down to a smaller number of statistically significant variables Ch 19 31 Stepwise Multiple Regression Ch 19 – The one independent variable that is statistically significant and explains the most variance is entered into the multiple regression equation – Then each statistically significant independent variable is added in order of variance explained – All insignificant independent 32 variables are eliminated Three Warnings Regarding Multiple Regression Analysis • Regression is a statistical tool, not a cause-and-effect statement • Regression analysis should not be applied outside the boundaries of data used to develop the regression model • Chapter 19 is simplified…regression analysis is complex and requires additional study Ch 19 33 Regression Analysis Ch 19 34 Regression Analysis Ch 19 35 ... regression model • Chapter 19 is simplified…regression analysis is complex and requires additional study Ch 19 33 Regression Analysis Ch 19 34 Regression Analysis Ch 19 35 ... variables • Researchers mentally convert the Multiple R into a percentage: Multiple R of 75 means that the regression findings explain 75% of the Ch 19 dependent variable 25 Multiple R Ch 19 26 Multiple... 75% of the Ch 19 dependent variable 25 Multiple R Ch 19 26 Multiple R Ch 19 27 Multiple R Ch 19 28 Making a Prediction Ch 19 29 Example of Multiple Regression: Special Uses • Special uses of multiple