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Stockholm: Gotab Press. 1294 chris sinha Index Aaron, David, 197–98 Abelson, Robert P., 178 Abstractness, 572 Access Principle, 353 Accessibility Theory, 134, 893–96, 920–21, 924, 935 Accommodation, 1276, 1288n7 word-formation, composite structures and, 653–54, 655f, 671n3 Achard, Michel on applied linguistics, 1141–42, 1148 on modal meaning analyses, 310–11, 1141–42 on modality, 874–75, 879–81, 883n5, 883n7, 884n9, 885n24, 885n28 Achievements, processes and, 815 Achilles and the Tortoise, 356, 357f–362f Acronyms, 650, 651, 655–58 , 671 Action(s) chain, 763 phonology as human, 626–28 states and, 815–16 Activation of active node, 122 of categorizing units, 429f, 430 conceptual distance and, 512–13 of conceptual network, 122 entrenchment and, 122, 125 spreading, 119, 122, 135n6, 518, 535 Active zones, 280, 584n9, 796 Actor-Patient, 303 Adams, Karen L., 688 Adjacency, 409–10, 415n16 pairs, 918 relative, 409–10 requirement, 1085 of similar elements, 410 simple, 409 Adjuncts, arguments and, 774–76, 778n14 Adpositions grammaticalization and, 738–42, 745n4 semantics of, 726–28, 733–38 AFF (affect) relations, 303–4 Affect, consciousness, metacognition and, 1272–73 Affixes, 684 Agency attention and, 289–90 emotions and, 1047–52 force dynamics and, 298 voice and, 1048–49 Agent. See also Voice defocused, 838, 839f–841f oblique, 841–43 Agent-Patient, 439, 665 clause structure, transitivity and, 763, 765, 768, 769t, 772, 773f Agnoli, Franca, 1013–14 Agonist and Antagonist, in force dynamics, 267, 295–98, 873, 884n8 Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., 678–79, 682, 685–86 Akhtar, Nameera, 1101 Akmajian, Adrian, 467 Aktionsart, 813–14, 821, 822n1 Alford, Dan K., 1013 Algorithm, 1270 Alinei, Mario, 998 Allan, Keith, 680–81, 683, 693n2 Allophones, 445, 618–19 Ambiguity, polysemy and, 142–43, 159 American Sign Language (ASL), 265, 363–64, 392, 1114, 1128f Amis, Kingsley, 1179 Analogical change, 946, 958–64 Analogical extension, 962–64 Analogical leveling, 958–59 direction of, 959–60 domain of, 960–62 Analogy, 646 conclusions regarding, 964 schemas and, 82, 100–101, 102f, 114nn24–26 Analyticity, 146 Analyzability compositionality and, 654 idioms and, 706–12, 721 Anaphora backwards, 901, 904–6 forward, 905–6 pronominal, 890–915 Anaphors, 578 Anderson, John M., 969 Anderson, Stephen R., 623 Andor, Jo ´ zsef, 173 Animacy, 414n9 Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 8 Anscombre, Jean-Claude, 924–25 Anthropological linguistics, 10, 1045–73 summary, conclusions and further research in, 1065–66 Anticognitivism, 1286, 1290n20 Antimetabole, 216 Anttila, Raimo, 399 Applied Cognitive Linguistics, 1139–59, 1156n2 overview of studies in, 1142–44 Apprehension, 428, 451n10 Arbitrariness, iconicity and, 394, 396 Archetypes conceptual, 433–34, 439, 452n19, 578 Langacker on, 132, 578, 753 role, 132, 761, 768 Argument structure constructions, 485–86 Argumentation theory, reasoning and, 259n4 Arguments, adjuncts and, 774–76, 778n14 Ariel, Mira, 920–21, 935 Aristotle, 88, 1243 on metaphors, 189, 594–95, 596 Metaphysics, 143 Armstrong, David E., 1126 Articulatory mimesis, 395 Artificial Intelligence, 4, 170, 178, 202, 268, 488, 515, 1268, 1284 ASL. See American Sign Language Aspect(s). See also specific individuals deictic effect of, 803 discourse relations and, 818–20 form, 813–17 lexical v. grammatical, 813–15 meaning, 817–20, 818f–819f perfective and imperfective, 812, 814–15, 817, 818f–819f, 823n16, 823nn13–14 phasal, 816 qualitative and quantitative, 993–94 viewpoint and, 816, 817, 818f–819f Aspect, tense and, 803–28 comparative analysis of, 820 modality interaction with, 820–21 Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Chomsky), 570 Aspectual pair, 634 Assemblies of symbolic structures, 438–43 Assimilation, 948–49, 1276, 