BK TP.HCM 2009 dce KIẾN TRÚC MÁY TÍNH CS2009 Khoa Khoa họcvàKỹ thuậtMáytính BM Kỹ thuậtMáytính Võ TấnPhương http://www.cse.hcmut.edu.vn/~vtphuong 2009 dce ©2009, CE Department 2 9/14/2009 Course Syllabus • The Content – Chapter1 (week1-2): Introduction to Computer Abstraction and Technology – Chapter2 (week3-5): Instructions – Language of the Computer – Chapter3 (week6-7): Arithmetic for Computers – Chapter4 (week10-12): The Processor – Chapter5 (week13-14): Storage and Other IO topics – Chapter6 (week15-16): Memory Systems • References – David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy, Computer Organization & Design – The Hardware/Software Interface, 4th Edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2008 – William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture – Designing for Performance, 7th Edition, Pearson International Edition, 2006. • Homepage: http://www.cse.hcmut.edu.vn/~anhvu/teaching/2009/504002CS/ • Grading Policy: – Homework: 20% – Midterm examination: 30% – Final examination: 50% 2009 dce ©2009, CE Department 3 9/14/2009 Course Overview • Principle and organization of digital computers, • Bus organization and memory design, • Principle of computer’s instruction set and programming in assembly language (some popular processors are used such as MIPS, Intel x86, ARM, …), • Interface between the processor and peripherals, • Performance issues in computer architecture. 2009 dce Why study Computer Architecture • To be a professional in any field of computing today, you should not regard the computer as just a back box that executes program by magic. • You should understand a computer system’s functional components, their characteristics, their performance, and their interactions. • You need to understand computer architecture in order to build a program so that it runs efficiently on a machine. • When selecting a system to use, you should be able to understand the tradeoff among various components, such as CPU clock speed vs. memory size. ©2009, CE Department 4 9/14/2009 2009 dce Chapter 1 Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, 4 th Edition, Patterson & Hennessy, © 2008 ©2009, CE Department 5 9/14/2009 Computer Abstraction and Technology 2009 dce The Computer Revolution • Progress in computer technology – Underpinned by Moore’s Law • Makes novel applications feasible – Computers in automobiles – Cell phones – Human genome project – World Wide Web – Search Engines • Computers are pervasive 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 6 2009 dce Classes of Computers • Desktop computers – General purpose, variety of software – Subject to cost/performance tradeoff • Server computers – Network based – High capacity, performance, reliability – Range from small servers to building sized • Embedded computers – Hidden as components of systems – Stringent power/performance/cost constraints 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 7 2009 dce The Processor Market 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 8 2009 dce What You Will Learn • How programs are translated into the machine language – And how the hardware executes them • The hardware/software interface • What determines program performance – And how it can be improved • How hardware designers improve performance • What is parallel processing 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 9 2009 dce Understanding Performance • Algorithm – Determines number of operations executed • Programming language, compiler, architecture – Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation • Processor and memory system – Determine how fast instructions are executed • I/O system (including OS) – Determines how fast I/O operations are executed 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 10 [...]... 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 15 dce 2009 Through the Looking Glass • LCD screen: picture elements (pixels) – Mirrors content of frame buffer memory 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 16 dce 2009 Opening the Box 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 17 dce 2009 Inside... Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 18 dce 2009 Inside the Processor • AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 19 dce 2009 Abstractions The BIG Picture • Abstraction helps us deal with complexity – Hide lower-level detail • Instruction... The details underlying and interface 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 20 dce 2009 A Safe Place for Data • Volatile main memory – Loses instructions and data when power off • Non-volatile secondary memory – Magnetic disk – Flash memory – Optical disk (CDROM, DVD) 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 21 dce 2009... flash – Network adapters • For communicating with other computers 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 13 dce 2009 Anatomy of a Computer Output device Network cable Input device Input device 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 14 dce 2009 Anatomy of a Mouse • Optical mouse – LED illuminates desktop – Small low-res... Networks • Communication and resource sharing • Local area network (LAN): Ethernet – Within a building • Wide area network (WAN: the Internet • Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 22 dce 2009 Technology Trends • Electronics technology continues to evolve – Increased capacity and performance – Reduced cost Year Technology 1951 Vacuum... instructions and data 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 12 dce 2009 Components of a Computer The BIG Picture • Same components for all kinds of computer – Desktop, server, embedded • Input/output includes – User-interface devices • Display, keyboard, mouse – Storage devices • Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash – Network adapters • For communicating with other computers... System: service code • Handling input/output • Managing memory and storage • Scheduling tasks & sharing resources • Hardware – Processor, memory, I/O controllers 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 11 dce 2009 Levels of Program Code • High-level language – Level of abstraction closer to problem domain – Provides for productivity and portability • Assembly... Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 28 dce 2009 CPU Time CPU Time = CPU Clock Cycles × Clock Cycle Time CPU Clock Cycles = Clock Rate • Performance improved by – Reducing number of clock cycles – Increasing clock rate – Hardware designer must often trade off clock rate against cycle count 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 29 dce... instructions have different CPI • Average CPI affected by instruction mix 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 31 dce 2009 CPI Example • • • • Computer A: Cycle Time = 250ps, CPI = 2.0 Computer B: Cycle Time = 500ps, CPI = 1.2 Same ISA Which is faster, and by how much? = Instruction Count × CPI × Cycle Time A A = I × 2.0 × 250ps = I × 500ps A is faster… CPU... Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 32 dce 2009 CPI in More Detail • If different instruction classes take different numbers of cycles n Clock Cycles = ∑ (CPIi × Instruction Count i ) i =1 Weighted average CPI n Clock Cycles Instruction Count i ⎞ ⎛ = ∑ ⎜ CPIi × CPI = ⎟ Instruction Count i=1 ⎝ Instruction Count ⎠ Relative frequency 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions . Content – Chapter1 (week1-2): Introduction to Computer Abstraction and Technology – Chapter2 (week3-5): Instructions – Language of the Computer – Chapter3 (week6-7): Arithmetic for Computers – Chapter4 . memory 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 16 2009 dce Opening the Box 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 17 2009 dce Inside. Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 18 2009 dce Inside the Processor • AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores 9/14/2009 ©2009, CE Department Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology