Thornton, William Thomas, 669 Thünen, Johann Heinrich von, theoretical ability beyond Ricardo’s, 465; Roscher on, 465; work not understood, 466; marginal productivity theory, 466, 467, 568, 656n, 674n, 839, 941–2; first to use calculus for economic reasoning, 466, 955; location theory, 466; rent theory, 466, 671n; originality of work, 466–7; general interdependence, 467; steady state process, 467; wage and interest theory, 467–8, 648, 656n; risk premium in profit, 646n; influence on Menger, 827; Marshall, 837; substitution principle, 839, 917n, 995 Tinbergen, Jan, 1144, 1162–3 Tintner, Gerhard, 1028–9, 1072 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 433, 820 Tolomei, Matteo Biffi, 373 Tooke, Thomas, 398, 520, 524, 688, 690, 699, 708–10, 712–13, 720, 722, 725, 727, 731, 734, 739, 742–6, 1111–12, 1123 Torrens, Robert, 475, 486, 489, 560, 607–8, 615, 657, 665, 669, 688, 704, 725–6, 728, 733 Townsend, Joseph, 255, 481, 578 Toynbee, Arnold, 821, 822 Trevelyan, George Macaulay, 398 Tucker, Abraham, 128 Tucker, George, 519, 521–2, 711 Tucker, Josiah, 226, 245, 375 Tugan-Baranowsky, Mikhail, 879, 1126, 1130 Tull, Jethro, 157 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de l’Aulne, and Condillac, 175n; as polyhistor, 182; and Smith, 192, 248; not a physiocrat, 243–4; and Gournay’s work, 244–5; life sketch, 245–8; and Encyclopédistes, 245; and Beccaria, 248; diminishing returns in, 259, 260–61, 262n; marginal analysis, 261; role in defeat of monetary analysis, 282n; theory of market mechanism, 307; savings and investment, 324–5, 642, 667, 723; and Marshall, 325; and Mill, 325; and Ricardo, 474n; and Say, 492, 560, 625; and Say’s Law, 625; 3-factor schema in, 560 Distribution theory: 567–8; Index of authors 1212 interest theory, 328, 332–4; wage theory, 249, 266, 664, 667 Capital theory: 249, 323–4, 564, 642, 667; monetary theory, 249, 319; value theory, 249, 302, 308 Turner, John Roscoe, 514 Tuttle, Charles A., 895 Tweddle, W.A., 962 Twiss, Travers, 583 Tylor, Sir Edward B., 786, 799 Unwin, George, 151, 153 Ure, Andrew, 542 Urquhart, David, 399 Usher, A.P., 78, 116, 317, 787, 788 Uztáriz, Gerónimo de, 170 Valeriani, Luigi Molinari, 511 Valle de la Cerda, Luiz, 311 Vanderblue, Homer, 183 Vanderlint, Jacob, 367 Van Dillen, Johannes Gerard, 317 Varro, M.Terentius, 71 Vasco, Giovanni Battista, 272 Vauban, Sébastien de, 203, 204, 205, 524 Vaughan, Rice, 291, 294 Veblen, Thornstein, 795, 802, 896, 911 Venn, John, 448 Verhulst, Pierre François, 538 Verri, Pietro, 130, 132, 177, 178, 205, 213, 287, 292, 302, 307, 315, 373, 375, 408, 510, 707, 718, 960, 1176 Verrijn, Stuart Coenraad Alexander, 862 Vico, Giambattista (Giovanni Battista), 28, 135, 136, 137, 300, 791–2 Vignes, J.B.Maurice, 204 Villeneuve-Bargemont, Alban, 490, 681 Villermé, Louis René, 522–3 Viner, Jacob, 196, 336, 346, 350, 351, 361, 364, 375, 605, 607, 609–10, 613, 689, 701, 705–6, 708, 711, 718, 724, 730, 732–3, 735, 737, 875, 1046, 1048, 1107, 1152 Vinogradoff, Sir Paul, 107, 782 Virgilii, Filippo, 254, 584, 890 Volkmann, J., 1058 Wade, John, 743 Wagemann, Ernst, 1155, 1165–6 Wagner, Adolf Heinrich Gotthilf, 478, 503, 507, 709, 726, 802, 851–2, 945, 1081, 1109 Wagner, Valentin Fritz, 718, 1080 Wainstein, A.L., 1155 Waitz, Franz Theodore, 435, 446 Waitz, Georg, 432 Wald, Abraham, 968, 1007, 1009, 1014, 1067 Wales, William, 254 Index of authors 1213 Walker, Amasa, 519 Walker, Francis Amasa, 671, 865, 867, 894, 935, 939, 940, 1076, 1081 Wallace, Robert, 253, 255, 256 Wallace, William, 66 Wallas, Graham, 132, 402, 795 Wallis, W.Allen, 1067 Walras, Antoine Auguste, 828, 999, 1055 Walras, Marie Ésprit Léon, first to relate schemata, 16; Isnard as precursor, 217, 307; discoverer of fundamental economic problem, 242; on bimetallism, 298n, 717; on ‘advance’ theory, 564; Malthusian principle in, 582, 890; on barter economy, 590, 838–9, 911–12; on marginal utility in Senior, 600; as Senior of neo-classical period, 758; life sketch, 827–9; as semi-socialist, 888; on partial analysis, 991; quasirent in, 995; monetary theory, 1079, 1082–3, 1100, 1116n; work on index numbers, 1093; on cycle, 1126n Filiations with: Smith, 189, 892; Aupetit, 840n; Barone, 858, 987; Cassel, 8620, 953n; Cournot, 828, 959, 960; Edgeworth, 839, 893n; Keynes, 1082; Marshall, 837, 839, 952; Mill, 892; Moore, 877; Pareto, 829, 860, 861n, 888n, 1062; Say, 828; A.Walras, 828; Wicksell, 862. See also Walrasian System Walsh, Correa Moylan, 1092 Waterstradt, Franz, 588, 1036 Watson, John Broadus, 797 Wayland, Francis, 515 Webb, Sidney, Beatrice, 271, 823, 832–3, 947 Weber, Ernst, 446, 779, 796, 1058 Weber, Max, 21, 34, 80–81, 425, 540, 584, 777, 795, 805, 814–19, 848, 891 Weiss, Franz X., 845, 939 Weitling, Wilhelm, 458 Wells, David Ames, 522–4, 865, 867 West, Sir Edward, 259, 265, 470, 474, 476, 486, 489, 569, 570, 585–7, 645, 651–3, 656, 658, 674, 677–9 Westergaard, Harald Ludvig, 212 Index of authors 1214 Westermarck, Edward Alexander, 786, 799 Western, ‘Squire,’ 711–14 Weston, Sir Richard, 157 Weulersee, George, 225–6 Whale, P.Barrett, 694 Whateley, Elizabeth Jane, 483 Whately, Richard, 448, 450, 464, 483–5, 536 Whatley, George, 376 Wheatley, John, 701, 703, 707–8, 710, 713, 733, 735–7 Wheeler, John, 154, 306, 337, 339–40 Whewell, William, 5, 448–50, 955 White, Horace, 1081 Whitehead, Alfred North, 779 Wicksell, Knut, population theory, 258, 582, 863, 890n; aggregate demand, 623, 1117; preference for slowly rising prices, 713; savings theory, 723, 724, 1115; international trade theory, 733; life sketch, 862–3; acknowledgment of predecessors, 872n; as bourgeois radical, 888; on maximization of satisfaction by market, 888, 986n; best formulation of Austrian work, 913, 940; index number work, 1093; consumption function, 1117, 1176; on Say’s Law, 1117n; on business cycle, 1120; theorems applicable to industry or social economy, 1142 Distribution theory: marginal productivity, 1033, 1036; interest theory, 331, 649n, 709n, 720, 863, 929n, 930, 1099, 1118, 1119n; profits, 331; wage theory, 940 Filiations with: Smith, 892; Bentham, 724; Cournot, 983; Malthus, 724; Mill, 724–5, 863, 892; Joplin, 723; Ricardo, 637, 649n; Thornton, 722, 724; Tooke, 709n; Say, 1117n; Böhm-Bawerk, 847, 907–8, 929n, 930, 952, 1118; Keynes, 1119n, 1178n; Walras, 952, 1012n, 1082; Wieser, 913 Production theory: capital theory, 561n, 637, 907–8; diminishing returns, 588n; competition, 972, 986n; Index of authors 1215 duopoly, 983; production function, 998, 1029, 1030; on constant production coefficients, 1012n Wicksteed, Philip Henry, 830–32, 940, 1030, 1033, 1035, 1040, 1051, 1057 Wiese, Leopold von, 785 Wieser, Friedrich von, 577, 786, 795, 819, 844, 846, 848, 909, 910, 913–16, 935, 940, 942, 969, 986–7, 1058, 1060, 1062, 1090–91, 1093 Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von, 54 Williams, Sir John Bickerton, 253 Williams, John H., 733 Willis, H.Parker, 1104, 1111 Wilson, Glocester, 714n Wilson, James, 726 Wilson, Thomas, 106, 344 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 418 Windelband, Wilhelm, 507, 775, 777, 818 Winkelblech, Karl Georg, 459–60 Wirth, Max, 742 Wiston-Glynn, A.W., 295 Withers, Hartley, 1111, 1115 Wold, Herman, 1007 Wolf, Friedrich August, 135 Wolf, Julius, 765, 1076 Wolfe, Albert Benedict, 582–3 Wolff, P.de, 993 Wolowski, L., 540 Wood, Elmer, 690, 694, 697 Wood, George H., 1092 Wood, Stuart, 666, 869, 941 Worlidge, John, 157 Wright, Carroll Davidson, 867 Wright, Harold, 891 Wulf, Maurice de, 83 Wundt, Wilhelm Max, 5, 777, 796–7 Xenophon, 54 Yarranton, Andrew, 274, 349, 352, 361, 363–4, 368, 372 Yntema, Theodore O., 1152 Young, Allyn, 875, 986, 1046, 1048, 1093 Young, Arthur, 158, 254, 274, 351, 526 Yule, G.Udny, 213 Zawadski, W., 957 Zauberman, A., 1157, 1159 Zeuthen, F., 976, 1014, 1150 Zielenziger, Kurt, 159 Zotoff, A.W., 1039 Index of authors 1216 Subject Index TO FACILITATE USE of the subject index, reference is made throughout to the three important periods of economic analysis in the following manner: From 1790 to 1870—Classical Period From 1870 to 1914—Neo-Classical Period From 1914 to Present—Modern Period The first and third terms correspond to J.A.S.’s usage. For the second period, it was believed to be preferable to retain the term ‘neo-classical’ because of its general usage in the profession, in spite of J.A.S.’s explicit rejection of the term. For his objections, see page 919. Abstinence, in ‘advance’ theory of capital, 564–5; in Senior, 638–9, 926; in Smith, 639; in Mill, 639, 654n; in Marshall, 639, 923; Marx on, 640; Böhm-Bawerk on, 926; Fisher and Jevons on, 927. See also Capital, Theories of; Interest, Theories of Acceleration Principle, 1134n Accounting and Commercial Arithmetic, 156–7, 872, 944–5 ‘Advance’ Economics, see Advances Advances, in Quesnay, 236–7, 266, 323–4; in Smith, 269; in Turgot, 333–4; in physiocrats and classical economics, 564, 632; vs. synchronization economics, 564–5; in Marx, 661; in wage-fund theory, 667. See also Capital, Theories of Aeterni Patris, see Encyclicals, Papal Age of Reason, see Enlightenment Aggregate Demand, in Boisguillebert, 285n; as a concept, 617, 1117n; for consumers goods, 623, 1117; in Keynes, 1176n. See also Aggregate Demand Function, Keynesian System, Macroanalysis Aggregate Demand Function, and microeconomic demand function, 623–4. See also Aggregate Demand, Keynesian System, Macroanalysis Aggregate Supply Function, and microeconomic supply function, 623–4. See also Keynesian System, Macroanalysis Aggregative Analysis, see Macroanalysis Agrarian Revolution, 145; nature of, 149–50, 157–8, 270; effects of enclosures, 167; More on, 208 Agriculture, literature on, 70–71, 157 Allocation of Resources, tariff and, in mercantilists, 374; extension of marginal utility analysis to, 912–13. See also Austrian School, Distribution, Theory of; Walrasian System American Economic Association, 756, 867 Antimetallism, see Monetary Theory, Cartalist Anti-Saving Attitude, see Saving Apprentices, Health and Morals of, Act (1802), 167n, 271–2 Associationist Psychology, see Empiricism, Philosophical; Psychology Austrian School, discovery of calculus, 18n, 956n; and Mill’s theory, 570; introspection and common experience, 577; and German economists, 843, 844, 849; Menger, Böhm-Bawerk, Wieser as co-founders, 844–9; Auspitz and Lieben, 849; influence in U.S., 850; submergence by Pareto’s teaching, 850; effect on Dutch economics, 861; emphasis on psychological magnitudes, 887; Sozialpolitik and progressive taxation, 888; neglect of profit theory, 893; genetic explanations, 908n; marginal utility and distribution, 913; Wicksell’s work, 913, 940; problem of equi-requisite factors, 914; firm and social productivities, 915n; marginal value productivity concept, 915; imputation, 916; opportunity-cost theory, 917; Marshall’s criticism of, 920–24; theory of rent, 933; determinate equilibrium in, 969n; competition in, 972; indeterminateness of isolated exchange, 984; Crusoe economy and socialist theory, 986–7; on Walras, 1014n; hedonism in marginal utility theory, 1056; disutilities in value theory, 1057; monetary analysis, 1085–6, 1089; distrust of index numbers, 1089, 1094 Automatic Gold Mechanism, see Gold Mechanism Subject index 1219 Balance of Payments, concept in mercantilists, 352; and balance of trade, 353; Serra, Malynes, Misselden, Mun, 353–8; export surplus as measure of gain, 358; confusion of wealth and money, 360–2; Palmer’s rule and, 698 Balance of Trade, Serra on, 195; ‘luxuries,’ 324n Mercantilists on, 345–62: power politics, 346–7; Serra, Malynes, Misselden, Mun, 353–9, 365; erroneous propositions, 359–62 Bank Note, development of, 317; suspected overissue in England of 1830’s, 694; early 19th century, 695; Bank Charter Act of 1844, 695; in central bank theory, 695n; in classical money and credit theory, 699; banking school’s position, 727; Walras’ plan to suppress, 1079 Bank of England, and land bank schemes, 295–6 In classical period, 690–2: role in monetary controversy, 692; ‘failure’ of resumption, 694, 711–12; Bank Charter Act of 1844, 694–8, 718, 726, 729; as lender of last resort, 696; as controller of banking system, 696–8; Palmer’s rule, 697–8; Thornton on note issue, 707; regulating function and banking school, 727; currency school on notes of, 727 Banking, 319–21; in Smith, 278, 731; Law’s ventures and, 295; 100% reserve plan, 694, 1079; attempt to divorce from ‘control of currency,’ 694; state of by 1800, in England, 694–6; penalty in credit creation, 730; law of reflux, 730–31; analysis in neo-classical period, 1110–17 Commercial bill theory of, 718n: Thornton on credit overextension, 721–2; and banking school, 729; doctrines of, 729–31; needs-of-trade argument, 731; adherence to in neo-classical period, 1111–13; Wicksell’s cumulative process and, 1112–13, 1120. See also Central Banking Barter, equilibrium in, 619; Walras’ theory of, 838–9, 911, 1003–4; Subject index 1220 in marginal utility theorists, 911; Edgeworth’s use of indifference curves. 1065; in neo-classical period, 1088; ‘neutral money’ and, 1088 Battle of Methods (Methodenstreit), see Methodology Becher’s Principle, see Monetary Analysis Bills of Exchange, 695 Bimetallism, Scaruffi’s work, 292; in 17th and 18th centuries, 297–8; on Continent in 19th century, 405 Schemes in post-Napoleonic England, 693, 715–17: M.Attwood as proponent, 714n; Mill on, 715; Cernuschi’s work, 715–16; gold inflow of 1840’s and, 716–17; French, 716–17; ‘parachute effect’ in, 716–17; Ricardo on, 717n Walras on, 298n, 717; Balfour’s support of, 770n; cult of, 774; controversy over in neo-classical period, 1076; international monetary conferences of, 1878, 1881, 1892, 1076–7 Bolshevism, see Economics, Russian Bourgeoisie, in 13th century, 74–5; rise of by 15th century, 78–9; spread of schema of values, 79; submission to warrior class, 144; decline in power, 145; ascent of, 393–4; political liberalism, 394–5; materialistic rationalism of, 408; rejection of utilitarianism, 408 In neo-classical period: challenge to, 761; bourgeois radicalism, 762–4; attitude of bureaucracy, 763–4; emer gence of ‘new middle class,’ 763–4; allocation to state of controlling role, 763–4; acceptance of spirit hostile to its civilization, 774, 778. See also Radicalism, Bourgeois Bullionists, see Mercantilism; Monetary Analysis Business Cycle Analysis, in classical period, 738–50; Say’s Law and, 618, 739; one of few original achievements, 738; in mercantilists, 738; Sismondi as theorist, 740–1; Roscher’s eclectic theory, 741–2; crises as phases, 742; 10-year cycle, 742, 1124; relation to general gluts theories, 742–3; Subject index 1221 . Kurt, 159 Zotoff, A.W., 1039 Index of authors 1216 Subject Index TO FACILITATE USE of the subject index, reference is made throughout to the three important periods of economic analysis in. ‘neo-classical’ because of its general usage in the profession, in spite of J.A.S.’s explicit rejection of the term. For his objections, see page 919. Abstinence, in ‘advance’ theory of capital, 564–5;. 623–4. See also Keynesian System, Macroanalysis Aggregative Analysis, see Macroanalysis Agrarian Revolution, 145; nature of, 149–50, 157–8, 270; effects of enclosures, 167; More on, 208 Agriculture,