Q 382 Index SDP (Session Description Protocol) format, 21 codec negotiations and, 53–55 description, 53, 53t responding description, 54–55, 55t as a text-based protocol, 53 sectorization, 120 secure password-based authentication, 336 secure RTP, 52, 55, 341–342 secure SIP, 32 Secure Socket Layer, TLS replacing, 334 secure wireless network, 169–170 security for 802.11, 169–192 in controller-based architecture, 121 principles of, 324 technologies in Wi-Fi, 170–180 for voice mobility networks, 323 security handoff overhead, reducing, 252–253 segment, in Ethernet, 78 self noise, 135–136 send loudness, 61–62 sender’s noise, 61–62 sequence control field, 111, 111t Sequence field, in TCP, 88 sequence number in IPsec, 338–339 in the sequence control field, 114 serial number, of a certificate, 333 serial protocol, Ethernet as, 77–78 server failure codes, in SIP, 30 Server Hello Done message, 187–188, 188t Server Hello message, 187–188, 188t Service Control Point (SCP), 42 service disruption, during 802.11r transitions, 276–277 service period, in WMM Power Save, 213 “service provider,” for Wi-Fi, 233 service set identifier. See BSSIDs; SSIDs Service Switching Point (SSP), 42 service-level agreements (SLAs), 97–98 Session Description Protocol. See SDP format Session Initiation Protocol. See entries at SIP session lifetime, 183 Session-Expires header, 21 SETUP message, in Q.931, 41 720p high-definition video, 350–351 1700MHz band, 302 Shannon’s Law, 137–138 shared medium, 113–115 short guard interval, in 802.11n, 163–164 short preambles, 157 short slots, for 802.11ag, 161 sidetone, lack of, 62 signal(s) as complex numbers, 195 modulating, 195 phase and attenuation of, 196–197 signal filters, airways as, 49–50 signal power level, 134 signal propagation properties, 135–136 signal strength. See also power sudden drop causes, 244 throughout a one-room office, 133, 134f Signal Transfer Points (STPs), 42 signaling channel, 5, 7–9 signaling protocols, 11–42 Signaling System #7 (SS7), 42, 42 signal-to-noise ratio. See SNR signature algorithm, in a certificate, 333 signing authority, 330 silence suppression, 54–55 SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card, 298 SIM authentication, 337 simultaneous impairment, 62 simultaneous ring PBX feature, 10–11 sine wave basic carrier as, 193–194 representing complex function, 195 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) ACK request from caller to proxy, 25t architecture, 12–15, 14f authentication challenge, 31t authentication response, 31t based on HTTP, 12 busy everywhere rejection, 27t busy here rejection, 26, 27t calls-based, 14 compared to H.323, 32 described, 12–32 global failure codes, 30 goal of, 12 hanging up, 27 in-progress codes, 28 invitations in, 15 media gateways, 15 messages in text, 12 not voice specific, 14 OK response from proxy to caller, 23, 25t over TCP, 341 phone conference management and, 14 placing a call, 19–25 for point-to-point video calls, 361 proxy, 13, 15 redirection codes, 28 REGISTER request, 16t registrar, 13 registration in, 15–19 rejected calls, 26–27 request failure codes, 28–29 response codes, 27–30 ringing response from, 23, 23t server failure codes, 30 between specific infrastructure resources, 28–29 success code, 28 SIP authentication, 30–31 SIP headers (HTTP), 16–17 “sip:” marker, for a URI, 13 SIP-based admission control, 214–215 SIP-based schemes, 230 SIPS (SIP with TLS), 32, 341– 342 site survey after an adaptive power control run, 281–282 tools, 286, 288 with voice in mind, 286 64-QAM, 159 64-QAM constellation, 159, 160f 16-QAM, 159 16-QAM constellation, 159, 160f Skinny Client Control Protocol. See SCCP Skype described, 35–38 freeing from PSTN integration, 37–38 high-bitrate codecs, 37–38 not manageable in an enterprise sense, 35–37 SLAs (service-level agreements), 97–98 slash notation, 81, 85–86 slots in 802.11ag, 161 in Ethernet, 78–79 for a radio, 146 Slotted ALOHA, 146 slow start process, in TCP, 89–90 SNAP (Subnetwork Access Protocol) header, 111, 112t SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) minimum, 136–137 per-stream, 202 relation to data rate, 137– 138 in the R-value, 60–62 sockets, 86–87, 362 soft handoffs, 273, 301 softphones, 12 soft-state table, 79–80 Source, in IPv6, 86, 86t source address (SA), 113 source bits, in 802.11ag, 161 Source field, in IPv4, 82 Source Port in TCP, 88 in UDP, 87 Q Index 383 sources Ethernet addresses seen as, 79–80 of noise in Wi-Fi networks, 134 space-time block codes (STBC), 164 spatial streams capacity of, 202 in MIMO, 163–164 speaker, in a phone, 5–8 specifications. See standards SpectraLink company, 38 SpectraLink Voice Priority. See SVP spectrum analyzers, 287 spectrum management, 228–229 SPI (Security Parameters Index), 338–339 spreading, in 802.11, 153–154 SRTP (secure RTP), 52, 55, 341–342 SS7 (Signaling System #7), 42, 42 SSIDs (service set identifiers), 107. See also BSSIDs in a beacon request, 264–265 best practices, 107–108 broadcast suppression, 107–108 hiding, 107–108 naming the network, 107–108 typing, 108 SSL (Secure Socket Layer), TLS replacing, 334 SSLv3 peers, 335 SSP (Service Switching Point), in SS7, 42 SSRC (Synchronization Source), 51 stacks, in phones, 5–7 standalone access points, 120, 258–259, 260f standalone wireline, 120 standards, 3–4 standby mode, 209 stateful classification, of packets, 95 stateless manner, 95 static architectures, 123 static microcell over-the-air architectures, 123 statistics, on expected quality of calls, 230 status code, in Association Response, 117 STBC (space-time block codes), 164 sticky client problem, 242–244, 243f still images. See also pictures compression, 352–357 STPs (Signal Transfer Points), 42 stream cipher, 171–172 streaming packets, 54–55 strict prioritization scheduler, 96 strict time sharing, 299 subcarriers, in OFDM, 158 subnet, distributing, 120 subnet mask, 83 Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP), 111, 112t subpixels, 352 subscriber, Q.931 point of view, 41 success code, in SIP, 28 supplicant in 802.1X, 252–253 in EAP, 329 software, 180 Surplus Bandwidth Allowance, 216–218 SVP (SpectraLink Voice Priority) architecture of, 38, 39f described, 38–40 designed for Wi-Fi, 40 gateway, 38 symbols in 802.11, 153–154 errors involving, 155, 157f in the modulation function, 195–196 SYN flag, in TCP, 88, 88t Synchronization Source (SSRC), 51 T T-Mobile, UMA for voice mobility networks, 321 T1 line, 40 talker echo, 62–63 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) applications, 362 communicating using SIP endpoints, 32 described, 87–90 flags field, 88, 88t flow control techniques, 89–90 as handshaking protocol, 89–90 inappropriate for voice mobility, 90 packet format, 88t prioritizing traffic, 362 refusing to allow any loss, 90 SCCP running on, 34 stream, 89 tracking flow state, 89 traffic, 138b for video, 90 TCP Report element, 268, 268t TCP-based streaming, for video, 361 TDMA (time division multiple access), 299 technology stacks, in phones, 5–7 telephone communications, voice for, 43 telephone switch, 7, 79 telephones. See entries at phone telephony application, 5–7 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol. See TKIP 10BASE-T, 78 terminals, in H.323, 32–33 text messages, in SIP, 12 text “phone numbers,” in SIP, 13 Thawte Consulting certificate authority, 333 theft, preventing for handsets, 344–346 theft detection, 345 thermal noise, 134 thickness, of a network, 229 “Thin” wireline. See controller-based wireline 300 Mbps data rates, in 802.11n, 163 3G technologies, 301–303 three-dimensional visualization, 288 throughput data rates and, 138b required by video, 350 TIDS (Traffic Identifiers), in WMM, 216 TIM (Traffic Indication Map), 209 time delay, of signals, 196–197 time division multiple access (TDMA), 299 time-based policies PBX feature, 10–11 timeslicing function, in SVP, 38–40 timing in 802.11ag, 161 of scanning, 238 tinting, 353–354 TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) bridge from WEP to WPA2, 178 defined in WPA, 174 introduction of, 173–174 mode in WPA, 174 on WEP hardware, 176–177 TKIP sequence counter (TSC), 177 TLS (Transport Layer Security) described, 334–335 as outer tunnel in PEAP, 187 protecting SIP over TCP, 341 record types, 335t TLS client Hello, 141, 187t T-Mobile, UMA for voice mobility networks, 321 To DS flags, 113 To field, in SIP, 18, 21 To line, in SIP, 17 Token Bucket Rate, in RSVP, 91 Token Bucket Size, in RSVP, 91 token buckets metering flow of traffic, 97 used for policing, 98 working to regulate a flow, 91 toll-quality, MOS scale for, 58 TOS field, in IPv4, 92–93, 92t TOS precedence, 205 TOS/DSCP field, in IPv4, 82, 92 Total Length field, in IPv4, 82 TPC (transmit power control), 225–226. See also power control Traffic Class field, in IPv6, 86, 92 traffic director, in Ethernet, 79–80 traffic ID, 268–269, 268t Q 384 Index Traffic Identifiers (TIDS), 216 Traffic Indication Map (TIM), 209 traffic shaping, 95 described, 97–98 highlighting packet-based networks, 97–98 through some form of token bucket, 97 traffic specification. See TSPEC traffic streams in WMM, 216 in WMM Admission Control, 216 transient interference, 229 transitions, in 802.11r, 255–257 Transmission Control Protocol. See TCP transmission retries, clients monitoring, 239–240 transmit beamforming, 164, 166–167 Transmit Opportunity (TXOP) Limit, 207 transmit power control (TPC), 225–226. See also power control transmit stream metrics, 268–269 transmit stream request, 268–269, 268t transmitted frame count, 269, 270t transmitter address (TA), 113 Transport Layer Security. See TLS transport mode in IPsec, 338 payload in, 339 triggered reporting element, 268–269, 268t trigger-enabled access categories, 212 triggers, for autonomous reports, 263 TS Info field, in a TSPEC, 216–218 TSC (TKIP sequence counter), 177 TSPEC (traffic specification), 91, 215 contents of, 216–218, 217t, 222f TTL (Time To Live) field, in IPv4, 82 TTLS (tunneled TLS), 336 tunnel mode, 338–339 2.5G. See GPRS 2.75G technology. See EDGE technology 2100MHz band, 302 2 Mbps data rate, 155 2G technologies, 297–301 two-dimensional visualization, 288 TXOP limit (Transmit Opportunity Limit), 207 Type field in EAP, 329–330 in WiMAX, 304 Type of Service (TOS), 92 U UDP (User Datagram Protocol) described, 12, 86–87 as a lossy protocol, 23 packet format, 87, 87t RADIUS running on, 325 SIP running over, 12 UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access), 320 UMA Network Controller (UNC), 320 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), 301 new type of radio, 301–302 pursued by U.S. GSM vendors, 303 requiring new spectrum, 302 way for even higher throughput, 302 underrun, of a voice recorder, 69 unequal load, same call producing, 221–222 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), 12–13 United States, spectrum allocation, 103f Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. See UMTS Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), 302 Unlicensed Mobile Access. See entries at UMA Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII), 104 unlicensed spectrum benefits of the freedom from using, 104 other uses besides Wi-Fi, 130 upstream loss, monitoring, 230 upstream part, at the access point, 245 upstream transmissions, 118 upstream-only traffic stream, 216 URG flag, in TCP, 88, 88t urgent field, in TCP, 88 URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), in SIP, 12–13, 17 user agents, in SIP, 12–13, 18 user authentication, in ISAKMP, 341 User Datagram Protocol. See UDP user/password login, Access-Request for, 326, 328t USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module), 302 utterances, in PESQ, 59 V variance, of an antenna’s signal, 200 vendors architectures possible with, 119, 119t EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) technology, 303 interoperability, 298 mobility domains across, 259 point of view of, 241 pursuing UMTS, 303 Version field, in TLS, 335 Version/Flow field, in IPv6, 86, 86t Version/Header Length Field, in IPv4, 82, 82t vertical handoffs, between channels, 276 Via field, in SIP, 18 Via header, in SIP, 16–17 video compression, 352–360 differences from voice, 350 discrete Fourier transform and, 357 encoding concepts, 350–352 networking, 362–363 sensitivity to loss, 350 video bearer, 360–361 video codecs, 360. See also codec(s) video conferencing attractiveness of, 349 codecs for, 360 H.323 and, 32 requirements for effective, 361 video mobility, 349–364 video signaling, 361 video streams, 362 video transport as the bearer, 360 real-time, 360–361 virtual carrier sense, 115, 143–144 virtual reality, as visualization tool, 288 virtual time, units of, 96–97 virtualization of the BSS, 275 per-device containment provided by, 125 segmenting client population, 275 architecture, 125 Wi-Fi partitions, 125 Virtual Cell, visited gateway, 294 visitor location register (VLR), 292–293 visualization techniques, 288 voice differences from video, 350 frequency of, 43 monitoring tools in wireless networks, 230 recording mechanisms, 43f as sound waves, 43 sources for problems with, 231 unique nature of, 203–204 WMM providing priority for, 207–208 voice call(s) anatomy of, 5–11 behavior over Wi-Fi, 241 flows of information, 7 limiting in a cell, 208 moving parts of, 5, 6f placing, 5, 106 Q Index 385 voice certifications, 279–280 voice clients, as more proactive, 240 voice codecs. See codec(s) Voice Enterprise certification, 280 Voice Enterprise test, of the Wi-Fi Alliance, 279–280 voice immobility, 1 voice lines, terminating, 346 voice mobility concerns for, 289 described, 1–2 introduction to, 1–4 over Wi-Fi, 203–288 RF modifications for, 280–286 technologies addressing with Wi-Fi, 214–230 technology behind, 5–55 Wi-Fi Alliance certifications for, 277–280 WiMAX problem, 305 voice mobility deployments in the 2.4GHz band, 284 challenges to, 148 voice mobility devices categories using Wi-Fi, 105– 106 documentation influencing handoff behavior, 241–242 voice mobility handset. See handset voice mobility networks as a company secret, 2–3 four- or five-digit dialing within, 9 interpreting the factors, 70 with less voice than data traffic, 281 with mostly voice traffic, 284 physical security for, 346–347 pipe in, 342 security for, 323 voice mobility site survey, 286 voice networks IP-based, 73–90 keeping separate from data networks, 346–347 voice over cellular networks, 299 voice over IP networks, 59 pioneers, 75–76 voice packet arrival interval, 238 voice packets, client scanning between, 238 Voice Personal certification, 280 Voice Personal test, of the Wi-Fi Alliance, 279 voice quality determining, 58 elements of, 57–72 examining, 57–64 impact of inconsistent and variable coverage on, 281 measuring, 70–72 monitoring for devices on the network, 229–230 monitoring for good, 287 non-IP effects on, 70 properties influencing, 64–70 voice traffic distinctive over Wi-Fi, 347 high density, 284 at lower ratio to data, 281 prioritization for, 204 shorter in bytes than data traffic, 281 voice-aware radio resource management (RRM), 227–228 voicemail PBX feature, 10–11 voicemail service, 292 VPN, accessing enterprise network on the road, 343–344 VPN clients, in phones, 343–344 W W-CDMA (Wideband-CDMA), 301–302 waveguide, environment serving as, 132–133 W-CDMA (Wideband-CDMA), 301–302 web security, certificates in, 332–333 webcasting, attractiveness of, 349 weighted random early detection (WRED), 99 WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), 116–117 author’s recommendation on, 170 described, 170–173 frame body, 173t keys in, 170–171 WFQ (weighted fair queueing), 96–97 white, as not a pure color, 351 “whys,” of Wi-Fi, 193–202 Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA), 301–302 Wi-Fi advantages of, 101–106 approach to wireless, 137–148 basics of, 106–127 break-before-make handoff, 249–252 channels, 123 chip, 343 devices for, 105–106 differences from IEEE 802.11 standard, 102b elements of, 127 engine, 242–244 enormity of, 2 handoff(s), 320 handoff protocol, 249–250 locations of, 105 maturity of, 105 mobility networks, 118 modes of power saving, 209–213 multicast, 363 multicast for, 363 noise generated by, 135 power connection into hands