Part V: Painting, Paths, Shapes, and Text 510 l Tolerance: This specifies the tolerance to use when determining whether a pixel matches the sample color and should be replaced. l Anti-alias: When this option is selected, Photoshop uses anti-aliasing to soften the edges around the pixels being replaced. l Mixer Brush tool: The Mixer Brush tool is a bit different from the Painting tools and is covered in a later section in this chapter. Figure 16.4 shows an example of using the Color Replacement tool to paint a different color onto a flower. Notice that only the petals of the flower are affected. We used the Sampling options to sam- ple a petal, so only the pixels that are similar to the color of the petals are altered, leaving the oth- ers alone. FIGURE 16.4 The Color Replacement tool allows you to use brush strokes to paint over a specific color while leaving the other colors alone. Painting with editing tools Editing tools paint by using different algorithms to manipulate the pixels in a specific region under the tool instead of the laying down a new color. These tools allow you to control the shape and the size of the area of pixels affected by the tool. Pixels are manipulated by dragging the mouse or using a stylus pen. The editing tools allow you to fix or enhance problems spots in images. For example, you can use the Spot Healing Brush tool to remove blemishes or the Sharpen tool to enhance the sharpness of a specific area of a photo. 24_584743-ch16.indd 51024_584743-ch16.indd 510 5/3/10 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM Chapter 16: Painting and Brushes 511 The following sections discuss the editing tools that you use to paint edits on photos in Photoshop. Healing tools The Healing tools shown in Figure 16.5 allow you to quickly fix problem areas of photos, such as scratches, red-eye, or even the removal of unwanted objects. These tools are covered in detail in Chapter 15, so we don’t cover them here. Cross-Ref For a more detailed explanation of how to use the Healing tools to edit photos, see Chapter 15. n FIGURE 16.5 The Healing tools allow you to use brush strokes to quickly fix and remove problems areas in photographs. Clone Stamp and Pattern Stamp tool The Clone Stamp tool shown in Figure 16.6 allows you to quickly fix problem areas of photos, such as scratches and unwanted objects, by using other areas of the photo as a source to replace pixels using a Stamp brush. This tool is covered in detail in Chapter 15, so we don’t cover it here. Cross-Ref For a more detailed explanation of how to use the Clone Stamp tool to edit photos, see the section on cloning in Chapter 15. n The Pattern Stamp tool works similar to the brush tool except that it paints a pattern instead of a color. The options for the Pattern Stamp tool include the following: l Pattern Picker: Allows you to select a pattern to paint from the drop-down menu. l Aligned: When this option is enabled, the pattern in each new brush stroke is aligned with the previous brushstroke. This allows you to keep the pattern aligned as you paint multiple strokes. l Impressionist: Softens the pattern to give it an artistic effect rather than a crisp pattern. 24_584743-ch16.indd 51124_584743-ch16.indd 511 5/3/10 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM Part V: Painting, Paths, Shapes, and Text 512 FIGURE 16.6 The Clone Stamp tool allows you to use a stamp effect to quickly fix and remove problems areas in photographs. Pattern Picker History tools The History tools shown in Figure 16.7 allow you to use brush effects to paint previous edit states of the document onto the current state. This allows you to use a painting effect to reveal effects from previous edit states. This tool is covered in more detail in Chapter 5, so we don’t cover it here. Cross-Ref For a more detailed explanation of how to use the History tools to revive effects from previous states, see Chapter 5. n FIGURE 16.7 The History tools allow you to use a paint brush to paint data from a previous edit state of the document onto the current state, thus restoring effects to specific areas of the image. Eraser tools The Eraser tools, shown in Figure 16.8, are designed to do just that—erase pixels from the image. However, the Eraser tools provide several settings that provide lots of flexibility when removing pixels. Eraser tools apply to the selected layer in the Layers panel, so you can restrict the erasing to a specific layer. Tip You can select the Eraser tool using the E hotkey, and you can toggle through the Eraser tools by using the Shift+E hotkey sequence on the keyboard. n 24_584743-ch16.indd 51224_584743-ch16.indd 512 5/3/10 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM Chapter 16: Painting and Brushes 513 FIGURE 16.8 The Eraser tools allow you to remove pixels from a layer in the image and replace them with transparency or background color. Brush Style Brush panel Stylus Opacity Airbrush mode Stylus Size Continuous Sampling Background Sampling Once Sampling You can use three types of Eraser tools, as shown in Figure 16.8: l Eraser: The Eraser tool is designed to remove pixels from the current layer and replace them with transparency or the background color using the following options: l Mode: This allows you to erase using a Brush, Pencil, or Block tool. The Block mode is simply a square tool that’s useful in hard erasing in corners. The Pencil mode allows you to select the pencil tip, but the edges are hard for crisp erasing. The Brush mode enables erasing using all the functionality of brush strokes, so you can smooth the edges of the area being erased. l Opacity: This allows you to specify the opacity of the Eraser tool. The more the opac- ity, the more the underlying pixels are removed as you paint on them. l Tablet Pressure Controls Opacity: When this option is set, the pressure on the sty- lus tip defines the amount of opacity involved when erasing. l Erase to History: When this option is set, instead of erasing to transparent or back- ground pixels, the Eraser tool erases to a previous history state, as described in Chapter 5. l Flow: The Flow option controls the rate at which the erase effect is applied to the pix- els below. A value of 100% means the pixels are erased immediately. Adjusting the flow lower applies the erasure more slowly, allowing you to move the brush before fully erasing the underlying pixels. l Airbrush: When this option is selected, the erasure is applied gradually to the image to soften the edges of the area being erased. This option typically works better when used in conjunction with a reduced flow setting. 