Cách thức hoạt động của IP version 4

DFKLSY*LẽLWKLáXFKXQJ 1K} FKảQJ WD ~ ELW ,QWHUQHW O PW PQJ P\ WÂQK WRQ FX GR KQJ QJKQPQJP\WÂQKWáNKSPăLQ|LQơLOLWRQzQ.KFYLFFKWêFKằFWKHR FFFSQLKWOLzQWQKTXơFWFDPWPQJYLQWK{QJQK}PQJWKRLFKQJ KQPQJ,QWHUQHWWêFKằFFKFĐPWFSFFPQJP\WÂQKGQKƠGWRNKL QơLYR,QWHUQHW~XEQK~QJYLQKDX'RFFKWêFKằFQK}Y\QzQWUzQ,QWHUQHW FĐFXWUảF~ÊDFKFFK~QK~ÊDFK~FELWWURQJNKLFFK~QK~ÊDFK~ơLYL PQJYLQWK{QJOL~|QJLQK|QQKLX wơLYLPQJYLQWK{QJQK}PQJWKRLFKQJKQNKFKKQJFFYQJ NKFQKDXKRQWRQFĐWKFĐFQJVơ~LQWKRLSKyQELWYLQKDXEQJP YQJPWQKKD\PTXơFWwơLYLPQJ,QWHUQHWGRFFKWêFKằFFKFĐPW FSQzQPôLPWNKFKKQJKD\PWP\FK+RVWKRF5RXWHU~XFĐPW ~ÊDFK,QWHUQHWGX\QKWPNK{QJ~}FSKSWUQJYLEWNẵDL'RY\P~ÊD FKWUzQ,QWHUQHWWKẳFVẳOPWWLQJX\zQ +QJ FKãF WULXP\ FK WUzQ KQJ WUxP QJKQ PQJw ~ÊD FK NK{QJ ~}FWUQJQKDXFQSKLFĐFXWUảF~ÊDFK~FELWTXQOWKơQJQKWYPW 7ê FKằF FD ,QWHUQHW JăL O 7UXQJ WyP WK{QJ WLQ PQJ ,QWHUQHW 1HWZRUN ,QIRUPDWLRQ&HQWHU1,&FKWUSKyQSKơL1,&FKSKyQ~ÊDFKPQJ1HW,' FÔQ~ÊDFKP\FKWUzQPQJ~Đ+RVW,'GRFF7êFKằFTXQO,QWHUQHW FDWáQJTXơFJLDPWWẳSKyQSKơL7URQJWKẳFW~FĐWK~ÊQKWX\QURXWLQJ WUzQPQJ,QWHUQHWQJRL~ÊDFK,3FÔQFQ~QWzQULzQJFDFFP\FK+RVW 'RPDLQ1DPH&FSKQWLSWKHRFKảQJWDK\QJKLzQFằXFXWUảF~FELWFD ~ÊDFK,QWHUQHW ,&ơXWUếFDFK,3 &KLWLW D7KyQKSKQYyKQKG}QJFĐDxDFK,3 wÊDFK,3~DQJ~}FVạGãQJKLQWL,3YFĐELWFKLDWKQK2FWHW PôL2FWHWFĐELWW}|QJ~}|QJE\WHFFK~P~XWáWULTXDSKLEÂWFKR ~QEÂWFF2FWHWWFKELWQKDXEQJGXFKPEDRJâPFĐWKQKSKQ FKÂQK class bit Net ID Host ID %LW %LWQKQGQJOS&ODVVELW wÊDFKFDPQJ1HW,' wÊDFKFDP\FK+RVW,' *KLFKĂ7lQOqiDFKPt\FKQKoQJWKĐFWNKmQJFKFPt\FKPq W~WFrFtFPt\FRQ:RUNVWDWLRQFtFFQJWUX\QKSYYpXF{QFpDFK %LWQKQGQJOS&ODVVELW~SKyQELW~ÊDFKOSQR wÊDFK,QWHUQHWELXKLQGQJELWQKÊSKyQ [\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\ [\ KRF 9ÂGã wÊDFK,QWHUQHWELXKLQGQJWKSSKyQ[[[[[[[[[[[[ [OVơWKSSKyQWá~Q 9ÂGã 'QJYLW~\~FD~ÊDFK,3OFRQVơWURQJWáQJ2FWHW9ÂGã~ÊDFK,3 WK}đQJ WK\ WUzQ WKẳF W FĐ WK O QK}QJ GQJ ~\ ~ O E&|FOÔSxDFK,3 wÊDFK,3FKLDUDOS$%&'(+LQWL~GQJKWOS$%YJQ KWOS&FÔQOS'Y(7êFKằFLQWHUQHW~DQJ~GQKFKRPãF~ÂFKNKFNK{QJ SKyQQzQFKảQJWDFKQJKLzQFằXOS~X 16 24 class a : 0 class b 10 class c 1 10 net id host id net id host id net id host id 1 32 8 octet 1 octet 4 octet 3octet 2 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 0 Class d 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 1 0 class e 4XDFXWU¶FFFO±S~£DFK,3FK¶QJWDF§QKQ[WVDX %LWQKQGQJOQKºQJELW~XWLzQF´DO±S$OF´DO±S%OF´D O±S&O /S'FĐELW~XWLzQ~QKQGQJOFÔQOS(FĐEÂW~XWLzQ ~QKQGQJO wÊDFKOS$wÊDFKPQJÂWY~ÊDFKP\FKWUzQWáQJPQJQKLX wÊDFKOS%wÊDFKPQJYáDSKLY~ÊDFKP\FKWUzQWáQJPQJ YáDSKL wÊDFKOS&wÊDFKPQJQKLX~ÊDFKP\FKWUzQWáQJPQJÂW $ Wá~Q % Wá~Q &Wá~Q 'Wá~Q.K{QJSKyQ (Wá~Q.K{QJSKyQ $ Wá~Q % Wá~Q &Wá~Q ' ( 1K}Y\QXFKảQJWDWK\~ÊDFK,3FĐQKĐPVơFFKQKDXEQJGXFKP QX WK\ QKĐP Vơ WKằ QKW QKƠ K|Q ELW ~ÊD FK Q\ OS $ QP WURQJ NKRQJ~QELW~ÊDFKQ\OS%YWá~QELW~ÊDFKQ\ OS& ,LDFKPQJFRQFểD,QWHUQHW ,3VXEQHWWLQJ D1JX\tQQKsQ 1K}~QzXWUzQ~ÊDFKWUzQ,QWHUQHWWKẳFVẳOPWWLQJX\zQPWPQJ NKLJLDQKS,QWHUQHW~}F7UXQJWyPWK{QJWLQPQJ,QWHUQHW1,&SKyQFKRPW Vơ~ÊDFKYáD~GQJYL\zXFXOảF~ĐVDXQ\QXPQJSKWWULQWKzPOL SKL[LQ1,&WKzP~ĐO~LXNK{QJWKXQWLQFKRFFQKNKDLWKFPQJ +|QQDFFOS~ÊDFKFD,QWHUQHWNK{QJSKLKRQWRQSKKSYL\zX FXWKẳFW~ÊDFKOS%FKQJKQPôLPW~ÊDFKPQJFĐWKFSFKR P\FK7KẳFWFĐPQJQKƠFKFĐYLFKãFP\FKWKVOQJSKÂUWQKLX ~ÊDFKFÔQOLPNK{QJDLGQJ~}FwNKFSKãFYQ~Q\YWQGãQJWơL ~D~ÊDFK~}F1,&SKyQEW~XWáQxPQJ}đLWDQJKĂ~QwÊDFKPQJ FRQ 1K}Y\SKyQ~ÊDFKPQJFRQOPUQJ~ÊDFKFKRQKLXPQJWUzQF| VPWpDFKPuQJP1,&SKyQFKRSKKSYLVơO}QJWKẳFWP\FKFĐ WUzQWáQJPQJ %3KwvQJSK|SSKsQFKLDxDFKP}QJFRQ &KLWLW 7U}F NKL QJKLzQ FằX SKQ Q\ FKảQJ WD FQ SKL KLX TXD PW Vơ NKL QLPOLzQTXDQWLYLFSKyQ~ÊDFKFFPQJFRQ 'HIDXOW0DVN*LWUÊWUQ~ÊDFKPQJ~}F~ÊQKQJKĂDWU}F FKRWáQJOS~ÊDFK$%&7KẳFFKWOJLWUÊWKSSKyQFDRQKWNKLWW FELW~XEQJWURQJFF2FWHWGQKFKR~ÊDFKPQJ1HW,' 'HIDXOW0DVN /S$ /S% /S& 6XEQHW0DVNJLWUÊWUQFDWáQJPQJFRQ 6XEQHW0DVNONWKSFD'HIDXOW0DVNYLJLWUÊWKSSKyQFDRQKWFD FFELWO\WáFF2FWHWFD~ÊDFKP\FKVDQJSKQ~ÊDFKPQJ~WR ~ÊDFKPQJFRQ 6XEQHW0DVNEDRJLđFàQJ~LNPYL~ÊDFKPQJWLzXFKXQ ~ FKRQJ}đL~ăFELW~ÊDFKPQJWLzXFKXQQ\GQJFFKR P\ FK KD\ FKLDUDWKQKFFPQJFRQ0WNKFQĐFÔQJLảS 5RXWHUWURQJYLF~ÊQKWX\Q FXFJăL 1JX\lQWyFFKXQJ /\EWPWVơELWFDSKQ~ÊDFKP\FK~WR~ÊDFKPQJFRQ /\~LEDRQKLzXELWSKãWKXFYRVơPQJFRQFQWKLW6XEQHWPDVN PQKNKDLWKFPQJTX\W~ÊQKVWRUD &XWUằFăDFKÊFạD,QWHUQHWăDFKÊ,3 1K} FKảQJ WD ~ ELW ,QWHUQHW O PW PQJ P\ WÂQK WRQ FX GR KQJ QJKQPQJP\WÂQKWáNKSPăLQ|LQơLOLWRQzQ.KFYLFFKWêFKằFWKHR FFFSQLKWOLzQWQKTXơFWFDPWPQJYLQWK{QJQK}PQJWKRLFKQJ KQPQJ,QWHUQHWWêFKằFFKFĐPWFSFFPQJP\WÂQKGQKƠGWRNKL QơLYR,QWHUQHW~XEQK~QJYLQKDX'RFFKWêFKằFQK}Y\QzQWUzQ,QWHUQHW FĐFXWUảF~ÊDFKFFK~QK~ÊDFK~FELWWURQJNKLFFK~QK~ÊDFK~ơLYL PQJYLQWK{QJOL~|QJLQK|QQKLX wơLYLPQJYLQWK{QJQK}PQJWKRLFKQJKQNKFKKQJFFYQJ NKFQKDXKRQWRQFĐWKFĐFQJVơ~LQWKRLSKyQELWYLQKDXEQJP YQJPWQKKD\PTXơFWwơLYLPQJ,QWHUQHWGRFFKWêFKằFFKFĐPW FSQzQPôLPWNKFKKQJKD\PWP\FK+RVWKRF5RXWHU~XFĐPW ~ÊDFKLQWHUQHWGX\QKWPNK{QJ~}FSKSWUQJYLEWNẵDL'RY\P~ÊD FKWUzQ,QWHUQHWWKẳFVẳOPWWLQJX\zQ +QJ FKãF WULXP\ FK WUzQ KQJ WUxP QJKQ PQJw ~ÊD FK NK{QJ ~}FWUQJQKDXFQSKLFĐFXWUảF~ÊDFK~FELWTXQOWKơQJQKWYPW 7ê FKằF FD ,QWHUQHW JăL O 7UXQJ WyP WK{QJ WLQ PQJ ,QWHUQHW 1HWZRUN ,QIRUPDWLRQ&HQWHU1,&FKWUSKyQSKơL1,&FKSKyQ~ÊDFKPQJ1HW,' FÔQ~ÊDFKP\FKWUzQPQJ~Đ+RVW,'GRFF7êFKằFTXQO,QWHUQHW FDWáQJTXơFJLDPWWẳSKyQSKơL7URQJWKẳFW~FĐWK~ÊQKWX\QURXWLQJ WUzQPQJ,QWHUQHWQJRL~ÊDFK,3FÔQFQ~QWzQULzQJFDFFP\FK+RVW 'RPDLQ1DPH&FSKQWLSWKHRFKảQJWDK\QJKLzQFằXFXWUảF~FELW FD~ÊDFK,QWHUQHW D7KyQKSKQYyKQKG}QJFĐDxDFK,3 wÊDFK,3~DQJ~}FVạGãQJKLQWL,3YFĐELWFKLDWKQK2FWHW PôL2FWHWFĐELWW}|QJ~}|QJE\WHFFK~P~XWáWULTXDSKLEÂWFKR ~QEÂWFF2FWHWWFKELWQKDXEQJGXFKPEDRJâPFĐWKQKSKQ FKÂQK class bit Net ID Host ID %LW %LWQKQGQJOS&ODVVELW wÊDFKFDPQJ1HW,' wÊDFKFDP\FK+RVW,' *KLFKĂ7lQOqiDFKPt\FKQKoQJWKĐFWNKmQJFKFPt\FKPq W~WFrFtFPt\FRQ:RUNVWDWLRQFtFFQJWUX\QKSYYpXF{QFpDFK %LWQKQGQJOS&ODVVELW~SKyQELW~ÊDFKOSQR wÊDFK,QWHUQHWELXKLQGQJELWQKÊSKyQ [\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\[\ [\ KRF 9ÂGã wÊDFK,QWHUQHWELXKLQGQJWKSSKyQ[[[[[[[[[[[[ [OVơWKSSKyQWá~Q 9ÂGã 'QJYLW~\~FD~ÊDFK,3OFRQVơWURQJWáQJ2FWHW9ÂGã~ÊDFK,3 WK}đQJ WK\ WUzQ WKẳF W FĐ WK O QK}QJ GQJ ~\ ~ O E&|FOÔSxDFK,3 wÊDFK,3FKLDUDOS$%&'(+LQWL~GQJKWOS$%YJQ KWOS & FÔQ OS' Y ( 7ê FKằF LQWHUQHW ~DQJ ~ GQK FKR PãF ~ÂFK NKF NK{QJSKyQQzQFKảQJWDFKQJKLzQFằXOS~X 16 24 class a : 0 class b 10 class c 1 10 net id host id net id host id net id host id 1 32 8 octet 1 octet 4 octet 3octet 2 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 0 Class d 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 1 0 class e 4XDFXWU¶FFFO±S~£DFK,3FK¶QJWDF§QKQ[WVDX %LWQKQGQJOQKºQJELW~XWLzQF´DO±S$OF´DO±S%OF´D O±S&O /S'FĐELW~XWLzQ~QKQGQJOFÔQOS(FĐEÂW~XWLzQ ~QKQGQJO wÊDFKOS$wÊDFKPQJÂWY~ÊDFKP\FKWUzQWáQJPQJQKLX wÊDFKOS%wÊDFKPQJYáDSKLY~ÊDFKP\FKWUzQWáQJPQJ YáDSKL wÊDFKOS&wÊDFKPQJQKLX~ÊDFKP\FKWUzQWáQJPQJÂW $ Wá~Q % Wá~Q &Wá~Q 'Wá~Q.K{QJSKyQ (Wá~Q.K{QJSKyQ $ Wá~Q % Wá~Q &Wá~Q ' ( 1K}Y\QXFKảQJWDWK\~ÊDFK,3FĐQKĐPVơFFKQKDXEQJGXFKP QX WK\ QKĐP Vơ WKằ QKW QKƠ K|Q ELW ~ÊD FK Q\ OS $ QP WURQJ NKRQJ~QELW~ÊDFKQ\OS%YWá~QELW~ÊDFKQ\ OS& 7êQJTXWFKXQJ %LWWKằQKWOELWQKQGQJOS$ ELWFÔQOLWURQJ2FWHWWKằQKWGQKFKR~ÊDFKPQJ 2FWHWFÔQOLFĐELWGQKFKR~ÊDFKFDP\&K &ODVV$ 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW 2FWHW 8 16 24 0 net id host id 1 32 PQJP\FKWUzQPWPQJ DqDFKP}QJ1HW,' .KrQjQJSKkQpDFK .KL~PVơELWFKảQJWD~PWáWULTXDSKLQK}QJNKLWÂQKJLWUÊWKS SKyQ FDELWOLWÂQKWáSKLTXDWULEW~XWáELW2FWHWWKằQKWGQKFKR ~ÊDFKPQJELW OELWQKQGQJOS$ELWFÔQOLWáELW~QELWGQK FKR~ÊDFKPQJ 1K}QJWUzQWKẳFW~ÊDFKNKLWWFFFELWEQJ KRFEQJ~XNK{QJSKyQFKRPQJ.KLJLWUÊFFELW~XEQJJLWUÊWKS SKyQONK{QJFĐQJKĂDFÔQ~ÊDFKONKLFFELW~XEQJGQJ~WK{QJ ERQLEQzQWUzQWKẳFWFÔQOLPQJ 2FWHW 0 net id 7 6 . . . . . . 0 bit &FKWÂQK~ÊDFKPQJOS$ 6ơWKằWẳ%LWQWÂQKWáSKLTXDWUL *LWUÊQKÊSKyQKD\FD%LW[[[[[[[ *LWUÊWKSSKyQW}|QJằQJNKLJLWUÊELW VO *LWUÊWKSSKyQW}|QJằQJNKLJLWUÊELW NK{QJWÂQK *LWUÊWKSSKyQOQQKWNKLJLWUÊFDELW~XEQJO 6DX~y\OFFKWÂQKWUăQYQJLWUÊFDWWFFF%LW [...]... KWOS&FÔQOS'Y(7êFKằFLQWHUQHW~DQJ~GQKFKRPãF~ÂFKNKFNK{QJ SKyQQzQFKảQJWDFKQJKLzQFằXOS~X octet 1 octet 2 octet 3 octet 4 class a : 1 8 16 24 32 0 net id host id class b 1 0 host id net id class c 1 1 0 host id net id Class d 8 16 24 32 8 16 24 32 1110 class e 11110 4XDFXWUảFFFOS~ÊDFK,3FKảQJWDFĐQKQ[WVDX %LWQKQGQJOQKQJELW~XWLzQFDOS$OFDOS%OFD OS&O . O E&|FOÔSxDFK,3 wÊDFK,3FKLDUDOS$%&'(+LQWL~GQJKWOS$%YJQ KWOS&FÔQOS'Y(7êFKằFLQWHUQHW~DQJ~GQKFKRPãF~ÂFKNKFNK{QJ SKyQQzQFKảQJWDFKQJKLzQFằXOS~X 16 24 class a : 0 class b 10 class c 1 10 net id host id net id host id net id host id 1 32 8 octet 1 octet 4 octet 3octet 2 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 0 Class d 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 1 0 class e 4XDFXWU¶FFFO±S~£DFK,3FK¶QJWDF§QKQ[WVDX %LWQKQGQJOQKºQJELW~XWLzQF´DO±S$OF´DO±S%OF´D O±S&O /S'FĐELW~XWLzQ~QKQGQJOFÔQOS(FĐEÂW~XWLzQ ~QKQGQJO wÊDFKOS$wÊDFKPQJÂWY~ÊDFKPFKWUzQWáQJPQJQKLX wÊDFKOS%wÊDFKPQJYáDSKLY~ÊDFKPFKWUzQWáQJPQJ YáDSKL wÊDFKOS&wÊDFKPQJQKLX~ÊDFKPFKWUzQWáQJPQJÂW $. NKF NK{QJSKyQQzQFKảQJWDFKQJKLzQFằXOS~X 16 24 class a : 0 class b 10 class c 1 10 net id host id net id host id net id host id 1 32 8 octet 1 octet 4 octet 3octet 2 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 0 Class d 8 16 24 32 1 1 1 1 0 class e 4XDFXWU¶FFFO±S~£DFK,3FK¶QJWDF§QKQ[WVDX %LWQKQGQJOQKºQJELW~XWLzQF´DO±S$OF´DO±S%OF´D O±S&O /S'FĐELW~XWLzQ~QKQGQJOFÔQOS(FĐEÂW~XWLzQ ~QKQGQJO wÊDFKOS$wÊDFKPQJÂWY~ÊDFKPFKWUzQWáQJPQJQKLX wÊDFKOS%wÊDFKPQJYáDSKLY~ÊDFKPFKWUzQWáQJPQJ YáDSKL wÊDFKOS&wÊDFKPQJQKLX~ÊDFKPFKWUzQWáQJPQJÂW $.  %LXKLQWUzQWK¼FWOEDV¬WKSSKyQWURQJ2FWHWFFKQKDXGX 7£pQ .WOXQiDFKOS$FWKSKkQFKRPuQJYqPLPWPuQJF PtFK1LFtFKNKtFpDFKWK§FWV 7£pQ 9G¢0WpDFKp{pFDOS$  w£DFKw£DFKP PQJFK´ 7ªQJTXWFKXQJ ELW~XWLzQ~QKQGQJO±S%OY ELWF¤QOLWURQJ2FWHW~XWLzQGQKFKR~£DFK PQJ 2FWHWF¤QOLJ©PELWGQKFKR~£DFKP&K´ class b 10 net id host id 1 8 16 24 32 Octet1 Octet2 Octet3 Octet4 PuQJPtFKWUlQPWPuQJ DqDFKP}QJ .KrQjQJSKkQpDFK  2FWHW2FWHW  10 net