3D Graphics with OpenGL ES and M3G- P46 doc

434 INDEX reflectance (Continued) diffuse, 66–67 specular, 67–68 reflection models, 64–65 ambient reflectance, 65–66 diffuse reflectance, 66–67 specular reflectance, 67–68 registers, 408 rendering asynchronous multibuffered, 103 into textures, 254–255 layers, 132, 360–361 level-of-detail, 151 low-level, 55–103 multi-pass, 98–99 order, 149 portal, 150 primitives, 57–61 retained mode, 128–132 sprite, 347–348 state, 130, 132 synchronized, 102–103 transparent objects, 97–98 render methods, 296 render targets, 290–293 antialiasing, 292 binding, 291 disabling depth buffer, 292–293 dithering, 292 minimizing number of, 291 synchronizing 2D and 3D, 291–292 REPLACE function, 80 retained-mode objects, 272 retained mode rendering, 128–132 camera/light setup, 129–130 defined, 128, 294 display lists, 128 state, resolving, 130 RGBA format, 80 root objects, 312 rotation interpolation, 285–286 rotations, 36–38 defined, 36 illustrated, 36 Transformable, 304–305 S Safety-Critical (SC) profile, 161 scalability, 134–136 background elements, 136 detail objects, 136 special effects, 135–136 texture mapping, 134 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), 22 scalar product, 29, 30 scale orientation, 305 scaling downscaling, 134 matrix, 38 uniform, 38 scene graph objects, 272 scene graphs (M3G), 349 –366 basics, 349–351 groups, 350–351 layering, 360–361 Mesh objects, 351–354 multi-pass effects, 361–362 Node objects, 349–350 object transformation, 354–360 performance optimization, 364–366 picking, 362–364 World, 351 scene graphs (OpenGL ES), 120 –128 application area, 120–121 class hierarchy, 125–128 content creation, 123–125 defined, 120 example, 275 extensibility, 125 nodes, 273 Performer by SGI, 128 spatial data structure, 121–123 scene management, 117–132 scissor test, 92–93, 214 scope masks, 365–366 defined, 365 example, 366 screen linear interpolation, 82–83 scrolling backgrounds, 344–345 separate specular pass, 335–337 sequence time, 375 setters setActiveCamera, 356 setAlignment, 358, 359 setAlphaThreshold, 348 setAppearance, 352 setAttenuation, 341 setBlending, 334 setColor, 320, 328, 333, 341, 343 setCrop, 344, 347 setCulling, 327 setDefaultColor, 322 setDepth, 343 setDepthRange, 294 setDuration, 370 setGeneric, 338 setImage, 344 setImageMode, 344 setIntensity, 341 setKeyframe, 369 setLight, 341 setLinear, 333 setMode, 332 setNormals, 320 setParallel, 337 setPerspective, 338 setPickingEnable, 363 setPositions, 320, 321 setScope, 365 setSpeed, 376 setTexCoords, 320, 322 setTranslation, 306 setTwoSidedLightingEnable, 327 setValidRange, 369 setWeight, 376 setWinding, 327 shading accessibility, 86 flat, 64, 193 Gouraud, 64, 193 model, changing, 193 OpenGL ES support, 193 Phong, 64 shallow copy, 308 shared exponents, 397–399 shearing, 38 shininess power, 68 sin, 399–400 single buffering, 101 skinned characters, 381–385 attaching skin, 383–385 build example, 381–383 combining morphing/skinning, 385 connecting bones, 383–384 illustrated, 382 SkinnedMesh class, 353 construction, 384 nodes, 384 object, 368 skinning, 20, 114–116 animation from, 115–116 as de facto standard, 114 INDEX 435 defined, 114 hardware-accelerated, 115 with matrix palette extension, 235–238 morphing combined with, 385 skeleton hierarchy, 114 smart phones, 4, 7 special effects, scalability, 135–136 specular reflectance, 67–68 defined, 67 geometr y, 67 spherical environment mapping, 86, 87 spherical linear interpolation (slerp), 112 spline interpolation, 387 spot lights, 69 Sprite3D class, 346–348 defined, 346 sprite image specification, 347 use cases, 346 sprites Appearance attributes, 347 compositing, 347–348 creating, 346–347 functions, 346–347 M3G support, 61 rendering, 347–348 squad, 112 squared exponential (EXP2) fog, 89 state, 132 changes, optimizing, 146 changing, 145–146 querying, 145–146 resolving, 130 sorting, 132 state machine model, 168 static lighting, 151 static properties, 296–297 stencil buffers, 216 stencil test, 93–94, 215–217 defined, 215 enabling, 215 example, 216–217 See also fragments stippling, 176 stride parameter, 177, 178 subdivision surfaces, 59 submeshes, 352 Appearance, changing, 352 number of, 352 vertices, sharing, 352 suffixes, 167–168 supersampling, 91 surfaces, 248–252 attributes, 251 binding commands, 257 defined, 248 double-buffered, 249 pbuffer, 248–249, 250 pixmap, 249, 258 window, 248 SVG B asic, 22 SVG Tiny, 22 synchronization 2D/3D points, 291–292 points, 102–103 sequence, 386–387 T tags, 308–310 target cameras, 359–360 technical support, OpenGL ES, 160 temporal aliasing, 92 Texture2D class, 329–332 texture-based lighting, 83–88 ambient occlusion, 86 approaches, 84–85 environment mapping, 86–88 light mapping, 85 projective lighting, 85–86 See also lighting texture combiners, 207–209 defined, 207 use example, 208 texture coordinates, 75–76 rotation, 188 transformation, 186–188 values less than zero, 76 wrapping modes, 76 texture data, specifying, 197–202 texture filtering, 76–78, 202–205 anisotropic, 78 bilinear, 78 as expensive operation, 204 illustrated, 77 mipmap modes, 204–205 mipmap specification, 203–204 modes, 203 texture images, 329–330 texture mapping, 60, 74, 74–82, 196–210 hardware implementation, 152 illustrated, 75 scalability, 134 software implementation, 152 texture coordinates, 75–76 texture matrix, 183 manipulation code example, 187 transformation, 186 texture objects, 196–197 texture names, 196 use pattern, 197 textures, 152–154 borders, 78–79 combiner functions, 80–81 combining, 153 compressed formats, 200–202 formats, 79–80, 198 functions, 79–80, 81, 205–206 image data, 153 light map, 331 OpenGL ES, 163 rendering into, 254–255 sampling, 330 storage, 152–154 wrap modes, 205 texture transformations, 332 texturing point sprite, 209 units, 165, 207 Transformable class, 303–306 defined, 303 false entries, 317 methods, 303–304 pivot transformations, 305–306 rotations, 304–305 transformation(s) affine, 35–42 around pivots, 39 camera, 338–339 compound, 33–34 hierarchies, 121, 149 modelview, 339 node, 354–355 normal vectors, 34–35, 185–186 object, 354–360 OpenGL ES, 163 pivot, 305–306 rigid, 38 rotation, 36–38 scaling, 38 shearing, 38 436 INDEX transformation(s) (Continued) texture, 332 texture coordinate, 186–188 texture matrix, 186 translation, 36 view ing, 355–356 viewport, 183, 188–189 transformation pipeline, 148–151 culling, 150–151 object hierarchies, 148–149 rendering order, 149 Transform class, 272, 283, 300–302 defined, 300 initializing, 300–301 matrix creation, 301 matrix multiplication functions, 301 matrix operations, 301 methods, 302 use cases, 302 vertices transformation, 302 translation, 36 transparent objects, 97–98 transpose operation, 31 triangle data, 148 triangle meshes, 118–120 appearance, 118 components, 118 defined, 118 object coordinates, 119 vertex arrays, 119 triangles, 57 definition methods, 176 fan, 176 index array, 148 mesh, 58 planar, 63 separate, 176 sorting, 148 TriangleStripArray class, 323 triangle strips, 176, 323, 324 trigonometric operations, 399–400 TRUE COLOR hint, 292 two-sided lighting, 192 type-checking, 412 ty pe parameter, 177 typographic conventions, this book, 3 U user clip planes, 165, 189 V vectors cross product, 30 dot product, 29, 30 normal, 34–35, 63–64 products, 29–30 scalar product, 29, 30 transforming, 34–35 vendor-specific extensions, 166 VertexArray class, 283, 318, 319–320 defined, 319–320 get method, 320 vertex arrays binding VBOs to, 182 defined, 177 delta encoding, 318 packed data, 178 sizes, 178 stride and, 178 supported types, 321 VertexBuffer class, 282, 320–323 constructor, 320 setters, 320–321 vertex buffer objects (VBOs), 129 , 164, 180–183 array indices in, 182–183 binding to vertex attribute array, 182 creation, 180–181 defined, 180 list, 181 vertex data, 147–148, 162 format, 178 specifying, 177–179 vertex ordering, 192 vertex pipeline, 139–140 vertex shaders, 116 vertex tr ansformation pipeline, 183–189 illustrated, 183 matrices, 183–185 matrix stacks, 188 texture coordinate transformation, 186–188 transforming normals, 185–186 user clip planes, 189 view port transformation, 