Lecture insect disease - Use of Fungi for Insect Control pps

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Use of Fungi for Insect Control - Issues, Developments & Research Needs Mark Goettel Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Entomopathogenic Fungi • Classification • Pathogenesis • Why fungi as BCA’s? • Commercialization • Registration • Some examples • Research Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Classification • Kingdom Chromista (formerly Eumycota) • Division Oomycota – Water molds – – Pythiales Pythiales » » Lagenidium Lagenidium giganteum giganteum – – Reproduce asexually Reproduce asexually – – Motile zoospores Motile zoospores Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Classification • Kingdom Eumycota (the fungi) • Four Divisions – Chytridiomycota – Zygomycota – Ascomycota – Basidiomycota – (Deuteromycota) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Division Chytridiomycota • Genera Coelomomyces • Pathogen of aquatic Diptera • Obligate pathogens • Require alternate crustacean hosts • Very host specific Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Division Zygomycota • Order Entomophthorales • Genera: Conidiobolus, Entomophaga, Entomophthora, Erynia, Pandora, Zoophthora • Mostly obligate pathogens • Sexual & asexual spores • Spores ejected forcibly • Mostly restricted host ranges Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Division Ascomycota • Order Clavicipitales • Genera: Cordyceps, Torrubiella – Teleomorphic (sexual) state of many spp within Deuteromycota • Order Ascosphaerales – Genera: Ascosphaera – – Mostly obligate pathogens Mostly obligate pathogens – – Sexual & asexual spores Sexual & asexual spores – – Mostly restricted host ranges Mostly restricted host ranges Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Division Deuteromycota • Genera: Aschersonia, Aspergillus, Beauveria, Hirsutella, Metarhizium, Nomuraea, Paecilomyces, Verticillium (Lecanicillium) • Most? anamorphic (asexual) state of Cordyceps • Mostly facultative pathogen • Assexual, immotile spores, conidia • Mostly wider host ranges Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Some examples Aschersonia aleyrodis Cordyceps Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Metarhizium flavoviride Hirsutella [...]... adapted to host • Great potential for epizootics Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Use of fungi • Classical (introduction) • Conservation • Augmentation (insecticidal) Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Commercialization • Insecticidal approach • Niche products • Regulations • Profit margins too low for the big conglomerates • Shelf... Agroalimentaire Canada Classical control • Worldwide, between 1888 and 1992 • > 5,500 programs with parasitoids & predators • < 50 programs with pathogens • Why? Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Pathophobia!! • Bacteria • Fungi • Protozoa • Viruses • Mutations Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Classical control • Fungi • Entomophaga maimaiga... Vertalec (Koppert) – Aphids • New formulations with improved efficacy • Registered in Europe and Japan • Applied on “1000’s of hectares” Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Innovative application: thinking outside of the box! Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Innovation Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire... Neem Products Mycoinsectcices Biofungicide Mycoherbercide 2001 1996 Ciba-Geigy Agrisense • Pheromone AI’s • Traps/lures 1996 1997 • Bt aizawai • Bt kurstaki 1997 1993 Novartis Biosys • Nematodes • Baculovirus AgriDyne • Azadirachtin 1996 1996 Sandoz 1995 Crop Genetics • Baculoviruses • Kleentek sugar cane 1972 IMC • Bt kurstaki • Bt israelensis • Btt Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire... et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada • Zoophthora radicans • Introduction of strain from Israel into Australia in early 1980’s • Alfalfa aphid Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada • Mortality over 90% • Populations controlled... Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada • Gypsy moth • Accidental introduction in late 1800’s • Devastated hardwood forests, billions $$ damage • Entomophaga maimaiga • First introduced from Japan in 1909 • Not observed until 1989 • Since then epizootics have swept most of North America • Insecticide spraying no longer necessary • Result of original introduction or accidental... Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Metarhizium anisopliae Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Torrubiella ratocaudata Verticillium lecanii Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Pathogenesis • Infection via external integument Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Types of pathogens •... 1020 (Taensa) • Black vine weevil Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada • Paecilomyces fumosoroseus • PFR-97 & PreFeRal (Certis USA) • Priority (Stanes) • Pae-Sin (Agrobionsa) • Whitefly, some activity against aphids, thrips, spider mites • Registered in Europe and USA Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada • Verticillium lecanii • Mycotal... Facultative • “Weakly” virulent • Mass produced in vitro • “Wider” host range • Better suited for insecticidal approach • Obligate • “Highly” virulent • Produced only in vivo • “Narrow” host range • Better suited in classical approach Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Types of pathogens • Facultative • Strong dosemortality relationship • Opportunistic pathogens • Less... Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Nothing! Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada Why aren’t they available? • Host specificity • Pathogens with “broader” host range – Wider markets – Easier to produce • Pathogens with narrow host ranges – Obligate pathogens – Often can be produced only in vivo Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire . Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Use of Fungi for Insect Control - Issues, Developments & Research Needs Mark Goettel Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research. to host • Great potential for epizootics Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Use of fungi • Classical (introduction) • Conservation • Augmentation (insecticidal) Agriculture. external integument Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Types of pathogens • Facultative • “Weakly” virulent • Mass produced in vitro • “Wider” host range • Better suited for insecticidal approach •