TLFeBOOK AUTOMOTIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) TLFeBOOK This page intentionally left blank TLFeBOOK AUTOMOTIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) Terence Rybak Mark Steffka KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW TLFeBOOK eBook ISBN: 1-4020-7783-1 Print ISBN: 1-4020-7713-0 ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com Dordrecht TLFeBOOK Contents Preface XI Chapter 1 What is EMC 1.1 Background 1.2 Technology and EMC 1.3 Communication Technology Evolution 1.4 Convergence of Technology and Automotive Systems 1.5 Future Trends 1 4 7 8 10 Chapter 2 System Level Issues 2.1 Definition of Component and System 2.2 Significance to EMC 13 15 Chapter 3 Power and Signal Return 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Current Path 3.3 Safety Grounding 3.4 Single Point Ground (Single Reference) 17 19 23 24 Chapter 4 Basic Concepts Used in EMC 4.1 Antennas 4.2 Omni-Directional Antennas 4.2.1 Quarter-Wave Vertical 4.2.2 Ground Plane 4.2.3 Other Antenna Types 4.2.3.1 Antenna Arrays 4.2.3.2 Unanticipated Antennas 4.2.3.3 Reduced Size Antennas 4.2.3.4 Gain Antennas 4.3 Other components in EMC 4.3.1 Inductance 4.3.2 Inductance of “Large” Wire Loops 4.3.3 Capacitance 4.4 Ideal and Actual Components 4.5 Transmission Lines 27 32 32 33 35 35 35 36 38 41 41 43 43 43 49 TLFeBOOK VI / Automotive EMC 4.5.1 Characteristics of Commonly Used Transmission Lines” 4.5.2 Goal of transmission line 4.5.3 Transmission line capacitance 4.5.4 Transmission line impedance 4.5.5 How to install a PL 259 connector 4.5.6 Coax Cable Sample 4.6 Shields 4.6.1 Purpose of shields 4.6.2 Shielding effectiveness 4.6.3 Key parameters in shield design (electric field) 4.7 Fourier series and Frequency Spectrum Envelope 4.8 Capacitors, Inductors, and Actual Properties 4.9 Filtering Overview 4.9.1 Common Mode Filtering 4.9.2 Isolation 4.10 Enclosure Shielding 4.11 Shield Discontinuities Chapter 5 Electromagnetic Fields 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Characteristics of the Electromagnetic Environment 5.3 Comparison of Circuit Theory with EM Field Theory 5.4 Maxwell's equations 5.5 Regions Around a Source: 5.5.1 Far-Field 5.5.2 Transition Zone 5.5.3 Near-Field 5.6 Polarization 5.6.1 Magnetic Field Emissions 5.6.2 Modeling/Prediction Techniques Chapter 6 EMC Testing 6.1 EMC Disciplines 6.2 Radiated Emissions Diagnostics 6.2.1 Low-Frequency Specification 6.2.2 Bulk Current Injection 6.3 How a Switching Transient Occurs 6.4 Test Methods 6.4.1 EMC Instrumentation 6.4.2 Amplifiers 6.4.3 Antennas 6.4.4 Field measurement probes 6.4.5 Power Measurement 6.4.6 RF Signal Generator 6.4.7 Electronic Impedance Bridge 6.4.8 Spectrum Analyzer 6.4.9 Monitoring Equipment 6.5 Analysis of Results 51 52 52 54 55 56 61 61 62 63 75 78 81 81 82 84 88 91 92 98 99 102 102 104 104 106 112 112 115 118 118 119 121 123 123 124 130 133 134 135 137 138 143 143 TLFeBOOK Contents / VII 6.6 Coaxial Cables 6.7 A “Virtual” Tour of AN EMC Lab Chapter 7 EMC Modeling 7.1 The Value of EMC Modeling 7.2 Emissions modeling 7.3 Goal of modeling Chapter 8 Effects of Cable and Harnessing 8.1 Conducted emissions and immunity 8.2 Auto Industry EMC Approaches 8.2.1 Significance of wiring to EMC 8.2.2 Role of wiring in EMC 8.2.3 Early vehicles wiring 8.2.4 Vacuum cleaner incident 8.2.5 Common Mode and Differential Mode Current 8.2.6 RF emissions and immunity 8.2.7 Ways to measure RF current 8.2.8 Differential mode RE levels 8.2.9 DM related to design of circuit 8.2.10 Cable Shielding 8.2.11 Cable and Wiring Classes 8.3 Filter Placement 8.4 Coupling between wires 8.5 Grounding and PCB layout 8.6 Ferrites 8.6.1 Ferrite Toroids 8.6.2 Clamp-On Ferrites 8.7 Attenuating Common Mode Currents on Unshielded Cables 8.8 Higher-Frequency Emissions Chapter 9 Automobile Electrical/Electronics Systems 9.1 Vehicle Generated Radiated Emissions 9.2 Bandwidth Relates to “Selectivity” 9.3 Broadband Noise 9.3.1 Motor Noise 9.3.2 Ignition Noise 9.3.3 SCR Noise 9.3.4 Overview of BB Noise Sources 9.4 Narrowband noise 9.4.1 Microprocessors and narrowband noise 9.4.2 Generation of narrowband interference 9.4.3 Narrowband radiate emissions case study 9.4.4 Impact of narrowband noise 9.5 Signal Characteristics 9.6 RE Differences Between “Identical” Components 9.7 Vehicle radiated emissions test 9.8 Summary 14 4 147 161 162 164 167 167 167 168 168 169 170 171 175 181 182 184 189 190 196 198 199 200 200 201 202 203 204 206 206 206 208 211 211 211 213 213 215 215 217 219 221 TLFeBOOK VIII / Automotive EMC 9.9 Digital System Design 9.10 Electromagnetic Environment 9.11 EMC Issue: Immunity to External Fields 9.11.1 Vehicle Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) 9.11.2 Aircraft Passenger Carry-On Devices Cases 9.11.3 F-16 Flight Controls 9.11.4 Blimp Problems 9.11.5 Boeing 747 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) 9.11.6 Severmorsk Disaster 9.11.7 Tornado Fighter Case 9.11.8 Libyan Strike 9.11.9 Antilock Braking System (ABS) 9.11.10 Fuel System Operation 9.11.11 Aircraft 9.11.12 Medical Equipment Cases 9.11.13 Talking EEG Machine 9.11.14 Ambulance Heart Monitor/Defibrillator 9.11.15 Runaway Wheelchairs 9.12 Inexpensive shielding methods 9.13 EMC Design for Immunity 9.13.1 Component Selection 9.13.2 Logic Families and dV/dt 9.13.3 Logic Families and dI/dt 9.14 Immunity Threshold 9.15 Auto Industry “Best Practices” 9.16 Ignition Systems 9.16.1 Spark Plugs 9.16. 2 Distributors 9.16.3 Ignition Harnesses Chapter 10 EMC Regulation of Automotive Systems 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 Radiated Emissions Requirements 10.3 Governmental Requirements 10.4 FCC Part 15 10.5 “Microvolts per Meter” and Watts Chapter 11 Vehicle System Electrical Transients 11.1 Background 11.2 Overview of the Vehicle Transient Environment 11.3 Component Selection 11.4 Logic Families and dV/dt 11.5 Logic Families and dI/dt 11.6 Load Induced Switching Transients 11.7 Specifying Control of the Switching Transient Phenomenon 11.8 Methods To Minimize The Impact Of Transients 11.9 Transient Suppression Circuit Topologies 11.1 Conclusions 221 223 226 227 227 229 230 230 230 230 230 230 231 231 231 232 232 233 233 235 236 238 239 240 241 242 242 246 247 249 249 250 250 259 263 263 264 266 266 267 270 271 272 272 TLFeBOOK Contents / IX Chapter 12 Electrostatic Discharge 12.1 Overview of ESD 12.2 The Role of Insulating Material in ESD 12.3 Human Body Model for ESD 12.4 ESD Voltage Breakdown 12.5 Effects of ESD 12.6 ESD Test Methods Appendix A Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix B Useful Formulas References Index 273 275 277 27277 277 278 281 285 289 293 TLFeBOOK [...]... the issues, experiences, and trends in automotive system electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) EMC and automotive systems is an area evolving from the early days of few electrical devices to the highly complex electronic components in vehicles This book will look at how the EMC of automotive systems has become a major issue, and describe the tools and techniques of automotive systems EMC We will look at... professionals that are not experienced in the automotive industry TLFeBOOK XII / Automotive EMC The solution to this problem? A body of knowledge that can put, in automotive terms, the concepts and issues in EMC This is what the authors of this text have attempted to do This book is intended to be a “one-stop” reference and introduction to the subject of automotive EMC that will enable those working... then as the number of signals and emissions increase, the number of EMC issues increase, with possibly no end in sight TLFeBOOK 8 / Automotive EMC 1.4 CONVERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS Why is EMC important in any automotive environment? In recent years, automotive systems have increased their content of both electrical and electronic devices Electronic systems on today's vehicles include... operation, vehicle control, or entertainment systems and so forth The automotive industry has addressed compatibility issues through EMC departments designed to resolve and address problems and develop solutions in the component design phase by working with suppliers of those particular components in integrating them TLFeBOOK XIV / Automotive EMC into the vehicle systems In addition, the manufacturers... Electrostatic discharge is an area that also merits consideration in the automotive system This is because there are many devices that can be sensitive to ESD Chapter 12 overviews ESD, its nature, and the test methods that are used in the automotive industry Is this text intended to be the first and last source of all material on automotive system EMC? Absolutely not! It has been the author’s intention... This included the study of electromagnetic compatibility, as systems and components started to have influence upon each other just due to their operation EMC developed over the years, and has become a specialized area of engineering applicable to any area of systems that included electronics Many well-understood aspects of EMC have been developed, just as many aspects of automotive systems have been... of automotive EMC or as a basis for deeper research This is accomplished by breaking the material into chapters that are related to specific automotive issues, and then providing the EMC background to those issues The description of those chapters is: Chapter 1 discusses the evolution of EMC and how it's emerged in relationship to technology It also describes some of the first issues in the area of automotive. .. standards, rules, and regulations cover the automotive industry both from industrial and regulatory standpoints These include the directives and requirements of international bodies such as the European Union and the Canadian government In the United States, the FCC has responsibility for the control of radiated emissions and interference for products, although the automotive industry has some exemptions... architectures and EMC issues that are associated with those systems We’ll assume the reader has a basic understanding of automotive electrical and electronic systems Let’s begin this book by defining EMC as “the ability of an electronic system to function properly in its intended electromagnetic environment, and to not contribute interference to other systems in the environment.” The goal is to have... point where the issues of EMC are becoming more and more integrated into the automotive industry Unfortunately, the auto industry and the EMC discipline have not much interacted with each other, except for special cases involving specific groups or people that worked in the field This has meant that there are vast numbers of automotive engineers and technicians without an understanding of EMC, and many . TLFeBOOK AUTOMOTIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) TLFeBOOK This page intentionally left blank TLFeBOOK AUTOMOTIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) Terence Rybak Mark. EMC? 1.1 BACKGROUND This book is a study of the issues, experiences, and trends in automotive system electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). EMC and automotive systems is an area evolving from the early days of few. Summary 14 4 147 161 162 164 167 167 167 168 168 169 170 171 175 181 182 184 189 190 196 198 199 200 200 201 202 203 204 206 206 206 208 211 211 211 213 213 215 215 217 219 221 TLFeBOOK VIII / Automotive EMC 9.9 Digital System Design 9.10 Electromagnetic Environment 9.11 EMC Issue: Immunity to External Fields 9.11.1