Weaknesses in ISIS 353 BGP and 274–276, 481–482 Cisco 6 Common header 110 Configuration Basic 66–68 IOS 451 JUNOS 452 Configuration examples see Configuration examples Database 142–143, 433 see also Link-state database Defined 1 DIS 113, 188 (see also DR) And psuedonodes 183 Election 173, 199 ID (JUNOS) 201–202 Pre-emption 200 Priority 199–200 Redundancy 202 Distribution of prefixes 329–331 Encapsulation 802.3 81 SNAP 231–232 Extended fragmentation 518–520 Extensibility 5, 289–291 Extensions 345 Flooding and TED 436 Full Internet routes 469 Future of 503 G-MPLS extensions 513–518 Graceful restart 388–389 IETF and 6 Interface 80 Intergration with IP 5 IOS commands for see Commands, IOS IP addresses and 102–103 IPv6 370 JUNOS commands for see Commands, JUNOS LDP and 421 Levels 8-level ISIS 513–518 Defined 85 L1 85–87, 112, 142, 144, 155, 240, 331 L1L2 85–87, 112, 115, 156, 159, 240, 331, 339 L2 85–87, 112, 143–144, 146, 155, 240, 331 Recommendations 493–494 Liveliness 135–136 LSDB 141–142, 433 see also Link-state database LSPs see LSPs MAC addresses and 80 Messages Common header 110 Hello 109–110 LAN hello 111 P2P hello 114 Metrics 14, 193, 267, 294–295 301 Auto-bandwidth 320 Auto-calculation of 319–320 And traffic engineering 393 Interworking issues 327 Example 250–253 New-style 318 Old-style 301–302, 304–205, 327 Static 320–322 Wide 304, 318, 408 MTU size 82, 230–232 Checking 116 Issues 230–232 Multi-topology 379 Neighbor liveliness detection 135–136 NETs 92–93, 100 On NSFNet 3–4 Origin of 2–4 OSI-RM and 79–80 Overload bit 154, 156–157, 159 Application 159–160 Fragments and 244 Setting 161–163 Use recommended 499 Padding 116, 234–235 Private addresses 103–104 Pseudonode 153, 183, 186–187, 301 And SPF calculation 254–256 Representation 188 Suppression of (P2P) 196 System-ID selection 191–193 PSNP 208, 218, 236–238 And authorization 365 Purging LSPs 172–175 Expiration of 174 Route leaking, ISIS 87–90 Level 1 to Level 2 337 Level 2 to Level 1 331–334 Index 533 ISIS (cont'd) Route resolution 247, 273–276 Routing policy 55, 73, 76–77, 310, 312, 336, 471–472, 477–478 see also Route leaking Sample network Addresses 8 Topology 7 Scaling 475 LANs 183–186 Levels and 494–497 Show commands see Commands SNAP encapsulation 231–232 SPF calculations 94, 126, 144, 156, 208, 241, 247 Stress 479 CPU and memory 483 Flooding 479 Forwarding state change 481 SPF 480 Synchronizing database see Link-state database, synchronization TLVs see TLVs Troubleshooting 439, 460 see also Troubleshooting, commands Broken adjacency 460 Missing PP-OSICP 462 Non-matching area-ID 465 Non-matching authentication 466 Non-matching IP subnet 467 Non-matching level 464 ISO 10589 Basics 1, 3, 79, 178–179, 181 Flooding 296 Hellos and LSPs 220 IPv6-IPv4 376 Jitter 185–186 MTU size 234 Oddities 102, 116, 131, 156, 218 New-style metrics 318 Pseudonode priority 257 TLV use 345 Reachability information 301 ISPs 28, 102 Jitter, for timers 185 Juniper JNBI 77 JUNOS Activating configuration 68–69 Auto-completion 39 CLI 35, 56 Configuration examples see Configuration examples, JUNOS Configuration mode 39 Example 37 see also Commands, JUNOS Help 38 ISIS and 59 ISIS database see ISIS database ISIS implementation 37, 63–65 Logging 22 Software 33 M-series 31 T640 159 JUNOS see Juniper Kernel 23–26 Atomic-module 25 L1, L1L2, L2 see Levels Label request object (LRO) 412 Label stacking 404 Labels, MPLS 402 LAN-ID 106, 173, 200 LANs Scaling ISIS for 183–186 Synchronization on 208 Layer 2 MPLS (cell-based MPLS) 402–404 Layer 2 overlays 395–400 Layer 3 MPLS (Packet-based MPLS) 404–408 LDP 408, 417–418 And ISIS 427 And RSVP-TE 428–430 