infectious diseases in context

Infectious Diseases: In Context Infectious Diseases: In Context Brenda Wilmoth Lerner & K Lee Lerner, Editors VOLUME AIDS TO LYME DISEASE Infectious Diseases: In Context Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K Lee Lerner, Editors Project Editor Madeline S Harris Editorial Kathleen Edgar, Debra Kirby, Kristine Krapp, Paul Lewon, Elizabeth Manar, Kimberley McGrath, Jennifer Stock Production Technology Paul Lewon Rights and Acquisitions Lisa Kincade, Ronald Montgomery, Tracie Richardson, Robyn Young Imaging and Multimedia Lezlie Light Composition Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper Manufacturing Wendy Blurton, Dorothy Maki Product Design Jennifer Wahi Product Management Janet Witalec Indexing Services Factiva, Inc ª 2008 The Gale Group Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale and UÁXÁL are registered trademarks used herein under license For more information, contact: The Gale Group 27500 Drake Rd Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems— without the written permission of the publisher For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions The Gale Group 27500 Drake Rd Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 Cover photographs used with permission from the following sources: Mosquito, ªBettmann Corbis; Hazmat workers, ªReuters/Corbis; High school student with water, Taro Yamasaki/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; Green avian flu particles, CDC/Photo Researchers, Inc; Antigen-antibody image, ªTed Spiegel/Corbis While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, the Gale Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein The Gale Group accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Infectious diseases: in context / Brenda Wilmoth Lerner & K Lee Lerner, editors p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-2960-1 (set hardcover)– ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-2961-8 (vol hardcover)– ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-2962-5 (vol hardcover)– ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-2963-2 (set ebook) Communicable diseases–Encyclopedias I Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth II Lerner, K Lee RC111.I516 2008 616.003–dc22 2007019024 This title is also available as an e-book ISBN 978-1-4144-2963-2 Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information Printed in Canada 10 Contents Contributors Introduction xv xvii A Special Introduction by Stephen A Berger, M.D xix About the Set xxi About the Book xxiii xx Organization of the Encyclopedia Using Primary Sources xxvii Glossary xxix Chronology lix VOLUME African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis) AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) AIDS: Origin of the Modern Pandemic 18 Airborne Precautions 23 Alveolar Echinococcosis 26 Amebiasis 29 Angiostrongyliasis 32 Animal Importation 35 Anisakiasis 38 Anthrax 41 v Contents Antibacterial Drugs 47 Antibiotic Resistance 51 Antimicrobial Soaps 56 Antiviral Drugs 59 Arthropod-borne Disease 63 Asilomar Conference 67 Aspergillosis 70 Avian Influenza 73 B Virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) Infection 78 Babesiosis (Babesia Infection) 81 Bacterial Disease 84 Balantidiasis 87 Baylisascaris Infection 90 Bilharzia (Schistosomiasis) 93 Biological Weapons Convention 97 Bioterrorism 100 Blastomycosis 107 Blood Supply and Infectious Disease 110 Bloodborne Pathogens 112 Botulism 115 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (‘‘Mad Cow’’ Disease) 118 Brucellosis 122 Burkholderia 126 Buruli (Bairnsdale) Ulcer 129 Campylobacter Infection 132 Cancer and Infectious Disease 135 Candidiasis 138 Cat Scratch Disease 142 CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 145 Chagas Disease 149 Chickenpox (Varicella) vi 152 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT Contents Chikungunya 157 Childhood Associated Infectious Diseases, Immunization Impacts 160 Chlamydia Infection 168 Chlamydia Pneumoniae 172 Cholera 175 Climate Change and Infectious Disease 182 Clostridium difficile Infection 187 CMV (Cytomegalovirus) Infection 190 Coccidioidomycosis 193 Cohorted Communities and Infectious Disease 196 Cold Sores 198 Colds (Rhinitis) 199 Contact Lenses and Fusarium Keratitis 203 Contact Precautions 206 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease-nv 208 Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever 212 Cryptococcus neoformans Infection 215 Cryptosporidiosis 217 Culture and Sensitivity 221 Cyclosporiasis 225 Demographics and Infectious Disease 228 Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 232 Developing Nations and Drug Delivery 237 Diphtheria 242 Disinfection 249 Dracunculiasis 252 Droplet Precautions 255 Dysentery 257 Ear Infection (Otitis Media) 262 Eastern Equine Encephalitis 265 Ebola 269 Economic Development and Infectious Disease 276 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT vii Contents Emerging Infectious Diseases 281 Encephalitis 285 Endemnicity 291 Epidemiology 294 Epstein-Barr Virus 301 Escherichia coli O157:H7 304 Exposed: Scientists Who Risked Disease for Discovery 308 Fifth Disease 312 Filariasis 315 Food-borne Disease and Food Safety 318 Gastroenteritis (Common Causes) 322 Genetic Identification of Microorganisms 325 Genital Herpes 328 Germ Theory of Disease 329 Giardiasis 333 GIDEON 336 Glanders (Melioidosis) 338 Globalization and Infectious Disease 341 Gonorrhea 345 H5N1 349 Haemophilus influenzae 352 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease 355 Handwashing 358 Hantavirus 362 Helicobacter pylori 366 Helminth Disease 369 Hemorrhaghic Fevers 372 Hepatitis A 376 Hepatitis B 380 Hepatitis C 384 Hepatitis D 388 Hepatitis E viii 390 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT Contents Herpes Simplex Virus 392 Herpes Simplex Virus 395 Histoplasmosis 399 HIV 402 Hookworm (Ancylostoma) Infection 405 Host and Vector 408 Hot Tub Rash (Pseudomonas aeruginosa Dermatitis) 411 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Infection 413 Immigration and Infectious Disease 417 Immune Response to Infection 421 Impetigo 428 Infection Control and Asepesis 431 437 Influenza Pandemic of 1918 442 Influenza Pandemic of 1957 449 Influenza, Tracking Seasonal Influences and Virus Mutation 452 Isolation and Quarantine 456 Japanese Encephalitis 459 Kawasaki Syndrome 462 Koch’s Postulates 465 Kuru 468 Lassa Fever 471 Legionnaire’s Disease (Legionellosis) 475 Legislation, International Law, and Infectious Diseases 478 Leishmaniasis 483 Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) 487 Leptospirosis 494 Lice Infestation (Pediculosis) 497 Listeriosis 500 Liver Fluke Infection 503 Lung Fluke (Paragonimus) Infection 506 Lyme Disease 508 Influenza INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT ix Contents VOLUME Malaria 515 Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever 523 Marine Toxins 527 Measles (Rubeola) 531 Medicins Sans Frontiers (Doctors without Borders) ´ ` 536 Meningitis, Bacterial 540 Meningitis, Viral 544 Microbial Evolution 547 Microorganisms 551 Microscope and Microscopy 553 556 Mononucleosis 559 Mosquito-borne Diseases 565 MRSa 570 Mumps 573 Mycotic Disease 577 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 581 Necrotizing Fasciitis 584 Nipah Virus Encephalitis 588 Nocardiosis 591 Norovirus Infection 594 Nosocomial (Healthcare-Associated) Infections 597 Notifiable Diseases 600 Opportunistic Infection 603 Outbreaks: Field Level Response 606 Pandemic Preparedness 612 Parasitic Diseases 615 Personal Protective Equipment 618 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) 621 Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) Infection 624 Monkeypox x INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT General Index Pork See Pigs Porter, Mark, 2:533–535 Posadas-Wernicke disease, 1:193, 193–195 Post-herpetic neuralgia, 1:154; 2:768–769 Post-infective encephalitis, 1:286 Post-polio syndrome, 2:649 Post-transfusion hepatitis See Hepatitis B virus Postal Service (U.S.), 1:102–103 Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), for HIV, 1:114 Potassium hydroxide tests See KOH tests Potera, Carol, 2:646–647 Poultry industry Campylobacter infections and, 1:84, 133–134, 318–319 H5N1-induced culling, 1:351; 2:671 influenza outbreaks, 1:74, 74, 77 nontherapeutic antibiotics use, 1:54, 55 vendor, 1:349 Poverty income/health status relationship, 1:276–280 pandemic preparedness and, 2:671 river blindness and, 2:717, 718 trachoma and, 2:826 tuberculosis and, 2:839, 841 UNICEF work, 2:859 vector-borne diseases and, 2:878–879 viral diseases and, 2:884 Powassan encephalitis, 1:286 PowderMED, 2:871 Poxviruses, overview, 2:883 PPC, 1:407 Praziquantel bilharzia, 1:94 fluke infections, 1:504, 505, 506 taeniasis, 2:811 tapeworm infections, 2:814–815 Precautions See Airborne precautions; Contact precautions; Droplet precautions; Standard precautions Prednisone, for aspergillosis, 1:71 Pregnancy chickenpox, 1:154, 155 Chlamydia infections, 1:168 cytomegalovirus infections, 1:190, 191, 192 fifth disease, 1:313, 314 hepatitis E, 2:883 listeriosis, 1:501, 502 malaria, 2:518 rubella, 2:728, 729, 730 toxoplasmosis, 2:822 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT See also Childbirth; Fetal development; Mother-to-child transmission Premature Burial and How It May Be Prevented (Tebb), 2:633 Premature burial prevention, 2:633 Preparedness See Bioterrorism preparedness; Pandemic preparedness President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), 2:617, 861 Preston, Richard, 1:271 Prevalence rates defined, 1:291 morbidity rates and, 1:296 screening programs and, 1:298 Prevention African sleeping sickness, 1:4 alveolar echinococcosis, 1:27, 28 amebiasis, 1:30, 31 angiostrongyliasis, 1:33–34 anisakiasis, 1:40 anthrax, 1:45–46 arthropod-borne diseases, 1:64–65 avian flu, 1:76–77 B virus, 1:79 babesiosis, 1:82 bacterial diseases, 1:85 balantidiasis, 1:88 bilharzia, 1:94–95 bloodborne pathogens, 1:114 bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 1:119–120 brucellosis, 1:123, 124 Campylobacter infections, 1:133–134 cat scratch disease, 1:143 Chagas disease, 1:149, 150–151 chikungunya, 1:158, 159 cholera, 1:178–179, 299 Clostridium difficile infections, 1:188 cohorted community infections, 1:197 colds, 1:201 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 1:213, 214 cryptosporidiosis, 1:218, 219, 220 cyclosporiasis, 1:226 cytomegalovirus infections, 1:191, 192 dracunculiasis, 1:253 dysentery, 1:259 E coli infections, 1:305, 306 Eastern equine encephalitis, 1:265, 267 encephalitis, 1:288 Epstein-Barr virus/mononucleosis, 2:561 filariasis, 1:316 food-borne illness, 1:319, 320, 321 fungal infections, 2:579 germ theory and, 1:331 group A streptococcal infections, 2:796 Haemophilus influenzae, 1:353–354 hand, foot and mouth disease, 1:356–357 helminth diseases, 1:370 hemorrhagic fevers, 1:374 hepatitis A, 1:377–378 hepatitis B, 1:382 hepatitis C, 1:385, 387 hepatitis D, 1:388 hepatitis E, 1:390, 391 histoplasmosis, 1:400, 401 HIV/AIDS, 1:9, 14, 298 hookworm infections, 1:406 hot tub rash, 1:412 HSV-1, 1:393 HSV-2, 1:396, 397 human papillomavirus infection, 1:414–415 impetigo, 1:429 influenza, 1:440, 445, 450, 454 Japanese encephalitis, 1:459, 460–461 kuru disease, 1:469 Lassa fever, 1:473 Legionnaire’s disease, 1:477 leishmaniasis, 1:484–485, 486 leprosy, 1:488, 491 leptospirosis, 1:495, 496 lice, 1:498 listeriosis, 1:501 liver fluke infections, 1:505 lung fluke infections, 1:506 Lyme disease, 1:512, 513 malaria, 1:184–185, 280, 434; 2:516, 518–519, 520–521 Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 2:524 marine toxin poisoning, 2:529 measles, 2:531, 532, 533 meningitis, bacterial, 2:542 meningitis, viral, 2:545–546 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2:571–572 mosquito-borne diseases, 2:567–568 Norovirus infections, 2:595–596 nosocomial infections, 2:598 opportunistic infections, 2:603–604 parasitic diseases, 2:616, 617 plague, 2:638–639 pneumonia, 2:645 premature burial, 2:633 psittacosis, 2:663 Q fever, 2:679 rat-bite fever, 2:688 relapsing fever, 2:695 rickettsial diseases, 2:708 river blindness, 2:717–718 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2:720–721 SARS, 2:746 997 General Index shingles, 2:769 smallpox, 2:628, 773 sporotrichosis, 2:781 strep throat, 2:792 tetanus, 2:817–818 transfusion-transmissible infectionss, 1:110–111, 113–114 vector-borne diseases, 1:408–409 Prevnar vaccine, 2:873 Primaquine, for malaria, 2:518 Primary encephalitis, 1:285 Primary hosts, defined, 1:408 Prince Edward Island, amnesic shellfish poisoning outbreak, 2:529 Princeton University, 1:278 Prion diseases, 2:657, 657–659 See also Bovine spongiform encephalopathy; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-nv; Kuru disease Prion-related proteins (PRPNs), 1:210 Prisons, as cohorted community, 1:197 Privacy issues infectious disease law and, 1:481 isolation and quarantine policies, 1:457–458 notifiable diseases and, 2:602 tuberculosis patient rights, 2:843 Probability analysis and epidemiology, 1:297 Probiotics, 1:188 Procaine penicillin G, 2:688 Procopius of Caesarea, 2:629 Programme for the Surveillance and Control of Leishmaniasis, 1:485 Proguanil, 2:518 Project Bioshield anthrax vaccine funding, 1:46 purpose, 1:45, 100 research funding, 1:104; 2:582 smallpox vaccination strategy, 1:101 Project HOPE, 2:646 ProMED, 2:660–661, 744 Promin, 1:489 Prophylaxis campaigns, as infection control measure, 2:668–669 Prostitution engraving of sick room, 2:760 HIV and, 1:16 prevention project in India, 1:297 vaginal microbicides and, 2:914 Protease inhibitors, 1:13 Protective clothing See Clothing, protective Protective equipment See Personal protective equipment Protein deficiency and hookworm infections, 1:406, 407 998 Protein kinase R gene (PKR), 1:387 Proteomics, 1:283 Protozoan infections, defined, 2:551 See also specific types Provincial level infrastructure, 1:298, 299; 2:665 Proximity of humans and animals balantidiasis, 1:87 Baylisascaris infections, 1:91 brucellosis and, 1:123 cryptosporidiosis, 1:323 Ebola virus, 1:274 emerging diseases, 1:282 Lyme disease, 1:512 Proximity of humans together See Cohorted communities PRPNs (prion-related proteins), 1:210 Pruritis, from scabies, 2:749 Prusiner, Stanley, 1:210; 2:658 Pseudoglanders See Melioidosis Pseudomembranes, 1:243, 244 Pseudomembranous colitis, 1:187 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections as bacterial meningitis cause, 2:540 hot tub rash from, 1:411, 411–412 as opportunistic infection, 1:84 Pseudoterranova decipiens infections See Anisakiasis Psittacosis, 2:662–664, 663 Psychrophilic marine microorganisms, 2:529 Psychrotropic marine microorganisms, 2:529 Pteropus species fruit bats, as Nipah virus reservoir, 2:588, 589 Pubic lice, 1:497–499 Public health, 2:665–672 cholera, 1:178 cohorted community infections, 1:197 community-acquired pneumonia, 1:173 condom advertisement, 2:667 economic issues, 1:276, 276–280, 277 epidemiology and, 1:296–299 Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Online Network and, 1:336–337 gonorrhea as, 1:347–348 influenza surveillance, 1:454–455 isolation and quarantine policies, 1:457 Model State Emergency Health Powers Act and, 1:103 polio vaccination clinic, 2:666 war and, 2:892–893 See also Bioterrorism preparedness Public Health Agency of Canada, 2:726 Public Health Service (U.S.) See U.S Public Health Service Public Service Act of 1944, 1:457 Puerperal fever, 2:673–676 handwashing and, 1:330, 359 Holmes, Oliver Wendell on, 2:673, 673, 674 as nosocomial infection, 2:597–598 prevalence, 2:796 street mother, 2:674 Pulmonary aspergillosis See Aspergillosis Pulmonary infections anthrax, 1:45 blastomycosis, 1:108–109 Burkholderia-related, 1:126–128 histoplasmosis and, 1:399 hot tub rash and, 1:412 lung fluke infections, 1:506–507 nocardiosis, 2:591 tsunami lung, 2:646–647 Puncture wounds and tetanus, 2:816 Purdue University, 1:103 Purell hand sanitizer, 1:360, 361 Purulent meningitis, 2:542 Pustules, smallpox, 2:772 Puumala virus, 1:363 Pyelonephritis, 2:864, 865 Pyocyanin, 1:411 Pyrantel pamoate, 1:406; 2:625 Pyrethrins, 1:498; 2:695 Pyrimethamine, 2:518 Q Q fever, 2:677–679, 678, 894 QuantiFERON-TB Gold tests, 2:839 Quarantines, defined, 1:456 See also Isolation and quarantine Quasem, Himaya, 1:435–436 Quaternary ammonium disinfectants, 1:251 Quebec, Canada, Clostridium difficile infections in, 1:188 Quinine, 1:82; 2:515 Quinolone antibiotics, 1:49 R Rabbit fever See Tularemia Rabies, 1:37; 2:680, 680–683 Raccoons and Baylisascaris infection, 1:90–92 Ramadoss, Ambumani, 2:689 Ramses V (Egyptian pharoah), 2:774 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT General Index Random antibiotic resistance, 1:52 Random microbial evolution, 2:547, 548 Random vaccination modeling, 1:231 Raoult, Didier, 1:65 Rapid diagnostic tests, 1:439; 2:684–686 RAPIDS (Reaching HIV-Affected People with Integrated Development and Support), 2:567 Rash chickenpox, 1:153, 154–155 fifth disease, 1:312 Lyme disease, 1:510, 511 measles, 2:532, 532 rat-bite fever, 2:687 ringworm, 2:713, 713–714 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2:719 rubella, 2:728 scarlet fever, 2:752, 752 shingles, 2:767, 767, 769 smallpox, 2:772 syphilis, 2:805 typhus, 2:853 Raspberries and cyclosporiasis, 1:225 Rat-bite fever (RBF), 2:687–688 Rat-borne diseases angiostrongyliasis, 1:32–34 Black Death, 1:64 Lassa fever, 1:471, 471–474 See also Rodents RBF (rat-bite fever), 2:687–688 Re-emerging infectious diseases, 2:689–693 African sleeping sickness, 1:1, 4–5 burial of plague victims, 2:690 chikungunya, 1:158; 2:689 coccidioidomycosis, 1:195 diphtheria, 1:165, 242, 243, 244, 245–246 epidemiology and, 1:299 malaria, 2:519 notifiable diseases and, 2:600 scrofula, 2:756–757 seasonal variation in disease and, 1:230 tuberculosis, 1:52, 86, 278–279; 2:841 yaws, 2:924 zoonoses, 2:937 See also Emerging infectious diseases Reaching HIV-Affected People with Integrated Development and Support (RAPIDS), 2:567 Reactivation of viruses HSV-1, 1:392, 393 HSV-2, 1:395 Reagan, Ronald, 1:17 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT Reassortment and influenza viruses, 1:444, 450 Receptors (viruses), 2:881 Recombinant DNA technology, 1:67–69; 2:840 Recommendations for Prevention of and Therapy for Exposure to B Virus (CDC), 1:78 Red Cross, 1:480 See also American Red Cross Red Death, defined, 2:636 Red tides, 2:527–528 Redi, Francisco, 1:330 Reed, Walter, 1:308, 309, 310; 2:930, 931 Reever, Sam, 1:247 Refugees bilharzia and, 1:95 Bosnian conflict, 2:893 cholera and, 1:177, 179, 417 disinfectant soap bath, 1:249 infectious disease outbreaks and, 1:228–229; 2:892 lice outbreaks, 1:498 malaria outbreaks, 2:516 Regulation See Legislation Rehydration methods