Table 1.4 continued h1 Language Field Values hl Language Code Language gl Galician ka Georgian de German el Greek gn Guarani gu Gujarati xx-hacker Hacker iw Hebrew hi Hindi hu Hungarian is Icelandic id Indonesian ia Interlingua ga Irish it Italian ja Japanese jw Javanese kn Kannada kk Kazakh xx-klingon Klingon ko Korean ku Kurdish ky Kyrgyz lo Laothian la Latin lv Latvian ln Lingala lt Lithuanian mk Macedonian ms Malay ml Malayalam mt Maltese Google Search Basics • Chapter 1 31 Continued 452_Google_2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 31 Table 1.4 continued h1 Language Field Values hl Language Code Language mr Marathi mo Moldavian mn Mongolian ne Nepali no Norwegian nn Norwegian (Nynorsk) oc Occitan or Oriya ps Pashto fa Persian xx-piglatin Pig Latin pl Polish pt-BR Portuguese (Brazil) pt-PT Portuguese (Portugal) pa Punjabi qu Quechua ro Romanian rm Romansh ru Russian gd Scots Gaelic sr Serbian sh Serbo-Croatian st Sesotho sn Shona sd Sindhi si Sinhalese sk Slovak sl Slovenian so Somali es Spanish su Sundanese sw Swahili 32 Chapter 1 • Google Search Basics Continued 452_Google_2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 32 Table 1.4 continued h1 Language Field Values hl Language Code Language sv Swedish tg Tajik ta Tamil tt Tatar te Telugu th Thai ti Tigrinya to Tonga tr Turkish tk Turkmen tw Twi ug Uighur uk Ukrainian ur Urdu uz Uzbek vi Vietnamese cy Welsh xh Xhosa yi Yiddish yo Yoruba zu Zulu Underground Googling… Sticky Subject The hl value is sticky! This means that if you change this value in your URL, it sticks for future searches. The best way to change it back is through Google preferences or by changing the hl code directly inside the URL. Google Search Basics • Chapter 1 33 452_Google_2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 33 The restrict variable is easily confused with the lr variable, since it restricts your search to a particular language. However, restrict has nothing to do with language.This variable gives you the ability to restrict your search results to one or more countries, determined by the top-level domain name (.us, for example) and/or by geographic location of the server’s IP address. If you think this smells somewhat inexact, you’re right. Although inexact, this vari- able works amazingly well. Consider a search for people in which we restrict our results to JP (Japan), as shown in Figure 1.19. Our URL has changed to include the restrict value (shown in Table 1.5), but notice that the second hit is from www.unu.edu, the location of which is unknown. As our sidebar reveals, the host does in fact appear to be located in Japan. Figure 1.19 Using restrict to Narrow Results 34 Chapter 1 • Google Search Basics 452_Google_2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 34 Underground Googling… How Google Owns the Continents It’s easy to get a relative idea of where a host is located geographically. Here’s how host and whois can be used to figure out where www.unu.edu is located: wh00p:~# host www.unu.edu www.unu.edu has address 202.253.138.42 wh00p:~# whois 202.253.138.42 role: Japan Network Information Center address: Kokusai-Kougyou-Kanda Bldg 6F, 2-3-4 Uchi-Kanda address: Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0047, Japan country: JP phone: +81-3-5297-2311 fax-no: +81-3-5297-2312 Table 1.5 restrict Field Values Country Restrict Code Andorra countryAD United Arab Emirates countryAE Afghanistan countryAF Antigua and Barbuda countryAG Anguilla countryAI Albania countryAL Armenia countryAM Netherlands Antilles countryAN Angola countryAO Antarctica countryAQ Argentina countryAR American Samoa countryAS Austria countryAT Google Search Basics • Chapter 1 35 Continued 452_Google_2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 35 Table 1.5 continued restrict Field Values Country Restrict Code Australia countryAU Aruba countryAW Azerbaijan countryAZ Bosnia and Herzegowina countryBA Barbados countryBB Bangladesh countryBD Belgium countryBE Burkina Faso countryBF Bulgaria countryBG Bahrain countryBH Burundi countryBI Benin countryBJ Bermuda countryBM Brunei Darussalam countryBN Bolivia countryBO Brazil countryBR Bahamas countryBS Bhutan countryBT Bouvet Island countryBV Botswana countryBW Belarus countryBY Belize countryBZ Canada countryCA Cocos (Keeling) Islands countryCC Congo, The Democratic Republic of thecountryCD Central African Republic countryCF Congo countryCG Burundi countryBI Benin countryBJ Bermuda countryBM Brunei Darussalam countryBN Bolivia countryBO 36 Chapter 1 • Google Search Basics Continued 452_Google_2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 36 Table 1.5 continued restrict Field Values Country Restrict Code Brazil countryBR Bahamas countryBS Bhutan countryBT Bouvet Island countryBV Botswana countryBW Belarus countryBY Belize countryBZ Canada countryCA Cocos (Keeling) Islands countryCC Congo, The Democratic Republic of thecountryCD Central African Republic countryCF Congo countryCG Switzerland countryCH Cote D’ivoire countryCI Cook Islands countryCK Chile countryCL Cameroon countryCM China countryCN Colombia countryCO Costa Rica countryCR Cuba countryCU Cape Verde countryCV Christmas Island countryCX Cyprus countryCY Czech Republic countryCZ Germany countryDE Djibouti countryDJ Denmark countryDK Dominica countryDM Dominican Republic countryDO Algeria countryDZ Ecuador countryEC Google Search Basics • Chapter 1 37 Continued 452_Google_2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 37 Table 1.5 continued restrict Field Values Country Restrict Code Estonia countryEE Egypt countryEG Western Sahara countryEH Eritrea countryER Spain countryES Ethiopia countryET European Union countryEU Finland countryFI Fiji countryFJ Falkland Islands (Malvinas) countryFK Micronesia, Federated States of countryFM Faroe Islands countryFO France countryFR France, Metropolitan countryFX Gabon countryGA United Kingdom countryUK Grenada countryGD Georgia countryGE French Quiana countryGF Ghana countryGH Gibraltar countryGI Greenland countryGL Gambia countryGM Guinea countryGN Guadeloupe countryGP Equatorial Guinea countryGQ Greece countryGR South Georgia and the South countryGS Sandwich Islands Guatemala countryGT Guam countryGU Guinea-Bissau countryGW 38 Chapter 1 • Google Search Basics Continued 452_Google_2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 38 Table 1.5 continued restrict Field Values Country Restrict Code Guyana countryGY Hong Kong countryHK Heard and Mc Donald Islands countryHM Honduras countryHN Croatia (local name: Hrvatska) countryHR Haiti countryHT Hungary countryHU Indonesia countryID Ireland countryIE Israel countryIL India countryIN British Indian Ocean Territory countryIO Iraq countryIQ Iran (Islamic Republic of) countryIR Iceland countryIS Italy countryIT Jamaica countryJM Jordan countryJO Japan countryJP Kenya countryKE Kyrgyzstan countryKG Cambodia countryKH Kiribati countryKI Comoros countryKM Saint Kitts and Nevis countryKN Korea, Democratic People’s countryKP Republic of Korea, Republic of countryKR Kuwait countryKW Cayman Islands countryKY Kazakhstan countryKZ Lao People’s Democratic Republic countryLA Google Search Basics • Chapter 1 39 Continued 452_Google_2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 39 Table 1.5 continued restrict Field Values Country Restrict Code Lebanon countryLB Saint Lucia countryLC Liechtenstein countryLI Sri Lanka countryLK Liberia countryLR Lesotho countryLS Lithuania countryLT Luxembourg countryLU Latvia countryLV Libyan Arab Jamahiriya countryLY Morocco countryMA Monaco countryMC Moldova countryMD Madagascar countryMG Marshall Islands countryMH Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav countryMK Republic of Mali countryML Myanmar countryMM Mongolia countryMN Macau countryMO Northern Mariana Islands countryMP Martinique countryMQ Mauritania countryMR Montserrat countryMS Malta countryMT Mauritius countryMU Maldives countryMV Malawi countryMW Mexico countryMX Malaysia countryMY Mozambique countryMZ 40 Chapter 1 • Google Search Basics Continued 452_Google_2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 40 . address 202.253.138 .42 wh00p:~# whois 202.253.138 .42 role: Japan Network Information Center address: Kokusai-Kougyou-Kanda Bldg 6F, 2-3 -4 Uchi-Kanda address: Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 10 1-0 047 , Japan country:. 2-3 -4 Uchi-Kanda address: Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 10 1-0 047 , Japan country: JP phone: +8 1-3 -5 29 7-2 311 fax-no: +8 1-3 -5 29 7-2 312 Table 1.5 restrict Field Values Country Restrict Code Andorra countryAD United. Japan. Figure 1.19 Using restrict to Narrow Results 34 Chapter 1 • Google Search Basics 45 2 _Google_ 2e_01.qxd 10/5/07 12:12 PM Page 34 Underground Googling… How Google Owns the Continents It’s easy to get