Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P63 docx

Index Acknowledged connectionless service (ALS) 31 Addresses: address resolution protocol (ARP) 103–4, 106, 163, 166, 171 address reservation cache 104 ARP cache 163, 166 Ethernet interface 103 IP to MAC address 166 IP-to-physical address translation tables 166 physical network cards 166 proxy ARP 106 IP addresses 78–84, 86–9, 102, 104, 106–7, 114, 119, 124, 127, 130, 138, 144–6, 156, 158–9, 162–6, 168–9, 173, 183, 186–7, 195, 201–2, 210, 212, 221, 262 allocation 221 hardware address 80 human ID number 80 social security number 80 Ipv4 address 80, 86, 95 32 bit Ipv4 addresses 86 dotted decimal 80 Ipv6 addresses 79, 94–5, 97–8 anycast 98, 101 multicast 98 unicast 98–9 IPX addresses 98 link-local unicast addresses 100 loopback addresses 100 MAC address 99, 103–7, 159, 161, 163, 166, 183, 185–6, 221 multicast addresses 101 network layer address 187 Novell IPX address 187 NSAP addresses 98 site-local unicast addresses 100 Algorithms 115 America’s Carriers Telecommunications Association (ACTA) 205 Amplitude 4–5 Analog: communication channel see Communication channel signal 4, 6 Application layer 25–6, 29–30, 133, 221 application service elements (ASEs) 25 data structures 237 Application programming interfaces (APIs) 122 ARPA 75, 191 ASCII 3, 26, 134 Asynchronous 3, 9, 10, 14, 31 asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) 76, 94, 237 file transmission 3 transmission 9–10 bit rate 10 eight-bit serial transmission 10 message frame 10 synchronizing pattern 10 Attenuation 4–5 signal attenuation 4–5 distortion 5 frequency 5 rise-times of the attenuated signals 5 to restore the signal 5 Autonomous systems (Ass) 116–7, 120–1 ISP network 116 multi-homed non-transit AS 116 routing algorithm 116 TCP/IP-based 116 transit AS 116 Binary: data 1 digits or bits 1 signal 7 Bolt, Barenek and Newman (BBN) 74, 191 Bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) 156–8, 160 bootstrap ROM 156 message format 156–8, 160 RARP 156 server 156 Bridges 177–8, 182, 186, 251 data link protocol 177, 186 intelligent bridges 177 redundant bridges 178 spanning-tree 177–8 transparent bridges 177 local vs bridges 178 Ethernet bridge 178 multi-port bridges 178,182 MAC or LLC bridges 177 source-routing bridges 178 294 Index SRT and translational bridges 178 source-routing transparent 178 Cable: AUI cable 45, 48 bus cable 35 CAT5 cable 13 category 4 cable 48 coaxial cable 44–5, 48, 60 fiber optic cable 2, 44, 60, 71, 256 differential mode delay (DMD) 71 light emitting diode 72 multimode fiber 71 network cable 51 point-to-point cable 73 routing cables 116 shielded twisted pair (STP) 60 Thicknet cable 46 twisted pair cable 44 unshielded twisted pair (UTP) 48–9, 60, 63, 65–6, 181 Common gateway interface (CGI) 196–7 CGI program 197 Communication channel 2, 5, 7– 8, 21 analog communications channel 4 channel bandwidth 6 3dB bandwidth 6 maximum data transfer rate 7 mid-band frequencies 6 data channel 10 digital channel 9 practical channel 7 properties 4 PSTN channel 7 types 4 Computer: computer emergency response team (CERT) 222, 227 computer operations, audit and security technology (COAST) 233 Computer Security Institute (CSI) 218, 227, 233 Connector: 25-pin D-connector 45 9-pin D-subminiature connector 69 BNC T-piece connector 47 DIX connector 45 make-break connector 47 N-connector 45 RJ45 connectors 63 SC fiber connectors 69 Co-ordinated universal time (UCT) 113 principle of collision 52 CSMA/CA 76 CSMA/CD 40, 44, 60–1, 76, 183, 251 cable television (CATV) type 44 Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) 14, 51, 53, 54, 250 32-bit generator 14 synchronous data frame 14 transmission interface 14 Data Highway Plus 3 Data: communication 1, 3, 9, 20–1 asynchronous transmission see Asynchronous bit time 9 clock signal 9 direction of signal flow 8 full-duplex see Full-duplex half-duplex see Half-duplex simplex see Simplex synchronization of digital data signals 9 synchronous transmission see Synchronous transmission modes 8 data link layer 