See Oral rehydration methods Reilley, Brigg, 2:747–748 Reiter’s syndrome, 2:765 Relapsing fever, 1:497; 2:694–696 Relapsing malaria, 2:516 Relative risk, 1:296 Relief projects See Humanitarian aid Rely tampons, 2:820 ReNu contact lens solution, 1:203 Reoviruses, 2:883 Replication, viral, 2:881 Reporting systems cholera, need for, 1:179 E coli timeline, 1:307 Ghoson, Joseph case, 1:341 HIV patients, 1:478 immigration and, 1:417–418 influenza, 1:454–455 International Health Regulations, 1:481–482 isolation and quarantine policies, 1:457, 458 levels of, 1:298–299 Lyme disease and, 1:511, 513 ProMED, 2:660–661 in the U.S., 2:665–666 West Nile virus, 2:904 Research AIDS, 2:581 animal importation regulation and, 1:37 antibiotics, 1:49, 53 arthropod-borne disease vaccines, 1:65 Asimolar Conference, 1:67–69 bovine spongiform encephalopathy/Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseasenv, 1:209, 210–211 climate change, 1:183–184 colds, 1:199, 201, 202, 426 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 1:214 Ebola virus, 1:272, 273, 274 emerging diseases, 1:282, 283 Epstein-Barr virus vaccine, 2:561 Fusarium keratitis, 1:203 gene therapy, 1:68; 2:706 handwashing, 1:359 hantaviruses, 1:362, 364; 2:885 Helicobacter pylori, 1:309–311, 366–367 hemorrhagic fevers, 1:372, 375 hepatitis, 1:380, 387 HIV/AIDS, 1:14–15, 22, 404; 2:706 human papillomavirus infection, 1:414, 415 income/health status relationship, 1:277–280 influenza, 1:441, 442, 444, 446, 450 Kawasaki syndrome, 1:463–464 Koch’s Postulates and, 1:309–310, 366–367, 465–467 Lassa fever, 1:471, 473 leprosy, 1:489 Lyme disease, 1:508, 513 malaria, 2:519, 520, 521, 617, 690 Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 2:526 measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, 2:534–535 microorganisms, 2:551, 552 microscopy and, 2:554–555 mosquito-borne disease prevention, 1:409 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases work, 2:581–583 parasitic disease vaccines, 2:616 Patriot Act and, 1:99 pink eye, 2:622 polio vaccine, 2:651, 652 prion diseases, 2:658 rapid diagnostic tests, 2:685, 686 re-emerging diseases, 2:690, 692 respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, 2:702 retroviruses, 2:706 Salmonella infections, 2:735 SARS, 1:282; 2:743, 745 self-experimentation of scientists, 1:308, 308–311, 366–367; 2:929–931 smallpox, 2:776, 777–778 999 General Index sterilization-resistant organisms, 2:789–790 stomach ulcers, 1:309–310 Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, 2:585 syphilis, 2:806, 807, 808 tropical diseases, 2:836 tuberculosis, 2:840, 912 typhus, 2:856–857 USAMRIID work, 1:274; 2:867–869, 868 vaccines, 2:870, 870–874, 871 viral diseases, 2:885, 885–888, 886, 887 West Nile virus, 2:899, 900, 900–901, 904 women and minorities, 2:912–914 yellow fever, 1:308–309, 310; 2:925–926, 929–931 Yersinia pestis infections, 2:632–634, 635 Research facilities See Laboratory facilities Research funding bioterrorism preparedness and, 1:103, 104–105 HIV/AIDS, 1:22 Project Bioshield, 1:45 Reservoirs of disease, 1:297, 408; 2:936 Reshef figure, 2:628 Residence halls, as cohorted community, 1:196–197 Resistance See Antibiotic resistance; Drug resistance; Pesticide resistance Resistant organisms, 2:697–700, 788, 789–790 Respirators, 2:619, 645 Respiratory diphtheria, defined, 1:243 See also Diphtheria Respiratory syncytial virus See RSV Respiratory system, overview, 2:642–643 Reston, Virginia, Ebola virus in, 1:37, 271, 273; 2:867 Restriction enzymes, 1:67–68 Retinitis, 1:190 Retroviruses, 1:7, 22; 2:704–706, 883 See also Antiretroviral therapy Reunion Island chikungunya out´ break, 1:158, 159 Reverse transcriptase, 1:60–61; 2:704, 881 Reverse transcriptase PCR testing, 1:326 Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors, 1:13 1000 Rheumatic fever and strep throat, 2:792, 796 Rhinitis See Colds (rhinitis) Rhinoviruses, 1:200 Rhode Island encephalitis outbreak, 1:289–290 Rhodnius prolixus, 2:878 Ribavirin Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 1:213 Lassa fever, 1:473 Nipah virus encephalitis, 2:589 yellow fever, 2:926 Ribosomes and aminoglycoside antibiotics, 1:49 Richardson, Bill, 1:360, 361 Ricketts, Howard Taylor, 2:707, 719, 853 Rickettsia prowazekii See Typhus Rickettsia rickettsii See Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsial diseases, 2:677, 707–709 Rifampin Buruli ulcer, 1:130 leprosy, 1:489, 491; 2:835, 916 typhus, 2:855, 856 Rift Valley fever (RVF), 1:373; 2:710, 710–712, 711 Rights and responsibilities for tuberculosis patients, 2:842–844 Rimantadine, 1:75, 454 Rinderpest, 1:36 Ring vaccination strategy, 1:101; 2:871 Ringworm, 1:37; 2:713, 713–715 Rio Mamore virus, 1:364 Risk assessment, 1:296 River blindness, 1:237, 239; 2:716–718, 717 RNA viruses, 1:201, 272 See also Retroviruses Robbins, Frederick, 2:648, 651 Robinson, Lucy Elizabeth, 1:247 Robinson, Marion, 1:158 Rockefeller Foundation, 2:886, 888, 926 Rocky Mountain Laboratory, 2:581–582 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2:708, 719, 719–721, 853 Rodents angiostrongyliasis, 1:32–34 babesiosis, 1:82 Black Death, 1:64 hantavirus, 1:362, 363, 364–365 Lassa fever, 1:471, 471–474 rat-bite fever, 2:687 typhus, 2:855, 856 Yersinia pestis infections, 2:636–637, 639 Roger of Salerno, 1:488 Roll Back Malaria campaign, 1:280 Roma people, persecution of, 2:631 Romana’s sign, 1:150 Rome, early plague in, 2:629–630 Rosanti, 1:235 Rose, Janette, 1:436 Rose gardener’s disease (sporotrichosis), 2:780–781 Rosenberg, Barbara Hatch, 2:660 Ross, Ronald, 1:308; 2:521 Rossbach, Michael Josef, 2:795 Rotary International, 2:652, 654, 916 Rotavirus infections, 1:162, 322, 324; 2:722–724, 723 Rotavirus Vaccination Program, 1:324; 2:723 Roundworm infections, 1:369, 405, 405–407; 2:725–727 Rous, Peyton, 1:135 Rous sarcoma virus, 2:704 Roy (Army physician), 1:447–448 The Royal Gift of Healing (engraving), 2:755 Royalty, as healers, 2:755, 757 RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) infection, 2:701, 701–703 RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase PCR) testing, 1:326 RT (reverse transcriptase) inhibitors, 1:13 Rubella, 1:161; 2:728, 728–730 Rubeola See Measles Rural areas, 1:150; 2:685 Rusmiyati, 1:235 Russia anthrax investigation, 1:44 Biological Weapons Convention and, 1:97 diphtheria re-emergence, 1:165, 242, 243, 244, 245–246 meningitis, viral, 2:546 smallpox repository, 2:774, 777, 778 smallpox vaccine exposure, 2:774–775 typhus, 2:855, 892 See also Soviet Union RVF (Rift Valley fever), 1:373; 2:710, 710–712, 711 Rwanda early AIDS cases, 1:19 HIV positive patients, 2:603 refugees from, 1:177, 179, 249 Ryun, Anne, 1:360 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT General Index S Saaremaa virus, 1:363 Sabin, Albert, 2:651, 652 Sabin, Florence, 1:480 Sabin Health Laws, 1:480 Sachs, Jeffrey, 1:279, 280 Safe sex practices, 2:762 See also Condoms SAFE strategy (trachoma), 2:825 Sala people, 2:653 Salim, Salimar, 1:235–236 Salk, Jonas, 1:161; 2:651 Salmon, Daniel, 2:733 Salmonella infections, 1:319, 320–321; 2:733, 733–735 Salmonella typhi infections See Typhoid fever Salmonellosis See Salmonella infections Saltwater-borne diseases, 2:896 Samant, Vijay B., 2:874 Sample shipping time, 1:307 San Francisco, California aspergillosis prevalence, 1:71 Gay Freedom Day Parade, 1:10 Operation Sea Spray, 2:866 San Joaquim, Bolivia, hemorrhagic fever in, 2:885, 886–887 San Joaquin Valley fever, 1:193, 193–195 Sanatoriums, tuberculosis, 2:839 Sand flies, as leishmaniasis vector, 1:483, 483, 484 Sandia National Laboratory, 2:778 Sanitation, 2:736–739 access to, 1:180s; 2:736–738, 859 antimicrobial soaps, 1:58 balantidiasis, 1:88–89 Campylobacter infections, 1:133 Chagas disease, 1:150–151 cholera, 1:175, 176, 177–178, 179, 181 infection control, 1:432 mosquito-borne diseases, 2:567 painting of child bathing, 2:736 shigellosis, 2:765, 766 typhoid fever, 2:850, 851 whipworm, 2:907 yellow fever, 2:929 See also Water sanitation and treatment Sanitization, defined, 1:431 Sanofi-Aventis, 2:873 Sarcoptes scabiei infections (scabies), 2:749, 749–751, 750 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), 2:740–748 airline traveler case, 1:343–344; 2:740–741, 742 airport passenger scanners, 2:741 economic effects, 1:276 as emerging disease, 1:284 field level response, 2:608–611, 666–668 isolation and quarantine, 1:456–457, 458 map of risk areas, 2:743 masked security guards, 2:742 precautions, 1:23, 23, 256 ProMED e-mail on, 2:744 quarantined worker, 2:740 research, 1:282 wildlife trade and, 2:920, 921 Sasakawa, Yohei, 1:491, 492 Saudi Arabia Rift Valley fever, 2:711, 712 tick-borne relapsing fever, 2:695 Sawitri, Adisti Sukma, 1:235–236 Scabies, 2:749, 749–751, 750 Scandinavia, disease outbreaks in, 2:650, 753 Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), 2:555 Scarlet fever, 2:752, 752–754 Schenck, Benjamin Robinson, 2:780 Schenck’s disease (sporotrichosis), 2:780–781 Schiappacasse, Robert, 1:165–166 Schistosoma parasites, 1:93, 94 Schistosomatium douthitti, swimmer’s itch from, 2:802 Schistosomes, swimmer’s itch from, 2:801, 802 Schistosomiasis See Bilharzia Schlafly, Phyllis, 1:164 Schneider, Stephen, 1:183 Schonlein, Johann, 2:838 ă School Is Shut After Outbreak of Encephalitis Kills a Pupil, 1:289–290 School vaccinations Boulder story, 1:162–166 CDC schedules, 1:163, 164 overview, 1:161 Washington, D.C case, 1:156 Schools as cohorted community, 1:196–197 epidemiological modeling and, 1:231 hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks, 1:356 lice outbreaks, 1:498 pink eye and, 2:622 Scombrotoxic fish poisoning, 2:527, 529 Scotland See United Kingdom Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 1:118, 119 Screening programs blood donations, 1:210 cervical cancer, 1:415 Chlamydia infections, 1:170 overview, 1:297–298 Scrofula, 2:755, 755–757 Scrub typhus, 2:852, 854, 855 SDA (Soap and Detergent Association), 1:359 Seafood anisakiasis from, 1:39, 40 toxins in, 2:527–530 Seasonal variation in disease cat scratch disease, 1:143 cholera, 1:179 Eastern equine encephalitis, 1:266 fifth disease, 1:312 infectious disease trends and, 1:229–230 influenza, 1:438–439, 452, 452–455 Japanese encephalitis, 1:460 Kawasaki syndrome, 1:463 meningitis, viral, 2:545 polio, 2:648 public policy implications, 1:5–6 respiratory syncytial virus, 2:701–702 rotavirus infections, 2:722 tularemia, 2:847 whooping cough, 2:910 SEB (staphylococcal enterotoxin B), as biological weapon, 2:894 Second Pandemic (plague) See Black Death Secondary encephalitis, 1:286 Secondary syphilis, 2:760 Secretory otitis media, 1:262 Security, patient rights, 2:843 Seizures, from vaccines, 1:164 Select Agent Program (CDC), 1:99 Selective pressures and microbial evolution, 2:547 Self-experimentation of scientists, 1:308, 308–311, 366–367; 2:929–931 Self vs non-self (immune system), 1:421 Semmelweiss, Ignaz, 1:56, 330, 359; 2:598, 673, 674 SEMs (scanning electron microscopes), 2:555 Seneca Lake State Park, cryptosporidiosis outbreak, 1:220 Seneca (Roman philosopher), 2:553 Senegal malaria, 2:699 treating of mosquito nets, 2:515 yellow fever, 2:928t 1001 General Index Sensation and leprosy, 1:490 Sentinel cases, 1:260–261, 283 Seoul virus, 1:363 Sepsis and antibiotic sensitivity testing, 1:223 Septic scarlet fever, 2:753 Septicemia, from Burkholderia infections, 1:339 Septicemic plague, 2:606, 630, 636 Serbia Bosnian refugees in, 2:893 typhus, 2:855, 891 Sermand, Dan, 2:747–748 Serological tests See Blood tests Serratia marcescens infections, 2:866 Serum hepatitis See Hepatitis B virus Severe acute respiratory syndrome See SARS Sewer systems and sanitation, 2:738 Sex trade See Prostitution Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 2:758–763 Chlamydia infections, 1:136, 168, 168–171, 169; 2:759 community-associated MRSa, 2:571 gonorrhea, 1:345, 345–348, 346 HSV-1, 1:198, 286, 328, 392, 392–394 HSV-2, 1:286, 328, 395, 395–398; 2:760–761 prostitution and, 1:16, 297; 2:760, 914 scabies, 2:749, 749–751, 750 syphilis, 2:760, 804, 804–809 Trichomonas infections, 2:832–833 urinary tract infections and, 2:864 vaginal microbicides and, 2:914 See also AIDS; HIV; HPV Shapin, Steven, 1:179–181 Sharps (medical instruments) See Needles and disease spread Shaw, Herman, 2:807, 809 Sheep, 1:41; 2:712 Shellfish anisakiasis from, 1:39, 40 marine toxins in, 2:527–530 rotavirus infections and, 1:322–323 Shelter living See Homeless people Shiga, Kiyoshi, 2:765 Shiga-like toxins, 1:304–305 Shigellosis, 2:764–766 closed lake, 2:764 E coli and, 1:305 as form of dysentery, 1:257–261 Shingles infections, 1:154; 2:767, 767–769 1002 Shining Mountain Waldorf School, 1:163–166 Ship fever See Typhus Ship travel and disease spread, 1:472; 2:595, 927 Shope, Robert, 2:660, 888 Shottmuller, Hugo, 2:797 Sick City, 1:180–181 Sierra Leone dysentery outbreak, 1:260–261 Lassa fever, 1:471, 473 Silbergeld, Ellen K., 1:54–55 Silent Spring (Carson), 2:566 Silver methenamine stains, 2:554 Silymarin compounds, 1:387 Simmons, Fred, 2:807 Simon, Harvey B., 2:549–550 Simond, Paul-Louis, 2:637 Simulations and modeling bioterrorism, 1:6 climate change, 1:183–184 infectious disease trends, 1:229–231 USPS anthrax attack, 1:102–103 See also Computer models Simulium black flies, 2:716, 717 Sin Nombre virus, 1:364, 373 Singapore airline traveler SARS case, 1:344 human enterovirus-71, 1:356 Nipah virus encephalitis, 2:589 SARS, 2:746 Sinusitis, 1:200 Skin disorders Botox and, 1:116–117 fungal, 2:578 impetigo, 1:428, 428–430 intertrigo, 1:140 Staphylococcus aureus, 2:785–786 See also specific diseases and disorders Skin lesions See Lesions Skin tests, 1:490; 2:839 Slaughtering of infected animals See Culling of infected animals Sleeping sickness See African sleeping sickness ‘‘Slim,’’ as nickname for AIDS, 1:18, 19, 20 Small Changes in 1918 Pandemic Virus Knocks Out Transmission: Research Provides Clues for Assessing Pandemic Potential of New Influenza Viruses (press release), 1:441 Smallpox, 2:770–779 as biological weapon, 1:101; 2:771, 774, 894 CDC repository, 1:148 vs chickenpox, 1:153 early prevention efforts, 2:628 girl with pox, 2:770 monkeypox and, 2:556, 557, 558 vaccines for, 1:98, 101, 330; 2:771, 773, 774–775, 776, 777, 870, 870 Smallpox eradication and storage, 1:160; 2:774–775, 776, 776–779, 915–916 Smart packaging, 1:502 Smith, Bradley T., 1:104–105 Smith, E.F., 1:466 Smith, Hamilton, 1:67 Smith, Theobald, 1:81; 2:733 Snails angiostrongyliasis and, 1:32, 32–33 bilharzia and, 1:93, 94 fluke infections and, 1:505, 506 swimmer’s itch and, 2:802 Snake bites, 2:936 Snow, John, 1:178, 295, 299, 300, 330, 479; 2:607, 736 Soap and Detergent Association (SDA), 1:359 Soaps, antimicrobial, 1:56, 56–58 Social factors dracunculiasis, 1:253 filariasis, 1:316 leishmaniasis disfigurement, 1:485 leprosy, 1:487, 488, 491 mononucleosis, 2:562 vaccination rejection, 2:576 Social justice, 1:278–279, 425–426 Sodium hypochlorite, as disinfectant, 1:250, 251 Soil-transmitted diseases fungal infections, 2:579 helminth diseases, 1:370 hookworm infections, 1:405 Soldiers See Military Solution-phase hybridization, 1:325–326 Somalia increasing HIV rates, 1:419 last smallpox case, 1:160; 2:772, 777 leishmaniasis, 2:538 Medecins Sans Frontieres work, ´ ` 2:538–539 Rift Valley fever, 2:711, 711 Soo, Jack, 2:744 Sore throat, from strep throat, 2:791, 792 South Africa Ebola virus, 1:270 extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2:550, 691 HIV/AIDS, 1:8, 60, 237, 403; 2:759 pension payments and health status, 1:278 tuberculosis, 2:841 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT General Index South America Buruli ulcer, 1:130 cancer-infectious disease link, 1:137 Chagas disease, 1:149, 150, 151 Eastern equine encephalitis, 1:265, 266 filariasis, 1:316 hantaviruses, 1:364 leishmaniasis, 1:484 leprosy, 1:488, 490 lung fluke infections, 1:506 malaria, 2:517, 566 river blindness, 2:716 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2:720 smallpox, 2:770, 771 St Louis encephalitis, 2:731 taeniasis, 2:812 tapeworm infections, 2:814 tick-borne relapsing fever, 2:695 tropical diseases, 2:835 typhoid fever, 2:850 typhus, 2:855 whipworm, 2:907 yellow fever, 2:566, 926, 928t See also specific countries South Korea, avian flu outbreak, 1:74 Southeast Asia bilharzia, 1:94 Burkholderia-related diseases, 1:127 cancer-infectious disease link, 1:137 chikungunya, 1:157, 158 dengue fever, 1:234 diphtheria, 1:244 early plague, 2:632 filariasis, 1:315 malaria, 2:517 plague, 2:637 roundworm infections, 2:725 syphilis, 2:805 tropical diseases, 2:835 tuberculosis, 2:841 typhoid fever, 2:850 whipworm, 2:907 wildlife trade, 2:920 See also specific countries Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 1:441 Southern blot analysis, 1:325 Southwark and Vauxhall Company, 1:295 Southwestern United States coccidioidomycosis, 1:194 hantaviruses, 1:148, 364–365 plague, 2:637 Souza, Geraldo de Paula, 2:915 Soviet Union and biological weapons, 1:43–44, 97; 2:774 See also Russia Spa safety, 1:411–412 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT Space research and bacteria, 2:789 Spain, disease outbreaks in, 1:245; 2:695 Spanish flu pandemic See Influenza pandemic of 1918 Speaker, Andrew, 1:343, 419, 481; 2:840 Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, 1:4 Species identification, 1:325 Spectroscopy, for pathogen identification, 1:103–104 Spencer, Charles, 2:553 Spinal polio, 2:649 Spirillum minus infections, 2:687–688 Spirochetes, mode of locomotion, 1:509 Spleen enlargement and mononucleosis, 2:559, 563–564 Spontaneous antibiotic resistance, 1:52 Spontaneous generation hypothesis, 1:329–330, 331 Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 2:657 Sporanox See Itraconazole Spore forms anthrax, 1:44–45 bacterial diseases, 1:84–85 Clostridium botulinum, 1:115, 116 Cryptococcus neoformans, 1:215 food safety and, 1:318 histoplasmosis, 1:399 resistance to disinfectants, 1:251 sterilization resistance, 2:788, 789 Sporotrichosis, 2:780–781 Sporozoites, 2:517, 615 Spotted fevers, 2:852, 853, 854 See also Rocky Mountain spotted fever Spraying programs dengue fever, 1:234; 2:569 Eastern equine encephalitis, 1:266 leishmaniasis, 1:484, 486 malaria, 2:516, 520–521, 878 mosquito-borne disease, 1:266, 408–409 relapsing fever, 2:695 West Nile virus, 2:903, 904 Squirrels plague, 2:636 typhus, 2:855 West Nile virus, 2:902 Sri Lanka, malaria in, 2:519 St Louis encephalitis, 1:287, 372; 2:731–732 St Louis University Hospital, 2:870 Stages 1-3 of Lyme disease, 1:510–511 Staining techniques, 1:221; 2:554 Standard precautions, 2:782–784 handwashing and, 1:359; 2:782, 783 infection control and, 1:431 purpose, 1:114 See also Airborne precautions; Contact precautions Stapes bones, 2:803 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), as biological weapon, 2:894 Staphylococcus aureus infections, 2:785–787 