417 Index CD-DVD access, 380, 380–381, 381 CD-ROM, 311–312 central processing unit (CPU), 176–177 CERT. See Computer Emergency Response Team certification, 7 of cable plant, 55 of company reports, 392 Dell, 190 server, 179 change, 147 change control system, 9, 399–400, 411–413 channel service unit/data service unit (CSU/DSU), 28 character devices, 338, 339 characters, password, 145 chgrp, 339–340 chmode, 340 chown command, 339 Cisco, 7 Citrix, 26 civil penalties, 393 classes, 118 Client Access Licenses (CALs), 230–231 client/server database systems, 20 client/server network, 18, 19, 20 administration, 23 backup, 22 cons, 23 peer-to-peer network or, 20–23 pros, 22 clone chips, 179 clustering, 188 coax. See coaxial cable coaxial cable (coax), 36, 48 with BNC connectors, 53 mixing cables with, 52 separation of, 55 troubleshooting, 56–57 code of ethics, 394 cold recovery site, 164 collision domain, 34, 69 collisions, 46, 219 command line, 331–333 command-line tools, 342–351 commands cat, 348 chown, 339 cp, 342 dd, 344, 344 df, 350 du, 349, 349 find, 343, 343–344 HELO, 103, 103 init, 354, 355 Is, 337, 337 kill, 354–355 ln, 342–343 location of, 350 mkdir, 346 mknod, 338, 346 more, 349 mv, 342 NET, 271 PING, 363 ps, 351, 351–352, 352, 353, 354, 362 pwd, 347 rmdir, 346–347 su, 356–357 sync, 350–351 tar, 347–348, 348 top, 354 TRACERT, 72 type, 348 uname, 355, 355, 356 uptime, 310 whereis, 350 which, 349 who, 356 Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), 395 common bus multipoint topology, 39, 39, 40–41 communications. See also data communications equipment disaster recovery plan, 165 plan, 161 server, 219 compatibility, 199. See also Hardware Compatibility List application, 202 Fedora Linux, 308–309 server, 189–190 virtual private network, 133–134 Windows Server 2008, 225–226 compression, 345, 345 CompTIA. See Computing Technology Industry Association Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT), 152 computer magazines, 62 Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA), 7 concentrator. See hub conductor, 36, 52 conduit piping, 53 configuration. See also Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Apache web server, 363–364 DNS, 330–331, 331 Fedora Linux, 316–318, 317 hardware, 226 hot-swap, 187 Primary Rate Interface, 83 redundant array of independent disks, 187 Windows Server 2008, 226, 236, 237–240, 241, 241–242, 242 connection DS0, 85 DS1, 85–86 loss of, 163 remote control, 128–129 remote node, 128, 129, 304 418 Networking: A Beginner’s Guide connection (continued) sharing, 60 T-1, 85–86 traffic, 66–67 wide area network, 81–87 connection-based switched link, 79 container object, 112 contingency, 160 contractor, 54–55 control information, 32 COSO. See Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission cost analysis, 200 desktop computer, 202, 203 Ethernet, 61 of ISDN, 83 replacement, 202 upgrading, 203 virtual private network, 132 wide area network, 78 cp command, 342 CPU. See central processing unit cracker, 143 create home directory, 346 create only, 147 crossover cable, 51 CSMA/CD. See Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSU/DSU. See channel service unit/data service unit Custom Exchange Server Installation, 281 D DAP. See X.500 Directory Access Protocol data channels (D-channels), 82 data communications equipment (DCE), 50 data corruption, 172 data terminal equipment (DTE), 50 data transfer, synchronous, 79 database client/server, 20 high-end, 167 datagram, 90 data-link layer, 30 DCE. See data communications equipment D-channels. See data channels dd command, 344, 344 decimal numbering system, 12, 13–14 decimal points, 13 dedicate print server, 25 dedicated computer, 19 dedicated remote access system, 26 default name, 143 Dell, 190 demilitarized zone (DMZ), 153 denial of service (DoS), 149, 153 Department of Defense (DoD), 254 desktop computer choosing, 198 consistency with, 203 cost, 202, 203 network workstation for, 204–205 performance of, 203 platform, 198–200 reliability, 201 serviceability, 201–203 useful life of, 204 df command, 350 DHCP. See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol dial-back, 151 differential backup, 170 digital linear tape (DLT), 168, 169 digital subscriber line (DSL), 83–84, 85 directory, 111. See also Active Directory; eDirectory; Lightweight Directory Access Protocol; X.500 Directory Access Protocol Apache web server, 363 create, 346 Linux, 338, 339 print, 347 remove, 346–347 security for, 147–148 shared, 213 show, 349 directory service, 110, 115 multimaster model, 113 partition by, 114 primary/backup model, 113 redundancy, 111, 113 tree-based organization of, 112, 112 disaster recovery plan backups in, 166–171, 397 communications in, 165 definitions, 403 off-site storage in, 165–166, 168 replacement list in, 166, 398 sample, 402–405 scenarios for, 163–164 disclosure, 394 discovery, 72 disk cache, 350–351 controller, 191 display free space, 350 drives, 181–182 failure, 164 images, 203 independent mode, 377 interfaces, 181–182 size, 377 synchronization, 350–351 testing, 228 utilization, 349, 349 virtual, 376, 376–378, 377, 385 Windows Server 2008, 227, 229 distinguished names (DNs), 118 DLT. See digital linear tape 419 Index DMZ. See demilitarized zone DNS. See Domain Name System DNs. See distinguished names DNS servers. See domain name servers documentation, 9 Fedora Linux, 335–336 security, 148 DoD. See Department of Defense domain controller, 229, 230 domain name servers (DNS servers), 100 Domain Name System (DNS), 98–100, 116, 299 with Active Directory, 300–301 configuration for, 330–331, 331 Microsoft Management Console, 300, 301 multiple, 300–301 with Windows Server 2008, 300–301 domains, 229. See also top-level domain names collision, 34 models of, 116 new, 245–249 server controller, 230 types, 99 Windows NT, 115–116 Windows Server 2008, 240–241, 245–249 DOS mkdir command with, 346 more command, 349 pwd command with, 347 rmdir command with, 346, 347 type command with, 348 wildcard expansion, 332 DoS. See denial of service DS0 connection, 85 DS1 connection, 85–86 DSL. See digital subscriber line DTE. See data terminal equipment dual data guarding, 185 dual-boot system, 310–311 ducts, 53 duplexing, 183 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 100 reservation with, 299 TCP/IP scope for, 298 E earthquake, 158–160 ECC. See error checking and correction echoing, 68 by switch, 70 eDirectory, 113, 114, 115 EIA. See Electronic Industries Alliance 802.11g, 63 802.11n, 63 Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), 51 e-mail, 26. See also Simple Mail Transfer Protocol automated, 278 external, 26 file-based, 25 e-mail (continued) gateway for, 73 patch notification through, 193 security, 153, 154 emergencies, 158–161, 400 Emergency Operations Center (EOC), 158–160, 161 enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, 27 entries, 118 environment variables, 332 clearing, 334 printing, 333–334 setting, 334 EOC. See Emergency Operations Center EPIC. See Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing ERP. See enterprise resource planning system error checking and correction (ECC), 180, 181 /etc/hosts file, 329–330, 330 Ethernet 10 Gigabit, 42 10Base-T, 42–43, 46 100Base-T, 42, 43 1000Base-T, 43–44 cabling of, 49 capacity, 218 collision handling, 219 cost of, 61 Fedora Linux, 329, 329 Gigabit, 42 network, 217 scaling, 217 Thick, 48 Thin, 41, 48, 52, 66 wireless, 62–64 Ethernet Subnetworking Access Point (SNAP), 107 Event Viewer, 276 Exchange Server 2010, 278, 288 Customer Experience Improvement Program, 282–283, 284 Exchange Management Console, 286–287 installation of, 279–286, 280, 281, 282, 283, 286, 287 mailboxes for, 286–294, 291, 292, 293 name for, 282 Outlook Web Access through, 291–293, 294 requirements for, 279, 280, 283–284, 285 exclusive OR (XOR) data, 184 Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC), 178 extender device, 85 F F5 Networks, 136 failover services, 166 Fast SCSI, 181 FAT. See File Allocation Table FDDI. See Fiber Distributed Data Interface Fedora Linux Apache web server under, 361, 363 boot loader, 315–316, 316 420 Networking: A Beginner’s Guide Fedora Linux (continued) CD-ROM installation, 312 command line in, 331–333 command-line tools, 342–351 compatibility, 308–309 documentation tools in, 335–336 dual-boot system, 310–311 environment variables with, 332, 333–334 /etc/hosts file, 329–330, 330 Ethernet, 329, 329 file management in, 337–342 graphical user interface (GUI), 310, 324 hardware compatibility with, 308–309 hosts in, 329, 330, 330, 331 initial configuration, 316–318, 317 installation method, 311–312 installation tools of, 308 IP address, 329, 329 kernel of, 310 in live mode, 312 log in, 319, 320 miscellaneous tools with, 355–357 naming, 313, 313 Network Configuration window, 328 partitioning, 310–311, 314–315, 315 password, 327, 328 permissions, 340, 340–341, 341 preloaded, 308 problems with, 320–321 process tools with, 351–355 root account, 313–314, 324, 327, 328, 355, 356–357 settings, 319 user account, 317, 318 User Manager program, 324–327, 325, 326, 327 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), 44 fiber-optic cable, 48 Fibre Channel, 182 file. See also permissions compression, 345, 345 concatenate, 348 conversion, 344, 344 copying, 342 create, 346 display, 349 Fedora Linux, 337–342 find, 343, 343–344 ISO, 371, 381 linking, 342–343 listing, 337 moving, 342 normal, 337 server, 24 File Allocation Table (FAT), 229 file sharing, 23 licenses for, 25 security with, 24 in SOHO networking, 60 wide area network, 78 File Transfer Program (FTP), 101 with IIS, 302 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 101 filename expansion, 332 financial statements, 393 find command, 343, 343–344 fingerprint readers, 146 FirePass, 136 firewall, 28, 150 application-based, 74 virtual private network, 135 5-4-3 rule, 41 floods, 163 floppy drive access, 382, 382 fob, 146 forest, 112, 116–117 functional level, 247, 250 naming of, 246, 249 fractional T-1, 86 frame-relay signaling, 86 frames, 30, 90 front-door threats, 149, 150–152 FTP. See File Transfer Program; File Transfer Protocol full backup, 170 full control, 147 full-duplex transmissions, 30 functional model, 118 G GAO. See U.S. Government Accounting Office gateway server, 25 gateways, 73 Gbps. See billions of bits per second GFS. See grandfather-father-son Gmail, 26 goals, 4 going zombie, 353 GoToMyPC, 26 grandfather-father-son (GFS), 171–172 granularity, 172 graphical user interface (GUI), 310, 311, 324 groups. See also security groups changing of, 339 remote office, 124, 125 work, 229, 230 guest account, 143 guest operating system, 366, 374, 375, 385 GUI. See graphical user interface gzip, 345, 345 H half-duplex transmissions, 30 hangup (HUP) signal, 354 The Happy Hacker: A Guide to (Mostly) Harmless Computer Hacking (Meinel), 156 hard links, 338 421 Index hardware, 7. See also Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) backup, 168, 169 client/server network, 23 compatibility, 225–226, 308–309 configuration, 226 with peer-to-peer network, 22 small office and home office networking, 61–62 testing, 227–228 Windows Server 2008, 225–226, 227–228 Hardware Compatibility List (HCL), 190, 225–226 Hare, Chris, 156 HCL. See Hardware Compatibility List HDSL. See High-speed DSL HELO command, 103, 103 hertz (Hz), 15 Hewlett Packard (HP), 228 hexadecimal numbering system, 14, 15 High-speed DSL (HDSL), 84 home appliances, 63 home-run wiring, 219 host /etc/hosts file, 329–330, 330 Fedora Linux, 329–330, 330, 331 operating system, 366 RAM for, 374 in UNIX, 100, 311 host ID (hostid), 96 hostid. See host ID HostOnly, 380 hot recovery site, 164 hot-swap components, 187 HP. See Hewlett Packard HR. See human resources HTML. See Hypertext Markup Language HTTP. See Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP Secure (HTTPS), 101 httpd, 360 httpd.conf, 363–364 HTTPS. See HTTP Secure hub, 34, 35, 66, 69 bridges, 68 properties of, 68–69 for SOHO networking, 61 in star topology, 41 as switch, 68, 70, 70, 71 human resources (HR), 144 e-mail mailbox for, 278 HUP. See hangup signal Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 101 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 101 Hyper-V technology, 367 hypervisor, 366 Hz. See hertz I IBM, 47 ICANN. See Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICMP. See Internet Control Message Protocol IDSL. See ISDN-based DSL IIS. See Internet Information Services incompatibility, 199 incremental backup, 170 independent disk mode, 377 info pages, 336, 337 information model, 118 information technology (IT), 5 init command, 354, 355 i-node, 338 inputs, 5 installation Apache web server, 361–363 cable, 54 Exchange Server 2010, 279–286, 280, 281, 282, 283, 286, 287 Fedora Linux, 308, 311–312 network operation system, 192–193 point, 25 server, 192–193, 311 Ubuntu Linux, 385 Windows Server 2008, 231–250 installation point, shared, 25 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 82–83, 132 Intel, 178 interface cards, 84–85 interfaces, 332. See also graphical user interface; network interface card; Primary Rate Interface disk, 181–182 virtual disk, 378 interference, wireless network, 63 internal controls, 395 deviations from, 401 IT department, 396–400 testing for, 400–401 International Standards Organization (ISO), 29, 117 International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 117 Internet, 27–28. See also Windows Internet Name Service Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), 153 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 95 Internet Explorer, 102 for VMware Server, 369 Internet Firewalls and Network Security (Hare and Sayan), 156 Internet Information Services (IIS), 285 FTP, 302 Manager window of, 303, 303 NNTP in, 303 SMTP with, 303 web-hosting, 302 Internet Protocol (IP), 30, 31, 90 Internet Protocol Exchange (IPX), 30, 31 Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), 134 Internet service provider (ISP), 95, 128, 130 internetworking device, 34 interrogation, 118 interviews, 4–5 . Access Protocol data channels (D-channels), 82 data communications equipment (DCE), 50 data corruption, 172 data terminal equipment (DTE), 50 data transfer, synchronous, 79 database client/server,. 167 datagram, 90 data-link layer, 30 DCE. See data communications equipment D-channels. See data channels dd command, 344, 344 decimal numbering system, 12, 13–14 decimal points, 13 dedicate print. 40–41 communications. See also data communications equipment disaster recovery plan, 165 plan, 161 server, 219 compatibility, 199. See also Hardware Compatibility List application, 202 Fedora Linux,