The Basics of Telecommunications pps

Telecommunications Handbook for Transportation Professionals The Basics of Telecommunications Final Report September, 2004 Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. FHWA-HOP-04-034 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. 5. Report Date August, 2004 4. Title and Subtitle Telecommunications Handbook for Transportation Professionals The Basics of Telecommunications 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) Sheldon Leader 8. Performing Organization Report No. 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 11. Contract or Grant No. 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract This handbook was created to provide individuals responsible for managing and implementing Traffic Signal, and Freeway Management programs with an understand of the basic technologies of telecommunications. The handbook provides a brief look at the history of telecommunications so that its readers may gain an understanding of why various processes exist, and how the technologies evolved. The handbook is not designed to be used as a specification for telecommunication systems. The technologies associated with telecommunications are in a constant state of change. This handbook was written over a two year period between August, 2002 and June 2004. During this time, a number of emerging technologies began to reach maturity. The most significant of these, wireless internet access, and voice over IP have caused the major carriers (telephone companies) to announce the construction of new facilities to provide “Internet Telephony” services. Readers of this handbook should gain an understanding of the basic technologies underlying most telecommunications systems designed to transmit both voice and data information. 17. Key Word Telecommunications 18. Distribution Statement 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 287 22. Price This Page Intentionally Blank 5 FOREWORD This handbook was created to provide individuals responsible for managing and implementing Traffic Signal, and Freeway Management programs with an understanding of the basic technologies of telecommunications. The handbook provides a brief look at the history of telecommunications so that its readers may gain an understanding of why various processes exist, and how the technologies evolved. The handbook is not designed to be used as a specification for telecommunication systems. The technologies associated with telecommunications are in a constant state of change. This handbook was written over a two year period between August, 2002 and June 2004. During this time, a number of emerging technologies began to reach maturity. The most significant of these, wireless internet access, and voice over IP have caused the major carriers (telephone companies) to announce the construction of new facilities to provide “Internet Telephony” services. This construction is to start in 2004. Welcome to the future! 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the following individuals for volunteering their time to review this document: • Karen Jehanian, KMJ Consulting, Haverford, PA • Jambala (Jay) Ruit, Edwards and Kelcey, Inc., West Chester, PA • Jeffery Purdy, Edwards and Kelcey, Inc., West Chester, PA • Richard Easley, E2 Engineering, Ashburn, VA • Ray Cauduro, GDI Systems, LLC, Newport, OR The following individuals supported the overall development of this document: • Paul Olson, FHWA, San Francisco, CA • Bill Jones, FHWA, Washington, D.C. • Lou Neudorf, Siemens ITS, New York, NY • Robert Reiss, Dunn Engineering Associates, Westhampton Beach, NY • Robert Gordon, Dunn Engineering Associates, Westhampton Beach, NY • Warren Tighe, Siemens ITS, Concord, CA 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Chapter One - Telecommunication Basics 15 Introduction 15 Purpose 15 Relationship to National Architecture 16 Open System Interconnection Model (OSI) 16 Telecommunications History 18 Handbook Organization 20 2. Chapter Two – Fundamentals of telecommunications 23 Introduction 23 Transmission Media 25 Media Consideration Factors 26 Wireline Media 28 Transmission Signaling Interfaces 52 Data & Voice Signaling - Basics 53 Electro-Mechanical Signal Interfaces 54 Video Transmission 55 Video Compression 57 Video CODECS 57 Video Compression 58 Streaming Video 60 Basic Telephone Service 61 Multiplexing 63 Time Division Multiplexing 64 Packet Division Multiplexing 65 T-1 Communication Systems 66 Transporting Digital Communications via an Analog Network 68 High Capacity Broadband Transmission 69 T-1/DS-1 & T-3/DS-3 70 DSL 71 SONET 72 ATM 73 FDM 75 WDM – CWDM & DWDM 75 Ethernet 76 Conclusions 81 3. Chapter Three – Telecommunications & The National ITS Architecture 83 Introduction 83 Overview – The National ITS Architecture 84 Vehicle-to-Vehicle (VtV) 85 National ITS Architecture Flows & Telecommunications 89 Market Packages 90 Example Illustration 92 Application of Telecommunications Using the National Architecture Flows 94 8 Comparison of Rural and Urban Telecommunications Requirements Using the National Architecture Flows 97 Rural Systems 98 National Transportation Communication for Intelligent Transportation Systems Protocol (NTCIP) 100 Conclusion 105 4. Chapter Four – Developing the Telecommunication System 106 Introduction 106 Selecting the Consultant 106 There’s no substitute for experience 107 Different Telecommunication Design Specialties 108 Types of Telecommunications Experience 108 Knowledge of Telecommunications Systems Relationships 109 Educational Qualifications 110 Requirements Analysis 113 The “Gee-Whiz” Factor 115 Keep expectations realistic – ask questions 115 A Systematic Engineering Approach to the Requirements Analysis 116 Key points to consider: 117 Ask The Questions 117 Creating The Requirements Document 121 Three Basic Systems Types: 122 Developing a Budget 122 Conclusion 123 A few simple guidelines to follow: 123 5. Chapter Five – Telecommunications for Field Devices 124 Basic Communication Circuits for Field Devices 126 Basic Circuit Types 126 The Design Process 128 Traffic Control Device Circuits 134 Traffic Control System 135 Basic Data Circuit Types 136 Basic Traffic Device Type Communication Circuits 138 Basic Video Communication Circuits 141 Video-over-IP (VIP) 147 Basic Traffic and Freeway Management Networks 151 Basic Device Networks 151 Complex Communication Networks 152 Summary 160 Network Topology 162 Point-To-Point Networks 163 Star Networks 163 Ring Networks 164 Mesh Networks 165 Network Redundancy 167 Conclusion 167 6. Chapter Six – Maintenance & Warranties 168 9 Introduction 168 Why create a Maintenance Budget? 169 Creating the Maintenance Budget 172 Warranties, Extended Warranties & Service Plans 177 Warranties 178 Extended Warranties 179 Relationship of Warranties to System Specifications 181 Service Plans 181 Conclusions 184 7. Chapter Seven – System Examples 185 Introduction 185 Utah DOT System 186 Background 186 The System - Existing 188 The System - New 191 City of Irving Texas 193 Background 193 Proposed Update 194 5.8 GHz Attributes 196 Theory of Operation 197 The Irving Proposal 198 Tie-in To Main Communication Network 202 Conclusion 203 8. Chapter Eight – Construction 204 Introduction 204 Handling and Installation of Fiber Optic (and Copper) Communications Cable 205 Receiving and inspecting fiber optic cable 206 Unloading, moving and storing cable 207 Testing the cables 208 Documentation and record maintenance 210 General Cable, Installation and Design Guidelines 211 Cable Pull-box/Splice-box Placement 211 Cable Installation and Pulling Guidelines 212 General Cable Construction Guidelines 214 Aerial Construction 215 Direct Burial Construction 218 Conduit Construction 219 Wireless Systems Construction 220 Planning for Wireless Systems 221 A Word About Antennas 224 Guidelines for Handling & Installation of Wireless Antenna and Transmission Cable 224 Conclusion 226 Resources: 226 9. Chapter Nine – The internet 227 Introduction 227 What is the Internet? 227 History of the Internet 228 10 The Internet and the World-Wide-Web 229 How Does the Internet Work? 233 Addressing – Formats 235 Types of Internet Networks 237 Role of the Internet for Traffic, ITS, Freeway Management & Traveler Information 239 Use of the Internet for Center-to-Center Communications 241 Conclusions 246 10. Chapter Ten – The Future 247 Introduction 247 Circuit Switched Vs. Packet Switched 247 Trends for Transportation 249 High Speed Ethernet 249 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) 251 Broadband Wireless 252 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 253 Conclusions 254 11. Appendix 256 IEEE 802 Standards & Working Groups 256 Comparison Analog Voice & VoIP 257 Calculating Fiber Optic Loss Budget 258 Criteria & Calculation Factors 258 Calculating a “Loss Budget” 259 Rural Telecommunications Requirements Testimony 262 Steve Albert – Senate hearing 262 About the Author 268 Glossary 269 [...]... need to place the antenna at sufficient height to clear trees buildings and other objects, and account fo r terrain differences on both sides of the river Local residents of the nearby Yacht Club condominiums may complain about the radio tower spoiling their view of the sunset Don’t forget to add in the cost of hiring a graphic artist to create a drawing that shows how lovely the rays of the setting... invention of the telephone, in 1874, that led to the development of our present day communications technology Morse had simply created a way for humans to extend their ability to transf e r information – instantly – over great distances Bell gave us the ability to have the most intimate form of communication over distances – the use of our voices The concept of the telephone instrument – and the system... approval code, the number of exposure to ultraviolet rays, and fibers contained within the is protected from rodents and cable, the outside diameter of birds the cable, and the manufacturer’s product nomenclature All of these items should be checked when th e cable is delivered to a storage area and then at the job-sit e before the cable is installed Generally, fiber cables fall into on e of the following... reflected off the radio tower “Put-ups” – the term cable Some products may be more manufacturers use to describe the readily available than others configuration of a cable The For example, the most expr ession is often used in the common type of fiber cable following manner: The cable is available is outside plant a v a i l a b l e i n 5 0 0 0 f o o t “ p u t -u p s ” with armor shielding, 96 strands of. .. basis The chapter in this document will provide the reader with a basic understanding of th e composition of the Internet, the World Wide Web (WWW), how it works, and how it can be used as part of an overall communications and operational strategy for Traffic Signal, FMS , and ITS systems Chapter Ten - The Future An attempt to provide some insight o n the general future of communications systems and the. .. combine the use of several Copper Media The electrical properties of copper wire create resistance and interference The further communication signals travel the more they are weakened by the electrical properties associated wit h the copper cable Electrical, resistance within the copper medium slows down the signal or flow of current The electric al p ro p e r t i e s o f c o p p e r w i r e a r e t... Introduction The Telecommunications Handbook for Transportation Professionals” was o ri g i n a l l y published in 1987 as the “Communications Handbook for Traffic Control Systems” The f i rs t ( a n d o n l y ) u p d a t e w a s i n i t i a t e d i n 1 9 9 1 , a n d p u b l i s h e d i n 1993 Given the significant advances in the technology of telecommunications, and the complexities of Traffic and... Architecture Telecommunications systems as part of the National ITS A r c h i t e c t u r e a r e t h e c o n n e c t i n g p a t h w a y s t h a t b i n d t h e v a ri o u s elements of traffic signal, freeway management, and transportation systems together The National ITS Arc hitecture “sausage diagram” indicates how these elements are bound together, but does not specify the telecommunication system The. .. managers involved in the design and deployment of traffic signal and freeway management systems The handbook can be used as a resource that provides an overview of the various technical issues associated with the planning , design, operation, and management of a communications system It is intended to provide the user with a better understanding of applied communications technology and the considerations... into the world wide web (WWW) During this period , there were a number of significant technology advances and government enforced corporate reorganizations that helped to change the direction of communications systems development: 1 Computing and communications technologies were provided a big boost by the invention of the integrated circuit (IC) in 1959 The IC permitted development and manufacture of . disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. Technical. understand of the basic technologies of telecommunications. The handbook provides a brief look at the history of telecommunications so that its readers may gain an understanding of why various. understanding of the basic technologies of telecommunications. The handbook provides a brief look at the history of telecommunications so that its readers may gain an understanding of why various