antibiotic resistance, 1:49–50, 51; 2:549 as bacterial meningitis cause, 2:540 Haemophilus influenzae culturing and, 1:352 impetigo and, 1:428, 428–430 nosocomial infections and, 2:598 petri dish culture, 2:785 toxic shock from, 2:819 See also MRSa State level infrastructure field level response and, 2:608 isolation and quarantine policies, 2:745–746 Model State Emergency Health Powers Act and, 1:103, 481 overview, 2:665 reporting systems, 1:298, 299; 2:600 State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (Russia), 2:774, 777 Statistical analysis and epidemiology, 1:297 Status (social) and health, 1:425 STDs See Sexually transmitted diseases Steam sterilization (autoclaving), 2:783, 788–789 Steer, Allen, 1:508 Stein, Andreas, 1:65 Steiner, Rudolf, 1:164 Sterilants, regulation of, 1:57 Sterilization, 2:788–790 vs disinfection, 1:57 vs sanitization, 1:431 Sternberg, George, 1:308, 309 Stewart, William, 1:51 Stinear, Tim, 1:130 Stockpiling of drugs antiviral drugs, 1:454, 455 as infection control measure, 2:669 influenza vaccine, 2:873 1003 General Index pandemic preparedness and, 2:613 smallpox vaccine, 2:773, 870 tularemia, 2:847 Stomach cancer and Helicobacter pylori infections, 1:136, 137, 367 Stomach flu See Gastroenteritis; Norovirus infections Stomach ulcers and Helicobacter pylori infections, 1:308, 309–311, 366–367, 466 Stool tests, 1:226, 334 Stop TB Partnership, 2:842 ‘‘The Strangler.’’ See Diphtheria Street people See Homeless people Strep throat, 2:791, 791–793, 795, 796 Streptobacillus moniliformis infections, 2:687–688 Streptococcal infections, Group A, 2:794–796 impetigo and, 1:428, 428–430 necrotizing fasciitis and, 2:584, 584–587, 585 puerperal fever from, 2:597, 673, 675 scarlet fever from, 2:752 strep throat from, 2:791, 791–793 tonsillitis, 2:794 Streptococcal infections, Group B, 2:797–798 Streptococcal pharyngitis See Strep throat Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, 2:586, 587, 794–795 Streptococcus agalactiae, 2:540 Streptococcus pneumoniae as bacterial meningitis cause, 2:540, 542 as ear infection cause, 1:262 Streptococcus pyogenes infections See Streptococcal infections, Group A Streptomycin Buruli ulcer, 1:130 plague, 2:638 tularemia, 2:847 Strict pathogens, defined, 2:552 Strongyloidiasis, 2:799–800 Stumpy form, trypanosoma species, 1:1 Sub-Saharan Africa antiretroviral need, 1:62, 240 diarrhea, 2:737 economic impact of malaria, 1:279–280 HIV/AIDS prevalence, 1:16; 2:860–861, 884, 913 malaria, 2:515, 517, 520–521 Millennium Goals, 2:860–861 syphilis, 2:805 tuberculosis, 2:691 women’s issues, 2:913 1004 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 2:532 Subcutaneous fungal infections, 2:578 Subspecies identification, 1:325 Sudan Ebola virus, 1:37, 271, 275 hepatitis E, 1:390 leishmaniasis, 1:484 louse-borne relapsing fever, 2:695 refugee movement, 1:229 Sulfadiazine, for glanders, 1:339 Sulfonamide, for nocardiosis, 2:592 Summary of Notifiable Diseases (journal), 2:601 Sunshine Project, 2:778 Superinfection, of hepatitis D, 1:388 Suppressed immune systems See Immunocompromised people Suramin, for African sleeping sickness, 1:3–4 Surface disinfection overview, 1:250–251 standard precautions, 2:783 toxoplasmosis prevention, 2:822 See also Biofilm bacteria Surgery anisakiasis, 1:39 aspergillosis, 1:71 Buruli ulcer, 1:130 contact precautions, 1:207 disinfection for, 1:249–250, 331, 431 ear infections, 1:263 equipment sterilization and, 2:783, 789 Medecins Sans Frontieres projects, ´ ` 2:537 Surveillance systems aspergillosis, 1:71 Campylobacter infections, 1:134 cancer registries, 1:137 cholera, need for, 1:179 emerging diseases, 1:283 encephalitis, 1:289 Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Online Network and, 1:336–337 globalization and, 1:342 influenza, 1:445, 454–455 leishmaniasis, 1:485 levels of functioning, 1:298–299 meningitis, 1:197 notifiable diseases and, 2:600–602, 601s plague, 2:638 rubella, 2:729 smallpox, 2:777 STDs, 2:761–762 tuberculosis, 2:841 in the U.S., 2:665–666 water-borne diseases, 2:898 WHO, 2:665 Susceptibility testing, 1:223 Sushi, anisakiasis from, 1:38 Suzuki, Chigusa, 1:513 SV40 virus and mesothelioma, 1:137 Swaziland, HIV/AIDS in, 1:16–17 Sweden, pertussis in, 1:165 Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2:738 Sweeties Day Care (UK), 1:435 Swimmer’s ear and swimmer’s itch, 1:263; 2:801, 801–803 Sylvatic rabies, 2:681, 682 Syphilis, 2:760, 804, 804–809 Systemic fungal infections, 2:578 Systrom, David, 2:646 Sze, Szeming, 2:915 T T cell vaccines, 2:582 T cells CD4+, 1:11, 402, 403; 2:641 helper T cells, 1:403, 424 human T-lymphotropic virus replication and, 2:704 purpose, 1:423 regulatory, 1:403–404 Tabes doralis, 2:805 Taeniasis (Taenia infections, 2:810–812, 813 Taiwan angiostrongyliasis discovery, 1:33 H5N1 experience, 1:419 human enterovirus-71, 1:356 Tamiflu See Oseltamivir phosphate Tampons and toxic shock syndrome, 2:785, 819–820 Tanzania early AIDS cases, 1:19 leprosy, 1:490; 2:916 Rift Valley fever, 2:712 woman washing clothes, 1:93 Tape tests, 2:625 Tapeworm infections, 2:813–815 adult tapeworm, 2:813 alveolar echinococcosis, 1:26, 26–28 overview, 1:369 taeniasis, 2:810–812 Target sites for antiviral drugs, 1:60 Tattooing, 1:10, 386 TB See Tuberculosis TBRF (tick-borne relapsing fever), 2:694, 695–696 Td (tetanus-diphtheria) vaccine, 1:244 TdaP (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine), 1:244 Tears and conjunctiva, 2:623 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT General Index Tebb, William, 2:633 Teenagers See Adolescents Teklehaimanot, Awash, 1:280 Temporary vaccines, for chickenpox, 1:155 TEMs (transmission electron microscopes), 2:555 Terrorism See Bioterrorism Tertiary syphilis, 2:760 Tetanus, 1:161, 162; 2:816–818, 817 Tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine (TdaP), 1:244 Tetanus-diphtheria vaccine (Td), 1:244 Tetanus immune globulin, 2:817 Tetracycline balantidiasis, 1:88 cholera, 1:177 plague, 2:638 rat-bite fever, 2:688 relapsing fever, 2:695 rickettsial diseases, 2:708 trachoma, 2:825 typhus, 2:855 Texas dengue fever, 1:233, 234 human papillomavirus infection vaccine, 1:137, 415; 2:763 Norovirus infection, 2:595 shigellosis case, 2:766 West Nile virus, 1:185 Thailand avian flu, 1:74, 77 HIV/AIDS prevention programs, 1:16; 2:862 lung fluke infections, 1:506 typhus, 2:856 Thailand virus, 1:363 Theiler, Max, 2:928 Thermocycler testing, 1:47 Thiabendazole, for trichinellosis, 2:830 Thimerosal, 2:871 Third Pandemic (plague), 2:632, 637 Third World nations See Developing nations Third World Network, 2:778 This Day Relenting God (poem), 2:521 Threadworm infections See Pinworm infections Three by Five Initiative, 2:860 Thrombocytopenic purpura, 1:306 Thrush, 1:138 See also Candidiasis Thucydides, 2:628 Tick-borne diseases babesiosis, 1:81, 81–82 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 1:212, 212–214 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT Powassan encephalitis, 1:286 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2:708, 719, 719–721 wildlife trade and, 2:921 See also Lyme disease Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF), 2:694, 695–696 Tick-borne typhus, 2:852, 853, 854, 855 Tick removal, 2:721 Time to diagnosis E coli infections, 1:307 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2:708, 721 Time’s Up on School Shots: 434 Students Sent to Court, 1:156 Tinea infections See Ringworm Tinidazole, for Trichomonas infections, 2:833 Tipaza Beach swimmers, 2:636 TMP-SMX See Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole Togaviruses, overview, 2:883 Tongue symptoms, scarlet fever, 2:752–753 Tonsillitis, 2:794 Tonsils and strep throat, 2:792–793 TORCH tests, 1:393 Toronto, Canada, SARS outbreak in, 1:256; 2:667–668, 746 Toronto Public Health, 2:668 Total genetic sequencing, 1:325 Toure, Amadou Toumani, 1:371 ´ Tourism and disease spread See Travel and infectious disease Toxic scarlet fever, 2:753 Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), 2:819–820 CDC work, 1:148 Staphylococcus aureus infections and, 2:785, 819 streptococcal, 2:586, 587, 794–795 Toxins anthrax, 1:44 botulism, 1:115, 116 diphtheria, 1:243, 244 E coli, 1:304–305, 319 from seafood, 2:527–530 Toxoid vaccines, 2:816, 872 Toxoplasmosis, 2:821–823 Tracheostomy, 1:244 Trachoma, 1:168, 169, 171; 2:824, 824–826 Trade agreements and infectious disease regulation, 1:480 Transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs), 1:110 Transfusions, defined, 1:111 Transgenic organisms See Genetic engineering Translation (genetic) and antiviral drugs, 1:61 Translocation of people See Population movement Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), 1:118 See also Prion diseases Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), 2:555 Transplantation, organ See Organ transplantation Transport of patients, limits on, 1:207, 256 Trap and slaughter programs See Culling of infected animals Travel Advisories: Wait ’Til You Hear What They Say About Us, 1:513–514 Travel and infectious disease, 2:827–828 African sleeping sickness, 1:3 amebiasis, 1:30, 31 angiostrongyliasis, 1:33–34 arthropod-borne diseases, 1:64 Chagas disease, 1:151 chikungunya, 1:157, 158, 159 cholera, 1:179 cryptosporidiosis, 1:219 dysentery, 1:257–258, 259–261 globalization and, 1:341–344 hepatitis A, 1:377–378 hepatitis D, 1:388 hepatitis E, 1:391 Japanese encephalitis, 1:459, 461 leishmaniasis, 1:485, 486 leptospirosis, 