24_584743-ch16.indd 51324_584743-ch16.indd 513 5/3/10 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM Part V: Painting, Paths, Shapes, and Text 514 l Tablet Pressure Controls Size: When this option is selected, the stylus pressure overrides the brush or pencil size when erasing. l Background Eraser tool: The Background Eraser tool is designed to erase a specific color from the layer instead of just erasing everything. This is an extremely useful tool to remove monotone elements from images or to clean up a specific color from a layer. The Background Eraser tool provides the following options: l Continuous Sampling: When this option is selected, the Background Eraser tool con- tinuously samples the pixel directly beneath it to determine what color of pixels to erase. When this option is set, it behaves close to the regular Eraser tool, depending on the other settings. l Once Sampling: When this option is selected, the color to erase is determined by the pixel directly below the tool when you first click and begin to drag the mouse. This option is great for quickly selecting the color to erase from the image. l Background Sampling: When this option is selected, the color to erase is determined by the background color in the Toolbox. l Limits: This allows you to set the limit of erasing to Discontiguous, Contiguous, or Find Edges. Discontiguous erases the pixels wherever they occur. Contiguous erases only the pixels that are immediately adjacent to the first selected pixel. Find Edges erases pixels while trying to keep the edges in the image distinct. l Tolerance: This specifies the tolerance to use when determining whether a pixel matches the sample color and should be erased. l Project Foreground Color: When this option is selected, the color in the foreground of the Toolbox is protected from erasure. This option is typically used to erase every- thing but one color, as shown in Figure 16.9. l Magic Eraser tool: The Magic Eraser tool is a fast way to erase similar pixels throughout your image. Simply click a pixel in the image, and Photoshop scans the rest of the image and automatically removes all pixels that are similar using the following options: l Tolerance: This allows you to set the tolerance that Photoshop uses when determin- ing whether the pixel matches the selected pixel and should be erased. l Anti-alias: When this option is selected, Photoshop uses anti-aliasing to smooth the edges between the pixels being erased and the pixels remaining. l Contiguous: When this option is selected, only pixels that are contiguous in similar color to the selected pixel are erased. l Sample All Layers: When this option is selected, pixels in all layers are sampled to determine the color to be used when erasing pixels. When this option is not selected, the Magic Eraser tool samples only from the selected layer. This can be useful in removing pixels from one layer that match the pixels in another layer without affecting the second layer. Figure 16.9 shows an example of how each Eraser tool works. Notice that the Eraser tool erases all the pixels, but because we have set the foreground color to the color of the flowers, the 24_584743-ch16.indd 51424_584743-ch16.indd 514 5/3/10 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM Chapter 16: Painting and Brushes 515 Background Eraser tool does not erase the flowers. Also notice that the Magic Eraser tool erases most of the color of the flowers from the image. FIGURE 16.9 The Eraser tool erases all pixels, whereas the Background Eraser tool can be used to erase or preserve spe- cific colors, and the Magic Eraser tool finds and erases pixels with similar colors. Original Eraser tool Background Eraser tool Magic Eraser tool 24_584743-ch16.indd 51524_584743-ch16.indd 515 5/3/10 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM Part V: Painting, Paths, Shapes, and Text 516 Sharpen/Blur/Smudge tools The Sharpen and Blur tools, shown in Figure 16.10, allow you to use Brush tools to apply sharpen- ing and blurring techniques to specific areas of the image. The Smudge tool samples the pixels in the image below the tool and applies those pixels as you drag the mouse or stylus across the image. The result is that the pixels in the image are combined with the sampled pixels and a smudging effect is produced. Cross-Ref For a more detailed explanation of sharpening and blurring images, see Chapter 14. n FIGURE 16.10 The Sharpen and Blur tools allow you to use brushing techniques to apply sharpening and blurring to spe- cific areas of the image. The Smudge tool allows you to use brush techniques to smudge areas of an image. The following list describes some of the specific options available in the Tool menu for the Sharpen, Blur, and Smudge tools: l Mode: This allows you to set the blending mode to use when applying the sharpen, blur, or smudge effect. The options are Normal, Darken, Lighten, Hue, Saturation, Color, or Luminosity. l Strength: This allows you to set the strength of the effect from 0 to 100 percent. Applying a higher strength makes the sharpen, blur, or