Router Boot Sequence and Setup Mode 559 Router LED Indicators Cisco routers use light-emitting diode (LED) indicators to provide status information. Depending on the Cisco router model, the LED indicators vary. The upper LED on the daughter card indicates the activity on serial 1 port on the daughter card. The lower LED on the daughter card indicates the activity of the WAN, or BRI port. Figures 11-2 and 11-3 illustrate the router LED indicators. Do you want to configure Serial1 interface? [yes]: n The following configuration command script was created: hostname Cisco enable secret 5 $1$37Kq$vA6UckClKEBzOIWGIF54U/ enable password lumberjacks line vty 0 4 password wildcats no snmp-server ! no bridge 1 ip routing ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0 ! output omitted Lab Activity Router Configuration Using Setup In this lab, you use the System Configuration Dialogue (setup) to establish some of the basic router configuration parameters. Example 11-5 Prompts for Global Parameters at the Console (Continued) 1102.book Page 559 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 560 Chapter 11: Router Fundamentals Figure 11-2 2500 Series Router LED Indicators Figure 11-3 1721 Series Router LED Indicators The LEDs on the interface indicate the activity of the corresponding interface. If the LED is not on when the interface is active, and the interface is correctly connected, this might indicate a problem. If an interface is extremely busy, its LED is always on. The green OK LED on the bottom of both WAN interface cards comes on after the system initializes correctly. Initial Router Boot-Up Output Each time a router is powered on, it goes through the following boot sequence: 1. The router goes through POST diagnostics to verify basic operation of the CPU, memory, and interfaces. WIC 2 OK ISDN BRI WIC Interface 10/100 Ethernet LAN Interface MOD OK ADSL WIC Interface WIC 1 OK 1102.book Page 560 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM Router Boot Sequence and Setup Mode 561 2. To verify that the system bootstrap software is loaded correctly, the boot image executes and searches for a valid Cisco IOS Software image (router operating system software). The source of the Cisco IOS Software image, whether a Flash memory or a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server, is determined by the configuration register setting. The factory-default setting for the configuration register is 0x2102. This indicates that the router should attempt to load a Cisco IOS Software image from Flash memory. 3. If after five attempts a valid Cisco IOS Software image is not found in Flash memory, the router reverts to boot ROM mode. This mode is used to install or upgrade a Cisco IOS Software image. 4. If a valid Cisco IOS Software image is found, the router searches for a valid configuration file. 5. If a valid configuration file is not found in NVRAM, the router searches for a TFTP server over all interfaces. If a configuration file is not found, the router runs the system configuration dialog so a configuration can be manually configured. In Examples 11-6 and 11-7, the messages displayed vary, depending on the interfaces in the router and the Cisco IOS release. The screen displays in this graphic are for ref- erence only and might not exactly reflect the screen displays on the console. Notice in Example 11-6 that the NVRAM is invalid; this is possibly because of write erase. This tells the user that the router has not been configured for the first time or that the NVRAM has been erased. A router cannot be used until it is configured. Example 11-6 NVRAM Invalid System Bootstrap, Version X.X(XXXX) [XXXXX XX], RELEASE SOFTWARE Copyright (c) 1986-199X by Cisco Systems 1721 processor with 4096 Kbytes of main memory Notice: NVRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase. output omitted Example 11-7 Bootstrap and Cisco IOS Software Version output omitted IOS (tm) 1721 Software (XXX-X-X), Version [XXXXX XXX] Copyright (c) 1986-199X by Cisco Systems, Inc. NVRAM invalid 1102.book Page 561 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 562 Chapter 11: Router Fundamentals In Example 11-7, the user can determine the bootstrap version and the Cisco IOS Soft- ware version that the router is using. The user also can determine the router model, the processor, and the amount of memory that the router contains. Other information listed in this output includes the following information and is shown in Example 11-8: ■ How many interfaces the router has ■ What types of interfaces the router has ■ The amount of NVRAM ■ The amount of Flash memory Establishing a HyperTerminal Session All Cisco routers include an EIA/TIA-232 asynchronous serial console port (RJ-45). Cables and adapters are needed to connect a console terminal (an ASCII terminal or PC running terminal emulation software) to the console port. To connect a PC running terminal emulation software to the console port, use the RJ-45–to–RJ-45 rollover cable with a female RJ-45–to–DB-9 or RJ-45–to–DB-25 adapter. Example 11-8 Bootstrap and Cisco IOS Software Version Processor board ID 10226279 R4700 CPU at 100Mhz, Implementation 33, Rev 1.0 MICA-6DM Firmware: CP ver 2730 - 5/23/2001, SP ver 2730 - 5/23/2001. Bridging software. X.25 software, Version 3.0.0. SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp). TN3270 Emulation software. Primary Rate ISDN software, Version 1.1. 