Length check, on TLVs 296–297 Levels, ISIS Defined 85 L1 85–87, 112, 142, 144, 155, 240, 331 L1L2 85–87, 112, 115, 156, 159, 240, 331, 339 L2 85–87, 112, 143–144, 146, 155, 240, 331 Recommendations 493–494 Scaling 494–497 Link-state database 37, 94, 142, 160 And fragments 243 Example 250–253 534 Index Locking 258 Modeling 193 Size 186, 243 Synchronization 205 On LANs 208 On P2P 216–217 Periodic 218 With CSNP PDUs 211–213 Liveliness 135–138 Logging 22, 41 In IOS 53–54 In JUNOS 70–72 Logical interfaces 60 Login IOS 42 JUNOS 57 Loopback interface 44–45, 99–100, 105, 339, 432, 477 And System-ID 490 LSAs (OSPF) 288–289 LSDB see Link-state database LSP 109, 146–147, 191, 240 Entry TLV #9 211, 213, 236–237 Flooding 141–142, 164–168 Fragmentation 485–488 Generation interval 178 Purging 172–175 Expiration of 174 Revision control 146–150 Sequence numbers 147–148 Lifetimes 149 Periodic refreshes 149 Structure 152–153 Throttling 174–176 Transmit interval of 176 LSP-IDs 105–106, 143, 152, 154, 213 M-series 31 MAC address 80, 122, 196, 199, 317 Mask, network 97 Maximum length check, on TLVs 296–297 Maximum MTU 229, 244 Memory, use in ISIS 483 Mesh groups 168, 218 Messages, ISIS Common header 110 Hello 109–110 LAN hello 111 P2P hello 114 Metrics 14, 193, 267, 294–295 301 Auto-bandwidth in ISIS 320 Auto-calculation of 319–320 And teaffic engineering 393 Interworking issues 327 ISIS example 250–253 New-style 318 Old-style 301–302, 304–205, 327 RIP 205–206 Static 320–322 Wide 304, 318 Only 408 Migration Area 90–92 Merging 92 Re-numbering 92 Splitting 92 Modes Operator 36 Configuration 36 MPLS 393 cell-based (Layer 2 MPLS) 402–404 For traffic engineering 402 Introduction to 402–408 Layer 2 (cell-based MPLS) 402–404 Layer 3 (packet-based MPLS) 404–408 Labels 402 packet-based (L3 MPLS) 404–408 Signaling 408 MTU 83, 214, 225–226 Check 116, 234 ISIS 230–232 Maximum 229, 244 Sizes 227 Multi-topologies Supported TLV #229 241, 379, 381–382 Multi-topology IP Reachability TLV #235 384 Multi-topology IS Reachability TLV #222 382 Neighbour 15 Discovery 109 Livliness 135 Route 270 NET 92–93, 103, 240 Configuring IOS 104 JUNOS 105 Index 535 NET (cont'd) Examples 104 Selector 101 Network Analysis 455–456 Design 475 Mask 97 Recommendations 484 New-style metrics 318, 324–325, 327 Next-hop 14, 17, 98, 483 NLRI 285 NLPID 307, 376 NLSP 5 NLSRP 80 Node ID 191, 194, 200 Non-extensible routing protocol 283–285 NSEL 101 NSFNet 3 Meltdown 296 Null interface 44 NVRAM 35, 47 Objects, RSVP-TE 410 Old-style metrics 301–302, 304–205, 327 Old-style TLVs IP reachability 304–305 IS reachability 301–302 Opaque LSAs 289 Operator mode 36–39 OS see router OS OSI-RM 1, 52, 61, 76, 124, 223–225 OSPF 4 Areas 85, 89 AS numbers 104 DR 113 Extending 285–289 Hello message 286 Issues 87 LSA type field 288 Prefix distribution 329 Reference bandwidth 319 Routing leaking 88 Overlay network 395–397 Overload bit 154, 156–157, 159 Application 159–160 Fragments and 244 Setting 161–163 Use recommended 499 P2P 80, 218 Adjacency State TLV #240 128, 134 Authorization for 355 Hello message 114 Over LAN 196 Packet-based MPLS (L3 MPLS) 404–408 Padding TLV #8 116, 234–235 Partial SPF run 267–268 Partition repair 155 Path MTU discovery 229–230 PDU CSNP 208 Length 115 PSNP 208 Penultimate router 408 Permanent interface 60 PFE 31–32, 61 Physical interface 60 PICs 32, 62 Policy routing 14 PRC 268 Pre-emption of DIS 200 Prefix Distribution 329–331 Insertion 247, 276–278 IP address 97 Priority, DIS 199–200 Private addresses in ISIS 103–104 Privilege level 58 Prompt 36, 39, 63 Proteon 36 Protocols Supported TLV #129 307, 370–371, 376 Pseudonode 153, 183, 186–187, 301 And SPF calculation 254–256 Representation 188 Suppression of (P2P) 196 System-ID selection 191–193 PSNP 208, 218, 236–238 And authorization 365 Purging LSPs 172–175 Expiration of 174 QOS see COS Reachability information 301 Recommendations Authentication 499–500 BGP for ISIS 485 536 Index Graceful restart 501 HMAC-MD5 499–500 Levels 493–494 Network design 484 Overload bit 499 Record-route object (RRO) 415 Restart Signaling TLV #211 390 Revision control, of LSPs 146–150 Sequence numbers 147–148 Lifetimes 149 Periodic refreshes 149 RIB-in 17 RIB-local 18, 30 RIB to FIB 19–21 RIP 205–206 RFC 1070 3 1191 229 1195 1, 292, 304, 309, 317, 329, 331, 337, 370, 375–376 1483 128 1518 97 1918 8, 45, 104 2205 408 2370 285, 289 2961 430 2966 329, 331, 334, 337 2973 168 3021 99 3036 417 3209 409 3359 317 3373 128–129 3784 326, 328 rollback 68 Route-maps 55 Route leaking, ISIS 87–90 Level 1 to Level 2 337 Level 2 to Level 1 331–334 Route reflector 162, 522 Route resolution 247, 273–276 Router Access 36 Architecture 11, 16 Cisco 27–31 Configuration file 35, 47–50 Control plane 19, 21 Forwarding plane 18 Juniper Networks, Inc. 31–33 Model 15 OS 24–26, 57 Technology example 26 Routes Default 497–498 Export 312 IOS 74 JUNOS 75 Import 76 Routing 12 Engine 31–32, 61 Hierarchy 86–87 Loop 331 Policy 41, 55, 73, 76–77, 310, 312, 336, 471–472, 477–478 see also Route leaking Protocols 281–283, 283–285 Sub-system 22 Tables 17 RP-FIB 18 RSP 27 RSVP 408–409 RSVP-TE 409 Sample network addresses 8 Sample network topology 7 Sanity check, TLV 295–296 SAR 399–400 Scaling BGP 479 LANs 183–186 Levels and 494–497 ISIS 475 With MPLS 404, 428 Scheduler 23–26 Atomic module 25 Self-synchronization 183–184 Shell see Commands Shim header 404 Show commands see Commands SNAP header 399 SNP 236 see also CSNP, PSNP Software maturation 320–322 SONET/SDH 124–126 Source ID 115 Source routing 14, 393 SPF Algorithm 248 And pseudonodes 254–256 Index 537 SPF (cont'd) Calculation 83, 94, 126, 144–145, 147, 156, 208, 241, 247 CPU load 264–265, 480–481 Defined 2 Diversity 257 Example 249–253 Incremental 270–272 Partial run 267–268 Runtime 266 Self-protection 259–261 Sorting 303–304 Start shell see Commands Static LSPs 408 Static metrics 320–322 Stress 479 CPU and memory 483 Flooding 479 Forwarding state change 481 SPF 480 Sub-TLVs 281, 293–295 And traffic engineering 427 Minimum and maximum length 298 Overrun checking 297–298 Shading 8 Summaries Adjacency 140 CLI 77–78 CSNP (and PSNPs) 222 Design recommendations 501–502 DIS 203–204 Extensions to ISIS 387, 391 Fragmentation 245 Future 524–525 ISIS basics 107–108 LSP basics 182 MPLS signaling 422 PSNP (and CSNPs) 222 Route leaking 344 Router architecture 33–34 SPF runs 279 TLVs 299 Traffic engineering 437 Troubleshooting 474 Switching 17, 28 VIP 29 Synchronization 205 LSPs 214 On LAN 208 On P2P 216 Self 183–184 System-ID 101–102, 112, 240, 301 And pseudnode 191–193 Duplicate 175 Loopback 490 Tables Adjacency 28 CEF 27 Forwarding 17 RIB-IN 17 RIB-local (RIB) 18, 30 RIB to FIB 19–21 RP-FIB (FIB) 18, 30, 32 Routing 17 Tagging 339 Targeted hellos 430 Tcpdump listings Adjacency TLV 130 Authorization 352–253, 356, 370 BFD 138 BGP next-hop 273 Checksum 366, 370 CSNP 239 DIS election 200–201 DIS purge 201 DIS redundancy 203 External reachability TLV 293 Full TE extensions 488 Hello timer 136 Hostname 348 Ideal LSP 484–485 IP external TLV 310 IPv6 371, 373 IS neighbor TLV 123 Jitter (of timers) 185–186 JUNOS interface 73 Loopback/system-ID mapping 491 LSP 154–155, 236 LSP interval timer 178 MTU 232 Multi-topology 381–382 Multiple IP interface addresses 315 New-style metrics 324 Padding TLV 117, 118, 235 Protocols supported TLV 308–309 Pseudonode 190–191 Pseudonode suppression 196–197 538 Index PSNP 238 Graceful restart 390 RSVP-TE 410, 424, 426 TE sub-TLVs 435 TDP (Cisco) 418 TE Router ID TLV #134 427 TED 422, 428 Text authorization 351 Throttling LSPs 174–176 Timers Adjusting 492 Drop dead 112, 136 Hello 136–137 Hold down 134 For SPF 258 Holding 112 Jitter for 185 TLV Content pattern checking 298 Discrete length 298 Encoding 291, 293 For extensibility 281 Format 289–291 Lost of 292 Minimum-maximum length 297 Sanity checking 295–296 Shading 9 Sub-TLV 293–295 see also Sub-TLV Type Area Address #1 241 Authentication #10 211, 351 BGP Discovery #IANA 522 Buffer Size #14 244 Capability #242 524 Checksum #12 365, 368 Dynamic Hostname #137 347 Extended IP Reachability #135 318, 324–325 Extended IS Reachability #22 293, 318 IDRP Information #131 313–314 IP Authentication #133 317–318 IP External Reachability #130 309, 313 IP Interface Address #132 131, 298, 314 IP Internal Reachability #128 304 IPv6 Reachability #236 372 IS Alias #24 520 IS Neighbors #6 122, 134 IS Reachability #2 109, 186, 301–302 LSP Entry #9 211, 213, 236–237 Multi-topologies Supported #229 241, 379, 381–382 Multi-topology IP Reachability #235 384 Multi-topology IS Reachability #222 382 P2P Adjacency State #240 128, 134 Padding #8 116, 234 Protocols Supported #129 307, 370–371, 376 Restart Signaling #211 390 TE Router ID #134 427 Traceoptions 70, 132 ISIS flags 451 Traffic engineering 328, 393 Database (TED) 422, 428 DiffServ aware 435–436 Objects for 410 Overlays 394–396 With CSPF 422 With MPLS 402 With RSVP-TE 409–410 Transmit interval of LSPs 176 Troubleshooting 41 Case studies 460 Broken adjacency 460 Missing PP-OSICP 462 Non-matching area-ID 465 Non-matching authentication 466 Non-matching IP subnet 467 Non-matching level 464 CDP 50 Commands for 442 Debug isis (IOS) 53, 132, 232–233 Debug isis adj-packets (IOS) 449–450, 464, 468 Debug isis authentication (IOS) 467 Debug isis update-packets (IOS) 450 Monitor (JUNOS) 451, 456 Show clns interface (IOS) 443 Show clns neighbor (IOS) 47 Show interface (JUNOS) 463 Show interface pos 3/0 (IOS) 462 Show ip route (IOS) 445 Show isis adjacency (JUNOS) 446 Show isis database (IOS) 443 Show isis database (JUNOS) 446, 470–471, 473 Show isis interface (JUNOS) 445 Index 539 Troubleshooting (cont'd) Show isis spf log (JUNOS) 447 Show isis spf results (JUNOS) 448 Show isis spf-log (IOS) 444 Show isis topology (IOS) 444 Show log (JUNOS) 456, 464, 447 Show route (JUNOS) 448 Start shell (JUNOS) 457–458 Configuration (JUNOS) 69 ISIS 439, 441 Flow control 440 Tools for 441 MPLS 422 Network analyzer 455–456 System-IDs 105–106 UNIX 33, 36, 57 Un-numbered interface 100 Up/down bit 331 URLs Cisco documentation 56 Dijkstra 248 Ethereal 232 FreeBSD 57 VIP 29, 32 Virtual interfaces In JUNOS 80 Loopback 44–45, 99–100, 105, 339, 432, 477 And SYS-ID 490 Null 45 VPN 404 Wander 242 Weight 145 Wide-metrics 304, 318 Only 408 Y2K 149 540 Index . authentication 466 Non-matching IP subnet 467 Non-matching level 464 CDP 50 Commands for 442 Debug isis (IOS) 53, 132, 232–233 Debug isis adj-packets (IOS) 449–450, 464, 468 Debug isis authentication. also Troubleshooting, commands Broken adjacency 460 Missing PP-OSICP 462 Non-matching area-ID 465 Non-matching authentication 466 Non-matching IP subnet 467 Non-matching level 464 ISO 10589 Basics 1, 3, 79, 178–179,. 327 Next-hop 14, 17, 98, 483 NLRI 285 NLPID 307, 376 NLSP 5 NLSRP 80 Node ID 191, 194, 200 Non-extensible routing protocol 283–285 NSEL 101 NSFNet 3 Meltdown 296 Null interface 44 NVRAM 35, 47 Objects,