Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft SQL Server is a commercial DBMS that supports very large databases and numbers of transactions. It runs on only Microsoft Windows operating systems and is complex enough to require a full- time database administrator (DBA) to run and maintain it. Learn about SQL Server products at www.microsoft.com/sql and download a free 180-day trial copy of SQL Server or a (permanently) free copy of SQL Server Express Edition. This book covers Microsoft SQL Server 2008 but also includes tips for 2000 and 2005. To determine which version of Microsoft SQL Server you’re running, run the SQL Server command-line command osql -E -Q "SELECT @@VERSION;" or run the query SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion'); or SELECT @@VERSION; . ✔ Tip ■ You can use the SET ANSI_DEFAULTS ON option to make SQL Server conform to standard SQL more closely. 10 Chapter 1 Microsoft SQL Server SQL Server 2000, 2005, and 2008 If you’re upgrading from SQL Server 2000 to 2005/2008, here are a few things to know about running SQL programs: ◆ SQL Server 2005 and later support some standard SQL features that 2000 doesn’t (such as the EXCEPT and INTERSECT operators, described in Chapter 9), but most of the SQL examples in this book will run the same in 2000, 2005, and 2008. If an example doesn’t run in all versions, look for a DBMS Tip. ◆ SQL Server 2005/2008’s SQL Server Management Studio Query Editor replaces 2000’s SQL Query Analyzer. ◆ SQL Server 2005/2008’s sqlcmd command-line tool replaces 2000’s osql . The sqlcmd tool has many of the same command-line options as osql (and osql is still available in 2005/2008 for backward compati- bility). Run sqlcmd -? to show the syntax summary. ◆ SQL Server Express Edition is a free, easy-to-use, lightweight version of SQL Server 2005/2008. SQL Server Management Studio Express is a com- panion graphical management tool, available as a separate download or bundled with SQL Server Express Edition. SQL Server 2000 To run SQL programs in SQL Server 2000, use the SQL Query Analyzer graphical tool or the osql command-line tool. To use SQL Query Analyzer: 1. On the Windows desktop, choose Start > All Programs > Microsoft SQL Server > Query Analyzer. 2. In the Connect to SQL Server dialog box, select the server and authentication mode; then click OK. 3. On the toolbar (near the top edge of the window), select a database in the drop- down list (Figure 1.16). 4. To run SQL interactively, type or paste an SQL statement in the query window. or To run an SQL script, choose File > Open (or press Ctrl+Shift+P); navigate to and select the script file; then click Open. 5. Choose Query > Execute (or press F5). SQL Query Analyzer displays the results in the bottom pane (Figure 1.17). ✔ Tip ■ You also can run isqlw at a command prompt to launch SQL Query Analyzer. 11 DBMS Specifics Microsoft SQL Server Figure 1.16 SQL Query Analyzer uses the selected database to resolve references in your SQL statements. Figure 1.17 The results of a SELECT statement in SQL Query Analyzer. To use the osql command-line tool interactively: 1. At a command prompt, type: osql -E -d dbname The -E option tells SQL Server to use a trusted connection instead of requesting a password. dbname is the name of the database to use. 2. Type an SQL statement. The statement can span multiple lines. Terminate it with a semicolon (;) and then press Enter. 3. Type go and then press Enter to display the results (Figure 1.18). To use the osql command-line tool in script mode: 1. At a command prompt, type: osql -E -d dbname -n -i sql_script The -E option tells SQL Server to use a trusted connection instead of requesting a password. dbname is the name of the database to use. The -n option suppresses numbering and prompt symbols ( > ) in the output. sql_script is a text file containing SQL statement(s) and can include an absolute or relative pathname. 2. Press Enter to display the results (Figure 1.19). 12 Chapter 1 Microsoft SQL Server Figure 1.18 The same SELECT statement in osql interactive mode. Figure 1.19 The same SELECT statement in osql script mode. To exit the osql command-line tool: ◆ Type exit or quit and then press Enter. To show osql command-line options: ◆ At a command prompt, type osql -? and then press Enter. ✔ Tips ■ If SQL Server makes you specify a user name and password instead of using a trusted connection, replace the -E option with -U login_id . login_id is your user name. osql will prompt you for your password. ■ If SQL Server is running on a remote network computer, add the option -S server to specify the SQL Server instance to connect to. Ask your DBA for the connection parameters. (The -S option also works for local connections, when SQL Server is running on your own PC rather than on some server elsewhere.) 13 DBMS Specifics Microsoft SQL Server SQL Server 2005/2008 To run SQL programs in SQL Server 2005 and 2008, use the SQL Server Management Studio graphical tool or the sqlcmd command-line tool. To use SQL Server Management Studio: 1. On the Windows desktop, choose Start > All Programs > Microsoft SQL Server > SQL Server Management Studio. In SQL Server Express Edition, the pro- gram is named SQL Server Management Studio Express. 2. In the Connect to Server dialog box, select the server and authentication mode; then click Connect. 3. In Object Explorer (the left pane), expand the Databases folder of the server that you’re using and then select a data- base (Figure 1.20). If Object Explorer isn’t visible, choose View > Object Explorer (or press F8). 4. To run SQL interactively, click New Query (on the toolbar) or right-click the database (in Object Explorer) and choose New Query; then type or paste an SQL statement in the empty tab that appears in the right pane. or To run an SQL script, choose File > Open > File (or press Ctrl+O); navigate to and select the script file; then click Open. The file’s contents appear in a new tab in the right pane. 5. Click Execute (on the toolbar) or choose Query > Execute (or press F5). SQL Server displays the results in the bottom pane (Figure 1.21). 14 Chapter 1 Microsoft SQL Server Figure 1.20 SQL Server Management Studio uses the selected database to resolve references in your SQL statements. Figure 1.21 The results of a SELECT statement in SQL Server Management Studio. To use the sqlcmd command-line tool interactively: 1. At a command prompt, type: sqlcmd -d dbname dbname is the name of the database to use. 2. Type an SQL statement. The statement can span multiple lines. Terminate it with a semicolon (;) and then press Enter. 3. Type go and then press Enter to display the results (Figure 1.22). To use the sqlcmd command-line tool in script mode: 1. At a command prompt, type: sqlcmd -d dbname -i sql_script dbname is the name of the database to use. sql_script is a text file containing SQL statement(s) and can include an absolute or relative pathname. 2. Press Enter to display the results (Figure 1.23). To exit the sqlcmd command-line tool: ◆ Type exit or quit and then press Enter. To show sqlcmd command-line options: ◆ At a command prompt, type sqlcmd -? and then press Enter. continues on next page 15 DBMS Specifics Microsoft SQL Server Figure 1.22 The same SELECT statement in sqlcmd interactive mode. Figure 1.23 The same SELECT statement in sqlcmd script mode. ✔ Tips ■ sqlcmd tries to use a trusted connection by default. If instead you have to specify a user name and password, add the option -U login_id . login_id is your user name. sqlcmd will prompt you for your password. ■ If SQL Server is running on a remote network computer, add the option -S server to specify the SQL Server instance to connect to. Ask your DBA for the connection parameters. (The -S option also works for local connec- tions, when SQL Server is running on your own PC rather than on some server elsewhere.) 16 Chapter 1 Microsoft SQL Server Oracle Oracle Database is a commercial DBMS that supports very large databases and numbers of transactions. It runs on many operating systems and hardware platforms and is com- plex enough to require a full-time database administrator (DBA) to run and maintain it. Learn about Oracle products at www.oracle.com and download Oracle Express Edition (XE)—a free, starter version of Oracle Database. Documentation is at www.oracle.com/technology/documentation . This book covers Oracle 11g but also includes tips for 10g, 9i, and 8i. The version of Oracle that you’re running is displayed in the initial “Connected to” message that appears when you log on to SQL*Plus (or run the query SELECT banner FROM v$version; ). To run SQL programs, use the SQL*Plus ( sqlplus ) command-line tool. ✔ Tip ■ To open a command prompt in Windows, choose Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt. 17 DBMS Specifics Oracle To use the sqlplus command-line tool interactively: 1. At a command prompt, type: sqlplus user/password@dbname user is your Oracle user name, password is your password, and dbname is the name of the database to connect to. For security, you can omit the password and instead type: sqlplus user@dbname SQL*Plus will prompt you for your pass- word. 2. Type an SQL statement. The statement can span multiple lines. Terminate it with a semicolon (;) and then press Enter to display the results (Figure 1.24). To use the sqlplus command-line tool in script mode: ◆ At a command prompt, type: sqlplus user/password@dbname ➞ @sql_script user is your Oracle user name, password is your password, dbname is the name of the database to connect to, and sql_script is a text file containing SQL statement(s) and can include an absolute or relative pathname. For security, you can omit the password, and instead type: sqlplus user@dbname @sql_script SQL*Plus will prompt you for your pass- word (Figure 1.25). 18 Chapter 1 Oracle Figure 1.24 The results of a SELECT statement in sqlplus interactive mode. Figure 1.25 The same SELECT statement in sqlplus script mode. To exit the sqlplus command-line tool: ◆ Type exit or quit and then press Enter. To show sqlplus command-line options: ◆ At a command prompt, type sqlplus -H and then press Enter. This command displays a few pages that speed by. To view one page at a time, type sqlplus -H | more and then press Enter. Tap the spacebar to advance pages (Figure 1.26). ✔ Tips ■ If you’re running Oracle locally, you can use the user name system and the pass- word you specified when you created the database: sqlplus system@ dbname If you’re connecting to a remote Oracle database, ask your DBA for the connec- tion parameters. ■ An alternative way to open SQL*Plus in Windows: Choose Start > All Programs > Oracle > Application Development > SQL Plus. 19 DBMS Specifics Oracle Figure 1.26 The sqlplus help screen. . Tip. ◆ SQL Server 2005/2008’s SQL Server Management Studio Query Editor replaces 2000’s SQL Query Analyzer. ◆ SQL Server 2005/2008’s sqlcmd command-line tool replaces 2000’s osql . The sqlcmd tool. ANSI_DEFAULTS ON option to make SQL Server conform to standard SQL more closely. 10 Chapter 1 Microsoft SQL Server SQL Server 2000, 2005, and 2008 If you’re upgrading from SQL Server 2000 to 2005/2008,. about SQL Server products at www.microsoft.com /sql and download a free 180-day trial copy of SQL Server or a (permanently) free copy of SQL Server Express Edition. This book covers Microsoft SQL