2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 24 Serial network interface(s) 4 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s) 6 terminal line(s) 1 Channelized T1/PRI port(s) DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity disabled. 125K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory. 32768K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write) Configuration register is 0x2102 1102.book Page 562 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM Establishing a HyperTerminal Session 563 The default parameters for the console port are 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control. The console port does not support hardware flow control. Take the following steps to connect a terminal to the console port on the router: Step 1 Connect the terminal or PC using the RJ-45–to–RJ-45 rollover cable and an RJ-45–to–DB-9 or RJ-45–to–DB-25 adapter. Step 2 Configure the terminal or PC terminal emulation software for 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control. Figure 11-4 shows an example of the console connection to a PC, to establish a Hyper- Terminal connection with a PC. Table 11-1 shows a list of operating systems and the terminal emulation software that can be used with each operating system. Table 11-1 Available Terminal Emulation Software PC Operating System Software Windows 9x, NT, 2000, and XP HyperTerminal (included with Windows software), ProComm Plus Windows 3.1 Terminal (included with Windows software) Macintosh ProComm, VersaTerm, ZTerm (supplied separately) Lab Activity Establishing a Console Connection with HyperTerminal In this lab, a workstation will be connected to the router using a console cable and HyperTerminal will be configured to establish a console session with router. NOTE If you are using a crossover cable at this end, the other end must be straight- through or something similar. 1102.book Page 563 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 564 Chapter 11: Router Fundamentals Figure 11-4 Terminal Console Cable Console Port Connection (RJ-45) RJ-45 Roll-Over Cable RJ-45-to-DB-25 Adapter IO Card Router PC 1102.book Page 564 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM Logging into the Router 565 Logging into the Router To configure Cisco routers, the user interface must be accessed on the router with a ter- minal or by remote access. When accessing a router, a user must log into the router before any other commands are entered. For security purposes, the router has two levels of access to commands, as demonstrated by Example 11-9: ■ User EXEC mode—Typical tasks include those that check the router status. In this mode, router configuration changes are not allowed. ■ Privileged EXEC mode—Typical tasks include those that change the router configuration. The user EXEC mode prompt is displayed upon login to a router. Commands available at this user level are a subset of the commands available at the privileged EXEC level. For the most part, these commands enable a user to display information without changing router configuration settings. To access the full set of commands, privileged EXEC mode must be entered. At the > prompt, type enable. At the password prompt, enter the password that has been set with the enable secret command. When the login steps have been completed, the prompt changes to a #, to indicate that you are now in privileged EXEC mode. From privileged EXEC mode, global configuration mode and other specific modes, including the fol- lowing, can be accessed: ■ Interface (central_2(config-if)#) ■ Subinterface (central_2(config-subif)# ■ Line (central_2(config-line)#) ■ Router (central_2(config-router)#) ■ Route-map (central_2(config-map-class)#) Example 11-9 Router Modes Router> User Mode Router>enable Password: Router# Privileged-Mode Router>disable Router> User Mode Privileged-Mode 1102.book Page 565 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 566 Chapter 11: Router Fundamentals To return to user EXEC mode, type disable. To log out of the router, type exit. Screen output varies with the specific Cisco IOS Software level and router configuration. Keyboard Help Typing a question mark (?) at the user EXEC mode prompt or the privileged EXEC mode prompt displays a list of available commands, as demonstrated in Example 11-7. Notice the More at the bottom of the sample display. The screen displays 22 lines at one time. The More prompt at the bottom of the display indicates that multiple screens are available as output. Whenever a More prompt appears, you can view the next available screen by pressing the spacebar. To display just the next line, press the Enter key. Press any other key to return to the prompt. More Information: Basic Operation of Cisco IOS Software The Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) Software platform is implemented on the various hardware used in this course. It is the embedded software architecture in all the Cisco routers. Cisco IOS Software enables the following network services in these products: ■ Features to carry the chosen network protocols and functions ■ Connectivity for high-speed traffic between devices ■ Security to control access and discourage unauthorized network use ■ Scalability to add interfaces and capability as needed for network growth ■ Reliability to ensure dependable access to networked resources The Cisco IOS Software command-line interface (CLI) can be accessed through a console con- nection, a modem connection, or a Telnet session. Regardless of which connection method is used, access to the IOS command-line interface generally is referred to as an EXEC session. Example 11-10 Keyboard Help ? Exec commands: access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entry access-profile Apply user-profile to interface access-template Create a temporary Access-List entry archive manage archive files bfe For manual emergency modes setting cd Change current directory clear Reset functions clock Manage the system clock configure Enter configuration mode connect Open a terminal connection N O TE At this point, the list of commands displayed is context sensitive. You see a different list when you are in user mode versus enable mode, and when in global configuration versus configure interface modes. 1102.book Page 566 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM Logging into the Router 567 copy Copy from one file to another debug Debugging functions (see also 'undebug') delete Delete a file dir List files on a filesystem disable Turn off privileged commands disconnect Disconnect an existing network connection elog Event-logging control commands enable Turn on privileged commands erase Erase a filesystem exit Exit from the EXEC help Description of the interactive help system More— isdn Make/disconnect an isdn data call on a BRI interface lock Lock the terminal login Log in as a particular user logout Exit from the EXEC more Display the contents of a file mrinfo Request neighbor and version information from a multicast router mrm IP Multicast Routing Monitor Test mstat Show statistics after multiple multicast traceroutes mtrace Trace reverse multicast path from destination to source name-connection Name an existing network connection no Disable debugging functions pad Open a X.29 PAD connection ping Send echo messages ppp Start IETF Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) pwd Display current working directory reload Halt and perform a cold restart resume Resume an active network connection rlogin Open an rlogin connection rsh Execute a remote command send Send a message to other tty lines setup Run the SETUP command facility show Show running system information continues Example 11-10 Keyboard Help (Continued) 1102.book Page 567 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 568 Chapter 11: Router Fundamentals To access privileged EXEC mode, type enable or the abbreviation ena. Typing enable causes the router to prompt the user for a password. Typing a question mark at the privileged EXEC mode prompt (see Example 11-11) displays a longer list of commands than would be displayed at the user EXEC mode prompt. More— slip Start Serial-line IP (SLIP) start-chat Start a chat-script on a line systat Display information about terminal lines telnet Open a telnet connection terminal Set terminal line parameters test Test subsystems, memory, and interfaces traceroute Trace route to destination tunnel Open a tunnel connection udptn Open an udptn connection undebug Disable debugging functions (see also 'debug') verify Verify a file where List active connections write Write running configuration to memory, network, or terminal x28 Become an X.28 PAD x3 Set X.3 parameters on PAD Example 11-11 Privileged EXEC Mode Commands Cisco# ? Exec commands: access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entry access-profile Apply user-profile to interface access-template Create a temporary Access-List entry archive manage archive files bfe For manual emergency modes setting cd Change current directory clear Reset functions clock Manage the system clock configure Enter configuration mode connect Open a terminal connection copy Copy from one file to another Example 11-10 Keyboard Help (Continued) 1102.book Page 568 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM . parameters. Example 11 -5 Prompts for Global Parameters at the Console (Continued) 11 02. book Page 559 Tuesday, May 20 , 20 03 2: 53 PM 560 Chapter 11 : Router Fundamentals Figure 11 -2 2500 Series Router. RJ-45–to–DB -25 adapter. Example 11 -8 Bootstrap and Cisco IOS Software Version Processor board ID 10 22 627 9 R4700 CPU at 10 0Mhz, Implementation 33, Rev 1. 0 MICA-6DM Firmware: CP ver 27 30 - 5 /23 /20 01, SP. disabled. 12 5K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory. 327 68K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write) Configuration register is 0x 21 0 2 11 02. book Page 5 62 Tuesday, May 20 , 20 03 2: 53