smudge effect more dramatic. l Sample All Layers: When this option is set, Photoshop uses all layers to calculate the effect that is applied to the current layer. Keep in mind, though, that only the current layer is affected. l Protect Detail: When this option is selected, the Sharpen filter tries to protect the detail in the image. l Finger Painting: When this option is selected, instead of sampling the image to fill the Smudge tool, Photoshop uses the foreground color. The effect is similar to dipping your finger in paint and then dragging it across a wet image. Figure 16.11 shows an example of how the Blur, Sharpen, and Smudge tools work. Notice that the Blur tool can blur out the center of the image without affecting the detail of the rest, just as the 24_584743-ch16.indd 51624_584743-ch16.indd 516 5/3/10 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM Chapter 16: Painting and Brushes 517 Sharpen tool can sharpen just the center. The Smudge tool has a completely different effect in that it smudges the pixels around in the center just as if they were wet paint on a canvas. FIGURE 16.11 The Blur, Sharpen, and Smudge tools apply blurring, sharpening, and smudging to specific areas of the image using paint strokes. Original Sharpen Blur Smudge Dodge/Burn/Sponge tools The Dodge, Burn, and Sponge tools, shown in Figure 16.12, allow you to use brush techniques to apply lightening, darkening, and saturation adjustments to specific areas of the image. The Dodge tool applies a lightening effect to the pixels as you drag the mouse or stylus across the image. The Burn tool applies a darkening effect to the pixels as you drag the mouse or stylus across the image. The Sponge tool either saturates or desaturates the pixels as you drag the mouse or stylus across the image. 24_584743-ch16.indd 51724_584743-ch16.indd 517 5/3/10 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM Part V: Painting, Paths, Shapes, and Text 518 Tip You can select the Dodge, Burn, and Sponge tools using the O hotkey, and you can toggle through them by using the Shift+O hotkey sequence on the keyboard. n Cross-Ref Lighting and saturation corrections are discussed in more detail in Chapter 13. n FIGURE 16.12 The Dodge, Burn, and Sponge tools allow you to use brush techniques to apply lightening, darkening, and saturation adjustments to specific areas of the image. The following list describes some of the specific options available in the tool menu for the Dodge, Burn, and Sponge tools: l Range: This specifies the tonal range to apply the Dodge or Burn effect to. The available tonal ranges are Shadows, Midtones, and Highlights. l Exposure: This allows you to set the amount of exposure applied with the Dodge or Burn tool. A larger percentage in the Exposure setting results in a more dramatic effect. l Protect Tones: When this option is set, Photoshop limits the amount of adjustment in the Dodge and Burn tools so they have a minimal effect on the color tones. l Mode: This allows you to specify whether to apply a color saturation or desaturation effect with the Sponge tool. l Flow: The Flow option controls the rate at which the saturation/desaturation effect is applied to the pixels below. A value of 100% means the pixels are affected immediately. Adjusting the flow lower applies the affect more slowly. l Vibrance: When this option is selected, the effect of the Sponge tool is limited to keep as much of the vibrance of tones as possible. Figure 16.13 shows an example of applying the Dodge and Burn tools to help the look of a photo that was taken at the wrong angle during a sunny day. Notice in the original that the hair shines too brightly and a bad shadow appears on the other side of the face. Using the Dodge tool, we lightened the face a bit to restore some of the detail, and using the Burn tool, we darkened the highlight in the hair. 24_584743-ch16.indd 51824_584743-ch16.indd 518 5/3/10 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM Chapter 16: Painting and Brushes 519 FIGURE 16.13 Using the Dodge and Burn tools, you can use brushing techniques to darken highlights and brighten shadows. Burn Dodge Painting with mixing tools The Mixer Brush tool is different than all other painting tools in that it is designed to mix the paint in the brush with the pixels below to produce as close of an effect of using real paint as possible. The Mixer Brush tool is extremely dynamic and versatile in how it mixes the paint with the pixels below. The Mixer Brush tool lets you use paint from the color palette to mix paint into the image, use a dry brush to mix the paint on the image, set how much paint is applied to the brush, and much more to make it as close to painting with actual wet paint on a physical medium. The Mixer Brush is available in the painting tools set in the Toolbox and can be selected by using Shift+B to toggle through the painting tools. The following list describes some of the options in the Tool Options menu, shown in Figure 16.14, when the Mixer Brush tool is selected (for descrip- tions of the other options not listed, see the painting tools section earlier in this chapter): 24_584743-ch16.indd 51924_584743-ch16.indd 519 5/3/10 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM . tools allow you to control the shape and the size of the area of pixels affected by the tool. Pixels are manipulated by dragging the mouse or using a stylus pen. The editing tools allow you to fix. image, and Photoshop scans the rest of the image and automatically removes all pixels that are similar using the following options: l Tolerance: This allows you to set the tolerance that Photoshop. 10:37 AM5/3/10 10:37 AM Part V: Painting, Paths, Shapes, and Text 518 Tip You can select the Dodge, Burn, and Sponge tools using the O hotkey, and you can toggle through them by using the Shift+O