of clients, 232–233 radio types, 148–169 radios in SVP phones, 38–40 role in delivery of video, 362 security, 343 security technologies, 170–180 stretches (“bands”) of the radio spectrum, 104 SVP designed for, 40 voice mobility over, 203– 288 “whys” of, 193–202 Wi-Fi Alliance certification programs, 102b certifications for voice mobility, 277–280 certifications for voice within, 279 ensuring devices interoperate, 163 rule of thumb for voice certification efforts, 66 testing WMM devices, 278 trademark of, 102b Wi-Fi Alliance certificate example, 277, 278f sections of, 277 Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM), 204 Wi-Fi networks allowing the administrator to monitor voice, 287 associating with, 185 evaluating for suitability for voice, 318–319 handing off to, 319–320 handoff outside, 319 licenses not needed to operate, 102 as local to the campus, 306 mobility appliance management role, 309 Wi-Fi Protected Access. See WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access version 2 (WPA2). See WPA2 Wi-Fi to Wi-Fi handoffs, 319 Wi-Fi-clients. See client(s) Wi-Fi-only devices, 105–106 Wi-Fi-only handsets, 344 WiMAX accessing channels, 303 base stations transmitting beacons, 304 basics of, 303–304 described, 303–305 frame format, 303, 304t as a laptop option, 305 market acceptance and coverage areas, 305 running the licensed spectrum, 303 uses of, 305 Q 386 Index Window field, in TCP, 88 wire mesh, causing attenuation, 131 Wired Equivalent Privacy. See WEP wired networks, quality of service on, 90–99 wireless demand for, 104 Wi-Fis approach to, 137–148 wireless architectures, 802.11r in, 258–259 wireless controller, 121 wireless devices, 106 wireless loss, 64 wireless network management reporting tools, 287 wireless network virtualization, 125 wireless networks, in an enterprise private network, 69 wireless noise, non-802.11, 287 wireless radios, in phones, 5–7 wireless tool, 220 wireline, 120 wireline architecture, 119 wireline categorizations controller-based, 121–122 controllerless, 122 directly connected, 122– 123 standalone, 120 for wireless networks, 119 wireline networking technologies, 76 wireline networks handling large amount of traffic, 94 placing into the voice network, 342–343 quality of service, 91–92 wireline portion, of the voice mobility network, 346 wireline technologies, 106 within-band load balancing, 223 WLAN virtualization, 125 WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) certification, 278–279 changing backoff procedure, 206 described, 204, 207–208 header, 205 listing on certificates for voice devices, 277–278 Parameter Set information element, 207 parameters, 207t, 285 Power Save, 205–206, 212–213, 278 providing priority for voice, 207–208 quality of service with, 203–208 setting parameters away from defaults, 208 TOS precedence values in, 92–93 WMM Admission Control access points, 285 certification tests, 279 defaults causing problems with, 205–206 described, 215–219 details of concepts, 216 requirements of, 251 setting to mandatory or optional, 215 working for all traffic types, 218–219 WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) frame body, 177t version one in 802.11i, 173–174 WPA2, 174 AES and, 178–179 Enterprise security, 347 frame body, 179, 179t key hierarchy, 254 Wi-Fi certification requiring, 343 WRED (weighted random early detection), 99 WWW-Authenticate header, 31 X X.509 format, 332–333 Y YC b C r , 353 . 305 voice mobility deployments in the 2.4GHz band, 284 challenges to, 148 voice mobility devices categories using Wi-Fi, 105– 106 documentation influencing handoff behavior, 241–242 voice mobility handset (Synchronization Source), 51 stacks, in phones, 5–7 standalone access points, 120, 258–259, 260f standalone wireline, 120 standards, 3–4 standby mode, 209 stateful classification, of packets, 95 stateless. 105–106 differences from IEEE 802.11 standard, 102b elements of, 127 engine, 242–244 enormity of, 2 handoff(s), 320 handoff protocol, 249–250 locations of, 105 maturity of, 105 mobility networks, 118 modes