188–189 vertices, 173 defined, 29 dynamically uploaded data, 116 positions, 322 submesh sharing, 352 transforming, 302 view frustum, 47–50 asymmetric, 48 clipping to, 72 culling, 71–73 defined, 45 eye coordinate system, 45 general, definition, 48 viewport, 293–294 depth range and, 294 maximum size, 294 transformation, 183, 293 Vincent, 160 vir tual machines, 408–409 ahead-of-time (AOT) tactic, 409 approaches, 408 interpretation, 408 just-in-time (JIT) compilers, 408 visibility optimization, 364–365 visibility processing, 121, 122 W water simulation, 116 window surfaces as best performing, 256 in control, 257–258 defined, 248 See also surfaces Wireless Messaging API (JSR 120), 271 word-aligned packing, 225 world time, 375, 376 X XOR operation, 100 Z Z axis, 357, 360 alignment, 357 negative, 359 positive, 359 z-buffer, 45 z-fighting, 47, 94 zTarget, 357 COLOR PLATE 1: (Figure 1.5) Uses of OpenGL ES in the Nokia N95 multimedia computer. On the left the multimedia menu and the mapping application of Nokia N95; on the right, a mobile game. Images Copyright c  2007 Nokia Corporation. COLOR PLATE 2: (Figure 1.6) Screen shot from the GLBenchmark benchmarking suite for OpenGL ES. Image copyright c  Kishonti Informatics LP. COLOR PLATE 3: (Figure 1.7) More 3D user interface examples. Images copyright c  Acrodea. COLOR PLATE 4: (Figure 1.8) 3D user interface examples. Images copyright c  TAT. COLOR PLATE 5: (Figure 1.9) A VGA resolution screen shot from 3DMark Mobile 06, and OpenGL ES benchmark program. Image copyright c  Futuremark. COLOR PLATE 6: (Figure 1.10) Demonstrating some of the advanced shading capabilities made possible by OpenGL ES 2.0. Images copyright c  AMD. COLOR PLATE 7: (Figure 1.11) Java games using M3G. Images copyright c  Digital Chocolate. COLOR PLATE 8: (Figure 1.12) Screen shot from the Jbenchmark performance bench- marking suite for M3G. Image copyright c  Kishonti Informatics LP. COLOR PLATE 9: (Figure 3.2) Illustrating the various stages of shading discussed in Chapters 3 and 8–10. Toprow,lefttoright:w ire fr ame model; filled model; diffuse lighting; diffuse and Phong specular lighting. Bottom row: texturing added; texturing with a separate specular pass; bump mapping added; and rendered with an intersecting translucent object to demonstrate Z-buffering and alpha blending. 10% 15% 34% 60% 128 3 128 64 3 64 32 3 32 16 3 16 1 COLOR PLATE 10: (Figure 3.14) Rendering a light bloom effect by blurring the highlights and compositing on top of the normal scene. Images copyright c  AMD. COLOR PLATE 11: (Figure 3.15) The effect of different texture functions. Top: incoming fragment colors (left) and texture (right); transparency is indicated with the checkerboard pattern behind the image. Bottom: resulting textures after each texture operation; left to right: REPLACE, MODULATE, DECAL, BLEND, ADD. For the BLEND mode, the user-defined blending color is pure yellow. COLOR PLATE 12: (Figure 3.17) Several passes of a scene: bump mapping, projective lighting (using the circular light map on left middle), adding environment map reflection to the barrel (the cube map at left bottom), adding shadows, final image. Image copyright c  AMD. COLOR PLATE 13: (Figure 3.19) An environment cube map (right) and refraction map (center)usedtorender a well. Image copyright c  AMD. COLOR PLATE 14: (Figure 6.11) An example of automatically packing textures into a texture atlas (refer to Section 6.7.1). Image courtesy of Bruno Levy. . 178 subdivision surfaces, 59 submeshes, 352 Appearance, changing, 352 number of, 352 vertices, sharing, 352 suffixes, 167–168 supersampling, 91 surfaces, 248–252 attributes, 251 binding commands, 257 defined,. (Figure 1.8) 3D user interface examples. Images copyright c  TAT. COLOR PLATE 5: (Figure 1.9) A VGA resolution screen shot from 3DMark Mobile 06, and OpenGL ES benchmark program. Image copyright c . suite for OpenGL ES. Image copyright c  Kishonti Informatics LP. COLOR PLATE 3: (Figure 1.7) More 3D user interface examples. Images copyright c  Acrodea. COLOR PLATE 4: (Figure 1.8) 3D user