1:496 Lyme disease, 1:513–514 malaria, 2:518 overview, 1:341; 2:827–828 rickettsial diseases, 2:707–708 sanitation and, 2:738 SARS, 1:343–344; 2:740–741, 742 trade issues, 2:918, 919–920 trichinellosis, 2:830 typhoid fever, 2:850 typhus, 2:855, 856 vector-borne diseases and, 2:879 yellow fever, 2:927 zoonoses and, 2:935 See also Airline travel Travel restrictions, as disease control measure, 2:669, 746 Travelers’ diarrhea See Dysentery Trematode infections, 1:369–370, 503–505 Trench fever, 1:497 Treponema pallidum infections See Syphilis Treponema pertenue infections See Yaws 1005 General Index Trichinellosis, 1:37; 2:829–831 Trichobilharzia, swimmer’s itch from, 2:802 Trichomonas infections, 2:832–833 Trichuriasis, 2:906, 906–908 Triclabendazole, for liver fluke infections, 1:504, 505 Triclocarban, in antimicrobial soaps, 1:57 Triclosan, in antimicrobial soaps, 1:57 Trifluridine, 1:60 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) nocardiosis, 2:592 shigellosis, 2:765 typhoid fever, 2:850 Triomune pill, 1:60 Trismus, from tetanus, 2:816 Trophozoite forms Balantidium coli, 1:88 Entamoeba histolytica, 1:29 giardiasis, 1:333, 334 Tropical infectious diseases, 2:834–836 See also specific diseases True negatives and positives, defined, 1:298 Trump, Donald, 1:361 Trypanosoma brucei infections See African sleeping sickness Trypanosoma cruzi infections See Chagas disease Trypanosomiasis See African sleeping sickness Trypsin and influenza, 1:444 TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies), 1:118 Tsetse fly, African sleeping sickness from, 1:1, 2:834 TSS See Toxic shock syndrome Tsunami lung, 2:646–647 Tsunami of 2004, 2:537, 646–647 TTIs (transfusion-transmissible infections), 1:110 Tuberculin, 2:838, 839 Tuberculocides, 1:57 Tuberculoid leprosy, 1:490 Tuberculosis, 1:282; 2:837–844 airborne precautions, 1:23, 24 antibiotic resistance, 2:550 drug resistance, 1:24 genetic identification, 1:325 immigration and, 1:418, 419 map of risk areas, 2:837 Millennium Goals, 2:860, 861 multi-drug resistant, 1:325; 2:550, 840, 841 as opportunistic infection, 2:603 patients, 2:838, 839 1006 re-emergence, 1:52, 86, 282; 2:690–691 research, 2:912 scrofula and, 2:755, 755–756 social inequalities and, 1:278–279 vaccines, 1:161 See also XDR-TB Tularemia, 2:845, 845–848, 893–894 Tumpey, Terrence, 1:441 Tunisia, typhus research in, 2:857 Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 2:806, 807–809 Tutu, Desmond, 1:492 Types A, B & C influenza, 1:438–439, 444, 450, 453 Types A, B & E botulism, 1:116 Typhoid fever, 2:736–737, 849, 849–851 Typhoid Mary, 2:849, 851 Typhoid psychosis, 2:849 Typhus, 2:852–857 lice and, 1:497, 498 nurses at typhus hospital, 2:852 warning sign, 2:853 World War I and, 2:891–892 U Uganda Burkitt’s lymphoma discovery, 1:135 Buruli ulcer prevalence, 1:129 cholera outbreak, 1:417 early AIDS cases, 1:18, 19, 20 Ebola virus, 1:269, 271 malaria, 2:517, 567 Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 2:523, 524, 525 West Nile virus discovery, 2:899 UK See United Kingdom Ultraviolet light, as disinfectant, 1:250 UN See United Nations UNAIDS antiretroviral therapy access work, 2:862 global reference group, 1:240 leishmaniasis work, 1:485 on Somalia, 1:419 Uncertainty in climate change prediction, 1:184 Undeveloped nations See Developing nations UNDP (United Nations Development Program), 1:4; 2:860 Undulant fever See Brucellosis UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), 2:858–859 African sleeping sickness work, 1:4 diphtheria work, 1:246 helminth disease programs, 1:371 measles campaign, 2:533, 534 polio eradication program, 2:652, 654, 916 water treatment programs, 1:260 Union of Concerned Scientists, 1:54 United Kingdom (UK) animal importation, 1:36 anthrax biological weapons program, 1:43 Bill of Mortality, 1:295 blood donation screening, 1:210 bovine spongiform encephalopathy epidemic, 1:118, 119, 120; 2:658–659 cholera epidemic, 1:178, 295, 299, 300, 479; 2:607, 736 Clostridium difficile infections, 1:188 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-nv, 1:208, 209, 210; 2:658–659 Department of Health, 1:110 diphtheria, 1:243, 245 Ebola virus case, 1:271 foot and mouth disease analysis, 1:294 General Medical Council, 2:534 hand, foot and mouth disease, 1:355–356 HIV from blood donations, 1:110 measles, mumps and rubella vaccine controversy, 2:534–535, 871 meningitis, 1:197 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 1:433; 2:570 nurseries with poor hygiene, 1:435–436 pink eye research, 2:622 plague epidemic, 1:295; 2:690 polio, 2:650 royal healing ceremonies, 2:755, 755 scarlet fever, 2:753–754 STDs, 2:762 typhoid fever, 2:850 typhus, 2:854–855 World War II penicillin use, 2:892 United Nations Children’s Fund See UNICEF United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 1:4; 2:860 United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 2:858 United Nations Millennium Goals, 2:860–863 maternal mortality goals, 2:676 sanitation targets, 2:738 UNICEF and, 2:859 WHO and, 2:916 United Nations Millennium Summit of 2000, 2:676 United Nations (UN) antiretroviral program, 1:62 clean water goals, 2:898 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT General Index founding of, 1:480 on HIV/AIDS, 1:18; 2:913 on immigration, 1:419 WHO founding, 2:915 United States African snail seizure, 1:32 anthrax, 1:44, 44, 46 Asimolar Conference, 1:67–69 avian flu, 2:669–671, 886 babesiosis, 1:81, 82 biological weapons program, 1:43 botulism, 1:116 bovine spongiform encephalopathy discovery, 1:118, 120 Canada border closure, 1:36–37 Chagas disease potential, 1:151 cholera, 1:177 coccidioidomycosis, 1:194, 195 cryptosporidiosis outbreak, 1:218, 219–220, 220; 2:896 cyclosporiasis, 1:225 dengue fever, 1:233, 234 diphtheria outbreak, 1:242 dog population, 1:37 E coli infections, 1:305 Eastern equine encephalitis, 1:266 encephalitis, 1:286–287 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1:44, 44 flu shot clinic, 1:438 General Accounting Office, 2:608 gonorrhea, 1:346 Great Hall of Ellis Island, 1:418 group B streptococcal infections, 2:798 hantaviruses, 1:148, 364–365 hepatitis C, 1:385, 385t HIV/AIDS, 1:7, 13 human papillomavirus infection, 1:137, 414, 415; 2:763 immunization programs, 1:161 influenza, 1:443 International Health Regulations participation, 2:602 Legionnaire’s disease outbreak, 1:148, 475 Lyme disease, 1:510, 511 Marines strep throat outbreak, 2:791 monkeypox, 2:557–558 necrotizing fasciitis, 2:585 Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibiotic resistance, 1:52 New Orleans, disease outbreaks in, 1:180–181, 232 nocardiosis, 2:592 Norovirus infection, 2:595 nosocomial infections, 2:599 Operation Sea Spray, 2:866 plague, 2:637 pneumonia, 2:644 polio, 2:649, 650, 666 psittacosis, 2:664 Q fever, 2:678, 678, 679 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT quarantine by Executive Order, 1:457 rat-bite fever, 2:688 required school vaccinations in, 1:156 rickettsial diseases, 2:708 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2:720 roundworm infections, 2:725 Salmonella infections, 2:734 scarlet fever, 2:753 shigellosis, 2:765, 766 St Louis encephalitis, 2:731 surveillance systems, 2:665–666 syphilis, 2:805–806 taeniasis, 2:810 tapeworm infections, 2:814 tick-borne relapsing fever, 2:695–696 toxoplasmosis, 2:822 Trichomonas infections, 2:833 tuberculosis, 2:839, 841 tularemia, 2:846, 847 typhoid fever, 2:850 typhus, 2:855 vaccine exemptions, 1:164 water-borne diseases, 2:895 West Nile virus, 1:185; 2:692, 899–902, 901, 904 yellow fever, 2:925, 927 Yellowstone National Park, bison testing, 1:122 Universal precautions, 2:782 See also Standard precautions Universities and colleges, as cohorted community, 1:196–197 See also Schools; specific colleges and universities University of Arizona, 1:195 University of Georgia, 1:283 University of Virginia, 1:199 University of Wisconsin, 2:529 Upper urinary tract infections, 2:865 Urban rabies, 2:681, 682 Urbani, Carlo, 1:458; 2:741, 742, 747–748 Urethritis from gonorrhea, 1:346; 2:759, 760 overview, 2:864, 865 Urinary tract infections (UTIs), 1:140; 2:864–866 U.S Army Camp Devens Letter, 1:447–448 influenza pandemic of 1918, 1:443; 2:890–891 Operation Sea Spray, 2:866 penicillin use, 1:347 vaccinations, 1:98 yellow fever research, 1:310; 2:886, 925–926, 931 U.S Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Diseases (USAMRICD), 2:868 U.S Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1:274; 2:867–869, 868 U.S Army Medical Unit (USAMU), 2:867 U.S Bureau of Arms Control, 1:97 U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention See CDC U.S Congress, 1:146 U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) animal importation regulation, 1:35, 37 avian flu research, 2:886 bovine spongiform encephalopathy announcement, 1:120 Campylobacter infection prevention, 1:133 food safety regulation, 1:320, 502; 2:735, 933 Giant African snail seizure, 1:32, 34 select agent regulation, 1:99 wildlife trade and, 2:921 U.S Department of Defense (DOD) on anthrax, 1:45; 2:894 DARPA projects, 1:6, 327; 2:686 U.S Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), 2:806 U.S Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) African-American medical study involvement, 2:808 anthrax response program, 1:46 select agent regulation, 1:99 U.S Department of State, 1:97 U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on anisakiasis, 