1288n7 Association, metonymy and, 237 Atkins, Beryl T., 1170 Atomic units, 481, 496, 505n4 Attention, 264–93. See also Factors; Morphemes agency and, 289–90 co-entailed concepts with, 272–73 construal and, 54, 56–57 context and, 279–82 direct reference to, in addressee, 283 distribution of, 294 Figure/Ground and, 266–67, 275 focus of, 425 foregrounding and backgrounding with, 266–67 form designating concomitant of outside referent as object of, 277–78 form designating outside entity or phenomenon as object of, 278–79 form designating outside referent as object of, 277 increased v. decreased, 265 pattern reinforcement, through factor convergence, 290 salience and, 264–65 salience, entrenchment and, 117, 127–28, 135n6 schematic systems and, 267–68 sign language and, 265 strength of, factors and, 268–90 windowing of, 267, 286, 308 Attested data, metaphors and, 205–6 Attitude, 1272–73 ATT-Meta, 202–3 Audiolingualism, 1140–41 Austen, Jane, 1183 Austin, J. L., 1241, 1242 Autohyponymous words, 143 Autohyponymy, 241 Autonomous linguistics, 9, 566–88 Autonomous word, 634 Autonomy, 445, 579–81 degree of morphological, 269 dependence v., 445 Autopoiesis, 1252 Autosuperordination, 241 Ayto, John, 1166 Bach, Emmon, 410 Background/backgrounding, 77n1, 242, 266–67, 421–24 Bacz, Barbara, 736, 738 Bailey, David, 227 Bakema, Peter empirical methods and, 17 on entrenchment, 119, 125–27 referential analysis and, 159 on salience, 934 Baldinger, Kurt, 988–89, 997 Baldwin, James Mark, 1267 Barcelona, Antonio, 240 Barlow, Michael, 1172, 1251 Barnden, John, 202–3 Barron, Roger, 684–85 Barsalou, Lawrence W., 556, 1279 1296 index Bartlett, Sir Frederic, 602, 1267, 1271–76, 1278, 1286, 1289n10 Base(s). See also Profile, base and cognitive and functional, 1099–1100 space, 806 Basic, as term, 433–34, 452n17 Basic domains, 182–83, 434, 452n20 Basic epistemic model, 878, 879f Basic levels, of categorization, 762 entrenchment, salience and, 117–38, 998 Basso, Keith H., 1063 Bates, Elizabeth, 1100 Bateson, Gregory, 173 Battison, Robbin, 1115 Baudelaire, Charles Pierre, 1186 Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan, 612–13 Beauvoir, Simone de, 1231 Becker, Alton L., 688 Behaghel, Otto, 415n16 Behavior and control properties, 755, 770, 778n10 Behaviorism, 12, 1244–45, 1267 –68, 1275, 1279 Beings, talking v. calling, 1049 Belief nets, 202 Bellavia, Ellena, 736 Belugi, Ursula, 1118, 1120 Benveniste, Emile, 395–96 Benzon, William L., 1188 Berlin, Brent on basic levels, 122–23, 145, 994, 998 on color, 122–23, 145, 1030–31, 1087n5 on folk classification, 1016 on prototypicality, 150 Berman, Ruth A., 1098 Berntsen, Dorthe, 1188 Berthele, Raphael, 16, 1006 Bertuol, Roberto, 1184 Best Fit Principle, 517–18, 535 Bestgen, Yves, 926 Biber, Douglas, 1153 Bickel, Balthasar, 1028, 1059–60, 1204, 1212–13 Bierwisch, Manfred, 161n12, 280 Bildfeld, 596 Bilingualism, 1024, 1078 Billiard-ball model, 311–12, 753, 763, 764, 1119–20 Binomials, 699 Bipolar organization, 444, 446 Birner, Betty J., 467 Bittner, Maria, 845–46 Black, Max, 196, 1225 Blank, Andreas, 142, 999 Bleaching, 743, 975 Blends. See also Conceptual integration; Frame blending; specific individuals CMT v., 198–201, 208n13 da Vinci’s Mona Lisa/Lewinski, 200f double-scope, 378, 391–92 human-scale, 382–83 intercalative, 669 lexical, 668–69, 670f, 671 mental spaces and, 109, 111, 199, 377–82, 384, 452n26, 1125 metaphors and, 198–201, 208n13, 599–600, 1182–86, 1226 schemas and, 87, 109, 110f, 115n35 Ship-of-State, 199–201 sign languages, mental spaces and, 1125 Blocking, entrenchment and, 121, 134n1 Blommaert, Jan, 1223 Bloom, Alfred H., 1023, 1025, 1031–32 Bloomfield, Leonard, 569–70 on linguistics, 1244, 1246 on phonemes, 613 Blount, Ben G., 1016 Blumenberg, Hans, 596–97, 601 Boas, Franz, 1013, 1014, 1066, 1269 War of the Ghosts story and, 1272, 1288n8 Bodily experience, universalism and, 1208–9, 1217–18 The Body in the Mind (Johnson, M.), 34, 602 Boers, Frank, 224, 1144, 1151–52, 1225–26 Boersma, Paul, 614 Boeve, Lieven, 1190 Bogdonovich, Jody, 1181–82 Bohn, Ocke-Schwen, 1209 Bohnemeyer, Ju ¨ rgen, 1034 Boland, Eavan, 1185 Bolinger, Dwight, 395 Bond, James, and Ursula, 358–62, 363f Boogaart, Ronny, 811 Books, on CL, 8 Boolean logic of classes, 179 Boroditsky, Lera on language acquisition, 1094 on metaphors, 196, 1034–35 Botha, Willem, 1227, 1230 Boundedness, 635 of relational gram, 730, 745n1 Bourdieu, Pierre, 1223 Bowden, John, 741 Bowen, Elizabeth, 1181 Bowerman, Melissa, 337–38, 1034 , 1098 Boye, Kasper, 314n8, 314n12, 314n15 Boyland, Joyce Tang, 969 Brain body and, 43, 1284–85 language in, 325–26 neuroscience and, 26, 36–39, 206, 209n18, 325–26 polysemy and, 158 Brandt, Per Aage and Line, 1180, 1186, 1189 Bransford, John D., 1272 Brdar, Mario, 253, 254 index 1297 Brdar-Szabo ´ , Rita, 253, 254 Bre ´ al, Michel, 139, 237, 593–94, 997 Brearton, Fran, 1189 Breedlove, Dennis E., 150, 1016 Breton, Andre, 1181 Brisard, Frank, 810 Briscoe, Ted, 252–53 British Sign Language (BSL), 1116 Brockman, John, 591 Brooks, Patricia, 1099, 1102–3, 1106 Brostro ¨ m, Sofia, 206–7 Browman, Catherine P., 947–48 Brown, Cecil, 161n11 Brown, Penelope, 1014, 1098 Brown, Roger, 125 Brown, Roger W., 1030, 1033 Brugman, Claudia on Figure/Ground, 128 on grammaticalization, 742 on image schemas, 232 on linguistic relativity, 1029 on polysemy, 148, 153, 162n14 radial sets and, 155 ‘‘Story of Over’’, 323, 1249 Bruner, Jerome, 1281 BSL. See British Sign Language Buck, Frederick H., 733 Budwig, Nancy, 1096 , 1102 Bu ¨ hler, Charlotte, 1289n11 Bu ¨ hler, Karl, 1061, 1267 on metaphors, 596, 599–600, 1277–78 psychology and, 1280–83, 1286, 1288n4, 1289n11, 1289nn15–18 Saussure and, 598, 600 Bulcaen, Chris, 1223 Burke, Kenneth, 595–96 Burrows, Colin, 1193 Bußmann, Hadumod, 690 Byatt, A. S., 1182 Bybee, Joan L. on diachronic linguistics, 953, 956, 960 on grammaticalization, 740, 743, 982n3 on inflectional morphology, 633–34 on modality, 870, 876 on phonology, 127, 613–14, 623, 624–25 on salience, 934 on usage, entrenchment and frequency, 14–15, 1099 on usage-based models, 499–500, 624–26, 1106 Calbris, Genevie ` ve, 1125, 1127–28 Caldas-Coulthard, Rosas Carmen, 1222 Campbell, Lyle, 974 Campbell, Siobhan, 735 Canonical event model, 312, 753–54, 764, 775 Carmichael, Richard, 735 Carnap, Rudolph, 1245 Carnoy, Alfred, 997 Carroll, John B., 1014, 1031 Casad, Eugene on image schemas, 219–20 on relational constructions, 733, 734 on schematic network model, 156 on spatial orientation, 1053, 1058 Casagrande, Joseph B., 1031 Case Grammar, 131–32, 664 Case hierarchy, 131–32 Case markers accusative, 221 dative, 221, 632, 633 ergativity and, 132, 768–69 landmark and, 737–38 Case theory, 464 Caselli, Christina, 1101 Casenhiser, Devin, 1104 Catalan Sign Language, 1122–24, 1129–30 Categorical statements, 178 Categories. See also See also specific categories inflectional morphemes representing, 642–43 semantic, 336–38 Categorization, 574–75. See also Basic levels, of categorization; Best Fit Principle; Classification(s); Decategorialization; Radial categories; Radial sets; Relationships; specific individuals classical and prototype-based, with schemas, 88, 89f–90f, 91, 92f, 112nn10–12 classification and, 676–77, 690–92 conceptualization and, 26–27, 38–39, 1012–13 construal and, 56 correspondences of, 441 as function of language, 5 lexical retrieval and, 122 nominal classification, CL and, 690–92 polycentric, 160n2 process, 154, 161n14 prototypes and, 26, 34, 90, 139–69, 145–46, 641, 989–90 with schemas, 88, 89f–90f, 91, 92f, 112nn10–12, 214 structural characteristics of, 4 superordinate and subordinate levels of, 123–24, 126 target of, 429–30 of units, 428–30 of usage events, 428f–429f, 430 Causal chains, 762, 763f, 764 Causal directionality, establishing, 1028 Causatives causation, force dynamics and, 295, 297, 313, 313n2, 314n16, 314nn3–4 iconicity in, 406–7, 414nn12–13 1298 index C-commands, 891, 892f, 907, 911, 914 CDA. See Critical Discourse Analysis Centering Theory, 922–23, 935n 2 Ception, 638 Chafe, Wallace, 765, 771, 921, 1025 Chandler, Michael, 1275 Change. See specific types Channels of expression, 426–30, 427f, 451n4, 451n6, 451nn8–9 Child language meaning and conceptualization in, 1093–98, 1095f, 1097f usage and grammar in, 1098–1107, 1105f Childers, Jane, 1104 Children. See also specific individuals idioms and, 712 image schemas and, 225–27 language acquisition and, 26, 501–2, 504, 536, 615, 617, 619–20, 928, 1060–61, 1092–1108, 1095f, 1097f, 1105f, 1209, 1210f language development in, 73, 140, 1034–35 metaphors and, 194, 207, 1096 Chinese, models of anger in, 1211 Choi, Sonja, 1034, 1098 Chomsky, Noam, 9 active zone and, 584n9 on cognitive-code learning theory, 1142, 1156n1 on componential model, 464–66 on development, 1285, 1289n19 Generative Grammar and, 464, 554, 572, 584n9, 1141, 1245–47 Generative Linguistics and, 572, 575 on genetics, competence, performance, social code and usage, 11–13 on gestures, 1125 Government and Binding theory and, 799n9, 921 on iconicity, 396 linguistics history and, 569–71, 591 philosophy and, 1245–47, 1255–57 on phonemes, 613 on rewrite rules, 515 Chung, Sandra, 849 Cienki, Alan, 206, 220, 229 CL. See Cognitive Linguistics Clancy, Patricia, 1097–98 Clark, Andy, 1252 Clark, Eve, 1097 Clark, Herbert H., 334, 401 Clark, Marybeth, 739 Clarke, David D., 160n3, 256, 1187 Class terms, 679 Classes Boolean logic of, 179 closed and open, 320, 338 grammatical, 439–40, 452nn28–29 monothetic, 146 verb, 813–16 Classification(s). See also Nominal classification; specific individuals categorization and, 676–77, 690–92 Classical Theory of, 595 coherence, and gradation between one and two with schemas, 97, 98f–99f of construal, 49, 53–58, 76 folk, 1015–16 polythetic, with family resemblance, 146 of relationships, 518, 519f, 927–29 shape, 1031 social v. individual, 594 Classificatory noun incorporation, 684 Classificatory verb stems, 684–85 Classifier(s) deictic, 686 genitive, 683 languages, 680–92, 693n2, 693nn8–9 locative, 685–86 mensural, 681 noun, 682–83 numeral, 681–82 quantifiers v., 681–82 sortal, 681, 693n4 systems, 680–81, 693n3, 693n6 verbal, 683–85, 693n7 Claudi, Ulrike, 741, 968–69, 972–73, 976, 978 Clause(s). See also Complements definitions, 784, 798n1 ditransitive, indirect objects, datives and, 772–74, 778nn12–13 meaning of, 760–64 salience, semantic roles and, 131–33 Clause constructions, 754–60 subject and, 755– 56, 770, 771f syntactic roles and, 754–56 verbs and, 756–57, 758f–760f Clause structure. See also specific individuals/ models strata, 755t transitivity and, 753–81, 769t, 773f, 777n1, 777nn6–7, 778n8 Closeness semantic similarity and, 500 to speaker, iconicity and, 408–9 in time, iconicity and, 407–8 CMT. See Conceptual metaphor theory COBUILD corpus, abstract nouns based on, 127 Cocktailverfahren, 600 Codability, 1030 Coding, 428f, 429 clause construction and, 755–56 unmarked, with Figure/Ground, 130–31 index 1299 . Clarke. 1998. The linguistic repudiation of Wundt. History of Psychology 1: 179–204. Ogden, Charles, and Ivor A. Richards. 1923. The meaning of meaning: A study of the influence of language upon. Press. Verfaillie, Karl, and Anja Daems. 1997. The priority of the agent in visual event perception: On the cognitive basis of grammatical agent-patient asymmetries. Cognitive Linguistics 7: 131–48. von Ehrenfels,. Esa 1997. The social ontology of linguistic meaning. SKY: Yearbook of the Linguistic Association of Finland: 49–81. Jeannerod, Marc. 1994. The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention