GERUND (verbal noun in –ing) We can use it: • as the subject of a verb: Waiting makes me nervous. • as the object of a verb: She adores dancing. • after prepositions and phrasal verbs: He’s bad at playing football. He gave up swimming. • after certain verbs: avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, fancy, finish, imagine, miss, practise, risk • after verbs expressing emotions: hate, love, adore, like, dislike She loves painting. • After certain collocations: Can’t imagine, can’t stand, can’t help, don’t mind, there’s no point in, it’s no good/use I can’t stand snoring. 1 • after some adjectives: They are busy repairing the roof. We get bored watching news. Alice got nervous looking after her spoilt child. TYPES OF GERUNDS ACTIVE PASSIVE PRESENT GERUND WRITING BEING WRITTEN PERFECT GERUND HAVING WRITTEN HAVING BEEN WRITTEN INFINITIVE We can use it: • after verbs expressing intention: (want, intend, go, come…) I want to hold your hand. I came to say goodbye. • after verbs in Reported Speech: (ask, tell, order …) 2 I told him to be brave. He asked me to come with him. • after ordinal numerals: (the first, the only, the last….) He was the first to go into the cave. • after adjectives expressing emotions: (sad, delighted, pleased, happy, necessary, dangerous,, safe, terrible, wonderful, stupid…) I’m so sad to hear this. I’m pleased to meet you. • after “too” and “enough” You are too short to reach the table. She is old enough to go to school. • after the following verbs (there may be an object before the infinitive): (ask, advise, decide, expect, hesitate, hope, manage, mean, seem, try, wish) I asked her to pass me the sugar. Do you expect me to protect you? • after wh- words: Can you tell me where to go? They didn’t tell me which room to book. • after some nouns: 3 I couldn’t give up my wish to become a scientist. Roger it’s time to go to bed. Your decision to take over the company is absurd. • some verbs may be followed either by a that- clause or by the infinitive: (agree, arrange, claim, choose, decide, expect, hope, know, pretend, promise, swear, threaten, wish…) I hope to find her. I hope that I will find her. Types of infinitives PRESENT SIMPLE TO + INFINITIVE I’d like to have a rest now. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TO + BE+ -ing She is supposed to be working. PERFECT SIMPLE TO + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Tom seems to have lost his memory. PERFECT CONTINUOUS TO + HAVE + BEEN+ -ing They are believed to have been cheating for years. PASSIVE (PRESENT) TO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE Linda needs to be taken to hospital. PASSIVE (PERFECT) TO + HAVE + BEEN+ PAST PARTICIPLE Your wallet seems to have been stolen. 4 BARE INFINITIVE • after following verbs: make, let and help Don’t let her go! Help me collect these toys. • after modal verbs: I can’t promise you anything. You may have my key. • After you had better, I would rather: You’d better leave before dawn. but: (OUGHT TO, HAVE TO and NEED TO – in affirmative sentences only), I need to eat something now. In negative and interrogative sentences (without to): Need you really be so rude? We needn’t have another row. • need + ing (passive meaning) Your shoes need cleaning. Your shoes need to be cleaned. USED TO: We used to live in a flat. (sometimes) Soon I got used to living abroad. (be, get) 5 6 . repairing the roof. We get bored watching news. Alice got nervous looking after her spoilt child. TYPES OF GERUNDS ACTIVE PASSIVE PRESENT GERUND WRITING BEING WRITTEN PERFECT GERUND HAVING WRITTEN HAVING. like, dislike She loves painting. • After certain collocations: Can’t imagine, can’t stand, can’t help, don’t mind, there’s no point in, it’s no good/use I can’t stand snoring. 1 • after some adjectives: They. GERUND (verbal noun in –ing) We can use it: • as the subject of a verb: Waiting makes me nervous. • as the object of a verb: She adores dancing. • after prepositions