1:39, 40 antibiotic reporting proposal, 1:55 on antimicrobial soaps, 1:56, 58 botulism class-1 recalls, 1:117 Campylobacter infection prevention, 1:134 Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 1:38 condom regulation, 1:10 on cryptosporidiosis, 1:218 disinfectant regulation, 1:57 drug treatment funding, 1:45 enrofloxacin ban, 2:700 food safety regulation, 1:320, 321, 502; 2:933 Fusarium keratitis inquiry, 1:204 on HIV/AIDS, 1:21 peanut butter Salmonella incident, 2:735 QuantiFERON approval, 2:839 retrovirus gene therapy ban, 2:706 1007 General Index rotaviral gastroenteritis vaccine approval, 1:324 transfusion-transmissible infections prevention, 1:110 tularemia vaccine review, 2:847 on West Nile virus, 2:903–904 U.S Food Safety and Inspection Service, 1:502 U.S Homeland Security Council, 2:613 U.S Marines, 2:791, 892 U.S Office of Technology Assessment, 1:97 U.S Postal Service (USPS), 1:102–103 U.S Public Health Service airport quarantine stations, 2:771 influenza pandemic of 1918 and, 2:890–891 Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 2:806 U.S Veterans Administration (VA), 1:102–103 USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, 1:99 USAMRIID (U.S Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases), 1:274; 2:867–869, 868 USAMU (U.S Army Medical Unit), 2:867 USDA See U.S Department of Agriculture USPS (U.S Postal Service), 1:102–103 USSR (Soviet Union) and biological weapons, 1:43–44, 97; 2:774 See also Russia UTIs See Urinary tract infections V VA (Veterans Administration), 1:102–103 Vaccination Act of 1840 (UK), 2:771 Vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), 2:650, 652 Vaccine controversies diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis reactions, 1:244 human papillomavirus infection, 1:137, 415; 2:763 measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, 2:533–535, 575, 730, 871 rejection of vaccines, 2:576 Vaccines, animal anthrax, 1:41, 42, 46 brucellosis, 1:122, 123, 124; 2:893 E coli, 1:307 Eastern equine encephalitis, 1:266 Ebola virus, 1:273, 274 encephalitis, 1:288 Q fever, 2:679 1008 rabies, 2:682 Rift Valley fever, 2:712 West Nile virus, 2:902–903 Vaccines and vaccine development, 2:552, 870, 870–874, 871 acquired immunity, 1:423 anthrax, 1:46, 102 arthropod-borne diseases, 1:64, 65 avian flu, 1:77 Bacille-Calmette-Guerin, 1:130; ´ 2:840 bacterial diseases, 1:85 bilharzia, 1:95 Buruli ulcer, 1:130 chickenpox, 1:152, 152, 155–156 Chlamydia infections, 1:170 cholera, 1:178, 179 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 1:214 diphtheria, 1:161, 243–245, 245, 246; 2:817, 911 Eastern equine encephalitis, 1:266 Ebola virus, 1:273, 274 encephalitis, 1:288, 289 endemicity and, 1:292 in genetically engineered food, 1:69 Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Online Network and, 1:336 globalization of disease and, 1:342 group A streptococcal infections, 2:796 Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis, 1:161, 352, 352, 353–354; 2:542 hepatitis A, 1:377 hepatitis B, 1:67, 113, 114, 136, 161, 382, 388 HIV/AIDS, 2:582 human papillomavirus infection, 1:136, 137, 415; 2:762–763 as infection control measure, 2:668–669 influenza, 1:60, 438, 440, 445, 450, 454; 2:612–613, 873 international adoption and, 1:420 Japanese encephalitis, 1:459, 460–461 Lyme disease, 1:512 malaria, lack of, 2:690 measles, 1:161, 292; 2:531, 532, 533, 534, 861 measles, mumps and rubella, 2:533, 575, 730 meningitis, bacterial, 2:542, 608 modeling of, 1:230–231 monkeypox, 2:557, 558 mosquito-borne diseases, 2:567 mumps, 1:161; 2:575 national immunization days, 1:6, 284 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases research on, 2:582 parasitic diseases, 2:616 plague, 2:638, 639, 893 pneumonia, 2:645 polio, 1:160, 161, 283–284, 434; 2:650, 651–652, 654–656 Q fever, 2:679 rabies, 2:682, 683 re-emerging diseases and, 2:692 respiratory syncytial virus, work on, 2:702 Rift Valley fever, work on, 2:711 rotaviral gastroenteritis, 1:324 rotavirus infections, 2:723, 724, 874 rubella, 2:730 Salmonella infections, 2:735 secondary encephalitis from, 1:286 shingles, 1:154; 2:872 smallpox, 1:98, 101, 330; 2:771, 773–777, 870, 870 Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, 2:873 Streptococcus pyogenes infections, 2:587 tetanus, 2:817, 818 tuberculosis, 2:840 tularemia, 2:847 typhoid fever, 2:850 UNICEF work, 2:859 varicella-zoster virus, 2:769 whooping cough, 1:161, 244; 2:817, 910, 911 yellow fever, 1:161; 2:926, 928–929 See also Vaccines, animal Vaccines Are Good Business for Drug Makers, 2:872–874 Vaccines for Children program, 2:873 Vaccinia virus, for smallpox vaccine, 2:773, 774, 775, 777 Vaginal candidiasis, 1:139, 139 Vaginal microbicides, 2:914 Valacyclovir, 1:393; 2:768 Valley fever (coccidioidomycosis), 1:193, 193–195 Van Herp, Michel, 2:747–748 van Tieghem, Philippe Edouard Leon, 1:107 Vancomycin Clostridium difficile infections, 1:188 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2:571, 572 Staphyloccus aureus resistance to, 1:51 Vancomycin intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2:572 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT General Index Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), 2:875, 875–877 Vancouver Island, Cryptococcus neoformans infections in, 1:216 Vanderbilt University, 2:702 VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic polio), 2:650 Variant strain identification, 1:325 Varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG), 1:155 Varicella-zoster virus See Chickenpox Variola Advisory Committee, 2:778 Variolation, 2:628, 771, 772, 870 VaxGen, Inc., 1:46 vCJD See Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseasenv VDs (venereal diseases) See Sexually transmitted diseases Vector-borne diseases, 1:408–410; 2:878, 878–880 See also specific vectors and vector classes Venereal diseases (VDs) See Sexually transmitted diseases Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 1:287, 288 Ventilation systems airborne precautions, 1:23, 23, 24 Legionnaire’s disease and, 1:476, 477 Vermifuges See Antihelminthic drugs Verotoxins, 1:304–305 Veterans Administration (VA), 1:102–103 Veterinary vaccines See Vaccines, animal Vibrio cholerae infections See Cholera Vical, Inc., 2:873 Vienna, Austria, cholera in, 1:177 Vietnam avian flu outbreak, 1:74, 76 cholera vaccine trials, 1:178 poultry vendor, 1:349 SARS outbreak, 2:741, 747, 748 Vietnam French Hospital, 2:747 Vietnam War (1959-1975), plague in, 2:893 Viral diseases, 1:255; 2:881–884 See also specific diseases Viral gastroenteritis, 1:319; 2:594–596 Viral meningitis See Meningitis, viral Viral pneumonia, 2:643 Viral shedding, 1:393 Virgil, 1:229 Virginia, Ebola virus in research facility, 1:37, 271, 273; 2:867 Virulence, defined, 1:297 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT Virus hunters, 2:885, 885–888, 886, 887 The Virus Hunters: When the Deadly SARS Virus Struck China Three Years Ago, Beijing Responded with a Massive Coverup If It Weren’t for the Persistence of Two Young Reporters and One Doctor Who Had Seen Enough, SARS Might Have Killed Thousands More There’s No Guarantee the World Will Be So Lucky Next Time, 2:609–611 Viruses as carcinogens, 1:135 defined, 2:551–552, 881 See also specific viruses and viral diseases VISION 2020: The Right to Sight campaign, 2:718 Visual disorders cytomegalovirus retinitis, 1:190 infection types, 1:204 ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, 1:400–401 trachoma, 1:168, 169, 171; 2:824, 824–826 See also Blindness; Conjunctivitis Voluntary isolation and quarantine, 1:456–457 Volunteers for experiments self-experimentation of scientists, 1:308, 308–311, 366–367; 2:929–931 Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 2:806, 807 virus hunters, 2:888 VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci), 2:875, 875–877 Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), 1:139, 139 VZIG (varicella-zoster immune globulin), 1:155 VZV (varicella-zoster virus) See Chickenpox W Waiting mortuaries, 2:633 Wakefield, Andrew, 2:534–535, 871 Waksman, Selman, 1:48 A Walk Across Africa, 1:129 Walker, Polly, 1:54–55 Walking pneumonia, 1:289–290; 2:643 Walton, David, 2:586 War, 2:889–894 emerging diseases and, 1:283 engraving of sick soldiers, 2:890 experimentation on humans, 1:310 influenza pandemic of 1918, 1:283, 443, 445; 2:890–891 Iraq War (2003-), 1:228–229; 2:892 Korean, 1:148, 362 Lassa fever, 1:471, 474 malaria, 2:515 Marburg virus, 2:889 penicillin use, 1:48, 51, 347; 2:892 seasonal variation in disease, 1:5–6 smallpox, 1:98; 2:771 syphilis, 2:806–807 typhoid fever, 2:850 typhus, 2:853, 854, 855, 856 UNICEF founding, 2:858 See also Biological weapons Warren, J Robin, 1:308, 309, 310, 366, 368 Warren, Stafford, 1:310 Warts, from human papillomavirus infection, 1:135, 413, 413–414 Washington, D.C., required school vaccinations, 1:156 Washington (state), bovine spongiform encephalopathy discovery, 1:118, 120 Waste management See Sanitation Wasting and tuberculosis, 2:838 Water-borne diseases, 2:895, 895–898, 896 See also specific diseases Water filters, 1:219, 334 Water for Life campaign, 1:260; 2:916 Water sanitation and treatment amebiasis, 1:30, 31 balantidiasis, 1:88 bilharzia, 1:94–95 cholera, 1:175, 176, 177–178, 179, 181, 295, 299, 300 clean water access, 1:31s, 260, 371; 2:617, 895, 898, 916 cryptosporidiosis, 1:218, 219, 220 dracunculiasis, 1:252–254 dysentery, 1:259, 260 E coli