27–9, 32, 61 data link level 27 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 192 Department of Defense (DOD) model 74–5, 78, 186, 191 Digital: repeaters or regenerators 7 signal 6 transmission channel 7 Domain name system (DNS) 144, 146–8 country code top-level domains (CCTLDs) 145 DNS clients and servers 146 primary nameserver 146 replicate portions 146 secondary nameserver 146 DNS frame format 147–8 Internet naming scheme 144 fully qualified domain name (FQDN) 145 global domain 145 local domain 145 Index 295 network information center (NIC) 144, 168, 186 name resolution using DNS 144 standard domain names 145 EDU domain 145 registrar web sites 145 top-level domains 145 Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) 78, 158–60, 169, 201–2 DHCP-enabled 158 DHCP server 158–60, 169, 201–2 message format 160–1 operation 158 IP lease request 158 lease release 160 lease renewal 159 Electrical: energy 5 signal 3, 5, 28, 175 Electromagnetic: energy 2, 4 induction 14 radiation 14 Encoding: 4B/5B technique codes 13 bi-phase signal-encoding 12 five-bit code 13 Manchester encoding see Manchester methods 12 NRZ see Non-return to zero RZ see Return to zero three-level encoding scheme 13 Error detection 14, 26, 30 asynchronous systems 14 cyclic redundancy check see Cyclic redundancy check electromagnetic induction see Electromagnetic electromagnetic radiation see Electromagnetic error correction 26 longitudinal redundancy check see Longitudinal redundancy check noise see Noise Ethernet 13, 32, 40, 43–5, 49, 58–9, 67, 76, 92–3, 103, 163, 168–9, 174, 177–9, 181–3, 185, 189, 202, 234–5, 238–9, 241, 251 10base2 47, 56–7 disadvantages 47 fly leads 47 physical layout 47 RG-58 A/U or C/U 47 Thinnet 47, 56 10base5 Ethernet 46 Thicknet 56 10baseF 49 fiber backbone 49 10baseT 46–9, 175–6, 178, 184 advantages 48 AWG24 48 disadvantages 48 far end crosstalk (FEXT) 48 standard 48–9 100base-T2 61, 64, 67, 70 features of 100base-T2 64 five-level coding (PAM-5) 64 100base-T4 63 100base-T 60–1, 63–5 adapter cards 65 digital signal processing (DSP) 61, 64, 70 FDDI PMD layer 61 latter cards 65 1000base-CX, for copper cabling 69 1000base-LX, for vertical backbone cabling 69 1000base-LX LICs 69 1000base-SX, for horizontal fiber 69 1000base-SX NICs 69 1000baseT, for category 5 UTP 70 AUI 45 cabling limitations 60 10base-T Ethernet standard 60 coaxial tree 45 collisions see Collisions design rules 55 cable segments 56 maximum network size 57 maximum transceiver cable length 56 maximum transmission path 57 detection of collisions 43 Ethernet Blue Book 44 Ethernet LAN 32 fast Ethernet design 65 fiber optic cable distances 65 multimode cable 65 node to hub 65 gigabit Ethernet 59, 67–70 frame check sequence (FCS) 71 296 Index full-duplex repeaters 70 gigabit media independent interface (GMII) 67 half-duplex gigabit repeaters 71 MAC function 71 medium access control 50–1 carrier sense 51 idle state 50 transceiver 50–1, 56–7 transmit mode 51 medium attachment unit (MAU) 45–8 physical media dependent (PMD) 60–3, 69 ANSI TP-3T9.5 PMD layer 62 eight binary six ternary (8B/6T) 63 hub-to-hub 64 interoperable 64 multilevel threshold-3 (MLT-3) 62–3 noise tolerance 63 physical medium independent (PHY) 62, 67 8B/10B coding 69 8B/10B technique 69 clock synchronization 62 non return to zero – inverted (NRZI) 62– 3, 69 self clocking 62 reducing collisions 55 suggestions 55 signaling methods 50 data stream 50 Ethernet signals 50 Manchester encoding scheme 50 single pair Ethernet 176 sites 43 SQE signal 46–7 station 43 Thick Ethernet (10 Base 5) 18 thinwire Ethernet 47 vampire 45 Extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCIDIC) 3, 26 Extended system configuration data (ESCD) 246 Extensible markup language (XML) 196–7 SGML 196 Federal communications commission (FCC) 205 Fiber optic 57, 176 fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) 76 fiber optic inter repeater link (FOIRL) 49, 57, 176 fiber-optic link 176 Fieldbus 3, 20, 29, 234–5, 238 see also Protocol Foundation Fieldbus 3 standard 29 File transfer protocol (FTP) 77, 134, 136–7, 246, 268 anonymous FTP 137 GUI-based FTP client 137 internal FTP commands 134 access control commands 134, 135 parameter commands 134 service commands 134 transfer parameter commands 135 TCP command port (21) 137 trivial file transfer protocol (TFTP) 77, 137–9 TFTP transfer identifiers (TIDs) 137 user commands 136 Firewalls 220–2, 225, 233, 236 application layer firewalls 222 dedicated firewalls 220 de-militarized zones (DMZs) 221–2 drawbacks 223 hardware-based firewalls 220 outward-bound packet 221 packet filtering 221 proxy server 222–3, 233, 236 software-based firewalls 220–1 spoofing 221 stateful inspection firewalls 223 Frame transmission 51 collision detection 51, 53 frame reception 51 MAC frame 51 interframe gap 51–2 worst-case time delay 51 Full-duplex 9, 65, 69–72, 126, 176, 178, 183, 207 Gateway 18, 107, 172–3, 187–8, 191, 237 gateway techniques 235 IBM SNA network 187 internetworking devices 187 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 113 Half-duplex 8, 29, 63, 71–2 HART 3, 30 Index 297 High level data link control (HDLC) 3 Hub 36, 38, 61, 64–5, 179, 182 10base T hub 175, 180 media independent interface (MII) 64 repeaters see Repeaters T4 ports 64 TX ports 64 100base-T hubs 64 central hub 38 chassis hubs 181 desktop vs stackable hubs 179 stackable hubs 179, 181 dual-speed hubs 181 dual-speed shared hubs 175 fast Ethernet hubs 181 hub topology 38 interconnection 181 BNC T-piece 181 daisy-chaining 181 non-stackable hubs 181 UTP patch cord 181 modular hubs 181 non-segmentable hub 180 passive hubs 39 segmentable hubs 180 shared vs switched hubs 180 hub share 180 logical hub bus 180 workgroup hubs 180 UTP hub 65 wiring hubs 49 Hypertext markup language (HTML) 194–7 IEEE 28, 31–3, 43–4, 57, 60–1, 240–1, 243 802.1 high level interface 31 802.3 CSMA/CD 32, 43 802.4 token bus 32 802.5 token ring 32 802.6 metropolitan area networks 33 802.7 broadband LANs technical advisory group (TAG) 33 802.8 fiber optic LANs TAG 33 802.9 integrated voice and data LANs 33 802.10 secure LANs 33 secure data exchange 33 802.11 wireless LANs 33 802.12 fast LANs 33 standards 31 Interface standards 2–3 components 2 EIA/TIA-232-E interface standard 2 interchange circuits, functional description 3 mechanical characteristics 3 International Standards Organization (ISO) 21, 75 Internet layer protocols 78 anycasting 94 authentication headers 97 border gateway protocol (BGP) 117, 120–1 BGP routers 120–1 external BGP (eBGP) 120 internal BGP (iBGP) 120 non-BGP routers 121 routing information 120 synchronization 121 classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) 87– 9, 99, 118, 119 data per fragment 93 fragment offset 92–3 maximum transmission unit (MTU) 93, 119 more fragments (MF) 92 network information center (NIC) 87 protocol analyzers 93 client-server protocol 114 direct vs indirect delivery 114 destination host 114 NetID portions 114 source host 114 exterior gateway protocols (EGPs) 120 fragment headers 97 gateway to gateway protocols (GGP) 117, 120 header format simplification 95 hope-by-hope options header 97 host ID 80, 82–7, 99 interior, exterior and gateway to gateway protocols 116–7 IGPs and EGPs 117, 120 routing algorithms 117 interior gateway protocols 116–7, 120 international postal system 81 Internet assigned numbers authority (IANA) 79, 86, 94, 99, 144–5 regional Internet registries (RIRs) 79 Internet control message protocol (ICMP) 107–9, 111–2, 164–5, 267 applications 108 error message 109 . analog communications channel 4 channel bandwidth 6 3dB bandwidth 6 maximum data transfer rate 7 mid-band frequencies 6 data channel 10 digital channel 9 practical channel 7 properties 4 PSTN. detection of collisions 43 Ethernet Blue Book 44 Ethernet LAN 32 fast Ethernet design 65 fiber optic cable distances 65 multimode cable 65 node to hub 65 gigabit Ethernet 59, 67–70 frame. data stream 50 Ethernet signals 50 Manchester encoding scheme 50 single pair Ethernet 176 sites 43 SQE signal 46–7 station 43 Thick Ethernet (10 Base 5) 18 thinwire Ethernet 47 vampire