infection, 1:306, 307 gastroenteritis, 1:322, 323 germ theory and, 1:332 giardiasis, 1:334, 335 helminth diseases, 1:370, 371 hepatitis E, 1:390, 391 hot tub rash, 1:411, 412 leptospirosis, 1:494, 496 liver fluke infections, 1:505 overview, 2:897 parasitic diseases, 2:617 typhoid fever, 2:849, 850 See also Drinking water WCC (World Care Council), 2:842–844 Weapons, biological See Biological weapons 1009 General Index Weather climate change and, 1:184 floods, 1:496; 2:711, 896 Hurricane Katrina, 1:180–181, 257; 2:595 Hurricane Mitch, 1:184 Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, 2:537, 646–647 Web resources See Internet resources Weil, Adolf, 1:494 Weil’s disease, 1:494 Weller, Thomas, 2:648, 651 West Africa Buruli ulcer, 1:129, 130 dengue fever, 1:233 dysentery, 1:260–261 Lassa fever, 1:471, 472–473 leprosy, 1:488 lung fluke infections, 1:506 as origin of AIDS, 1:18–19 Rift Valley fever, 2:711 West African trypanosomiasis, 1:1, 2, West Nile virus, 2:899–905 arrival in U.S., 2:935 climate change and, 1:185 distribution, 1:287–288 as emerging disease, 1:288–289; 2:566, 692, 902, 903 map of risk areas, 2:901 research, 2:899, 900, 900–901 spread of, 1:65 Western Australia Health Department, 1:219 Western black-legged ticks, as Lyme disease carriers, 1:508 Western blot antibody tests, 1:13 Western equine encephalitis, 1:287 Western Europe diphtheria, 1:243, 245 early plague, 2:632 pinworm infections, 2:625 scarlet fever, 2:753 What If Cipro Stopped Working?, 1:54–55 Whipworm, 2:906, 906–908 White, Ryan, 1:9 White blood cells, 1:422 Whitehead, Henry, 1:299 Whitney, Cynthia, 1:289 WHO See World Health Organization WHO Announces End of Ebola Outbreak in Southern Sudan (press release), 1:275 WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, 1:4 WHO Malaria Head to Environmentalists: ‘‘Help Save African Babies As You Are Helping to Save the Environment.’’, 2:520–521 1010 Who Pays to Stop a Pandemic?, 2:671 Whooping cough, 2:909, 909–911 Boulder story, 1:163–166 deaths from, 1:162 in Sweden, 1:165 vaccines, 1:161, 244; 2:817, 910, 911 Why an unequal society is an unhealthy society: poor relationships and low status don’t just make people envious They also interefere with the immune system and damage health, 1:425–426 Wild poliovirus, map of risk areas, 2:654 Wilkinson, Richard, 1:425, 426 Willis, Judith Levine, 2:563–564 Wisconsin, cryptosporidiosis outbreak, 1:218, 219–220; 2:896 Women and minorities, 2:912–914 African-Americans, 2:806, 807–809 early plague and, 2:631 gonorrhea, 1:346, 347; 2:760 trachoma, 1:171 Trichomonas infection, 2:832, 833 urinary tract infections, 2:864 Wood, Leonard, 2:930 Wood Buffalo National Park, 1:124 Woodall, Jack, 2:660–661, 925–929 Woodruff, Robert, 1:146 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2:529 World Bank, 1:4; 2:718, 738 World Care Council (WCC), 2:842–844 World Food Programme, 2:927 World Health Assembly International Health Regulations and, 1:482 purpose, 2:915 smallpox repository destruction, 2:778 World Health Organization (WHO), 2:915–917 African sleeping sickness, 1:1, 3, amebiasis work, 1:30 anthrax, 1:45; 2:893 availability of hospital beds data, 1:25s avian flu monitoring, 1:76–77, 283, 433, 440; 2:549 bilharzia, 1:95 Buruli ulcer, 1:129, 130 Chagas disease, 1:151 chikungunya, 1:158 childbirth attendants data, 2:675s Chlamydia infections, 1:169–170 cholera, 1:176–177, 178, 179, 181; 2:896 clean water access, 1:31s, 260, 371; 2:617, 895, 898, 916 climate change, 1:185 condom use data, 1:170s Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 1:212, 213, 214 criticism of, 2:916 DDT, 1:65; 2:520–521 on deaths in children, 1:228 dengue fever, 2:566 diarrhea, 1:184; 2:737 diphtheria, 1:244, 245, 246 drug delivery programs, 1:237, 239 on drug resistance, 2:875 dysentery, 1:259, 260 Ebola virus, 1:272, 273, 274–275; 2:887 encephalitis, 1:288, 289 extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis program, 2:691 field level response plans, 2:606–607 food-borne illness, 1:319 founding of, 1:480 gastroenteritis, 1:324 Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization program, 1:148 globalization and, 1:342 gonorrhea, 1:348 GreeneChips use, 2:616 Haemophilus influenzae, 1:354 on handwashing, 1:360 helminth disease programs, 1:371 hepatitis C, 1:386 HIV/AIDS, 1:14, 15–16, 21 H5N1 virus, 1:349 hookworm infections, 1:405, 406, 407 immigration issues, 1:418 immunization programs, 1:160, 161 income/health status relationship research, 1:277 on infectious diseases, 1:240; 2:689 influenza, 1:440, 446, 454 integrated vector management work, 1:409 International Health Regulations work, 1:418, 481; 2:921 international level reporting systems, 1:299 irradiation recommendations, 1:226 Japanese encephalitis vaccination, 1:461 leishmaniasis work, 1:485 leprosy, 1:489, 490, 491 liver fluke infections, 1:505 malaria, 1:65, 279–280; 2:515, 518, 520, 568, 878, 879 Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 2:525 measles, 2:532, 533 meningitis work, 2:542 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT General Index nosocomial infections campaign, 2:598 opportunistic infections, 2:604 pandemic preparedness and, 2:614 parasitic diseases, 2:615 plague, 2:606 polio eradication program, 1:284, 434; 2:648, 652–653, 654–656 prion diseases, 2:783, 789 ProMED and, 2:660 rabies cases, 2:681, 682 river blindness, 2:716, 717, 718 rotavirus vaccination program, 2:723 Salmonella infections, 2:734, 735 on sanitation, 1:180s; 2:737–738 SARS, 2:611, 742, 743, 747 smallpox, 1:101; 2:770, 771, 774–775, 776–777, 778 STDs, 2:761 streptococcal infections, 2:796, 798 Streptococcus pyogenes infections, 2:587 surveillance systems, 1:4 syphilis, 2:805 Taiwan and, 1:419 trachoma, 1:169; 2:825, 826 transfusion-transmissible infections prevention, 1:110, 111, 113 Trichomonas infections, 2:832–833 tropical diseases, 2:834, 835, 836 tuberculosis, 1:24, 86; 2:838, 841, 842 tularemia, 2:847 typhoid fever, 2:850, 851 typhus, 2:855 U.S reporting systems and, 2:665–666 vector-borne diseases, 2:879 viral diseases, 2:884 water-borne diseases, 2:897 whipworm control strategy, 2:908 whooping cough, 2:910, 911 yaws, 2:924 yellow fever, 2:566, 878, 926, 928t Yersinia pestis infection reports, 2:635, 637, 638 zoonoses, 2:935 World Health Report 2004 (WHO), 1:15–16 World Organization for Animal Health, 1:119 World Tourism Organization, 1:341 INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT World trade issues, 2:918–922, 935 World War I (1914-1918) biological weapons use, 1:42, 127 influenza pandemic of 1918 and, 1:283, 443, 445; 2:890–891 malaria in, 2:515 syphilis campaign, 2:806–807 typhus in, 2:855, 891–892 World War II (1939-1945), 2:515–516 biological weapons use, 1:42–43, 116, 124, 127; 2:847 experimentation on humans, 1:310 penicillin use, 1:48, 51, 347; 2:892 Tuskegee Syphilis Study and, 2:806 typhus warning sign, 2:853 UNICEF founding and, 2:858 Wounds, war-related, 2:892 Wrestler’s herpes, 1:393, 394 Wuchereria bancrofti infections See Filariasis Wyeth, 2:873, 874 X XDR-TB (extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis) airborne precautions, 1:24 as emerging threat, 1:282; 2:550, 691, 841 overview, 2:840 Speaker, Andrew case, 1:343, 419, 481; 2:840 Y Yale Arbovirus Research Center (YARU), 2:888 Yaws, 2:834, 835, 858, 923, 923–924 Yeast infections See Candidiasis Yekaterinburg, Russia anthrax incident, 1:43–44 Yellow fever, 2:925–931 infant with, 2:927 outbreaks, 1:64; 2:566 Panama Canal construction and, 1:64, 293, 308–309, 310; 2:925, 925–926 research, 1:308–309, 310; 2:886 as tropical disease, 2:834, 835 vaccines, 1:161; 2:926, 929–929 as vector-borne disease, 2:878 WHO data, 2:928s Yellow Fever Commission, 1:308, 310 Yellowstone National Park, bison testing, 1:122 Yemen Rift Valley fever, 2:711, 712 river blindness, 2:716 Yeoh Eng-kiong, 1:343 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 1:78 Yersin, Alexander, 2:636, 637 Yersinia enterocolitica infections, 2:932–934 Yersinia pestis infections See Plague Yersinia pestis Orientalis in Remains of Ancient Plague Patients’’ 2:632–634 Yersiniosis, 2:932–934 Yugoslav War (1991-1995), public health effects, 2:892–893 Z Zaire cholera in refugees, 1:177 early AIDS cases, 1:19 Ebola virus, 1:37, 278, 373 See also Democratic Republic of the Congo Zambia, HIV/AIDS in, 1:11, 19 Zanamivir, for influenza, 1:75, 454 Zental See Albendazole Zezima, Katie, 1:289–290 Zhang Wenkang, 2:609, 610 Zidovudine (AZT) cancer risks from, 1:62 in developing nations, 2:914 mechanism of action, 1:60–61 Ziehl-Neelsen stains, 1:130, 226; 2:554 Zimbabwe HIV/AIDS prevention programs, 2:862 malaria, 1:184 Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 2:524 Zoonoses, 2:935–937 See also specific diseases and disease types Zostavax vaccine, 2:769 Zoster See Shingles 1011 .. .Infectious Diseases: In Context Infectious Diseases: In Context Brenda Wilmoth Lerner & K Lee Lerner, Editors VOLUME AIDS TO LYME DISEASE Infectious Diseases: In Context Brenda... lives in an attempt to lessen the toll of infectious diseases xviii INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IN CONTEXT A Special Introduction by Stephen A Berger, M.D The Burden of Infectious Disease in Our Changing,... Allergy and Infectious Diseases, for what was, at the time Infectious Diseases: In Context went to press, a preview of his latest version of the map of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases,