First certificate language practice part 29 docx

GRAMMAR 32 LINKING WORDS 2 3 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Owning a car Owning a car has several advantages. (1) A you can go wherever you want, whenever you want. You don't have to depend on public transport and (2) you feel more independent. (3) you are able to give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. (4) , there can be problems, especially if you live in a city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items (5) petrol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. (6) , most people feel that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages. (7) most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can. (8) , I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, (9) they are noisy and dirty. (10) , the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored. 1) A First of all B As a result C Personally D Besides this 2) A however B personally C since D as a result 3) A In contrast B In my view C Besides this D However 4) A On the other hand B To sum up C Thus D For example 5) A as B such as C owing to D then 6) A Finally B Secondly C However D As 7) A For B Next C As well as this D Consequently 8) A For example B Personally C Nevertheless D In comparison 9) A for example B however C thus D since 10) A As a result B Moreover C Personally D In comparison Text organizers help readers and listeners to follow the development of an argument. Most of the expressions listed are formal in use. Because text organizers make links across sentences, their meaning is only clear when you study the ideas that come before and after them (the whole context). Key points 1 2 189 190 Explanations It and there It generally refers to something already mentioned. There is used with be to say that something exists. There is a good film on tonight. It stars Kim Basinger. It is also used in some phrases which do not have a grammatical subject. It's raining again. It's half past six. It doesn't matter. It's time to go. It and adjectives It is also used in the pattern it + adjective + infinitive/-ing. It's good to see you. It was nice meeting you. In informal speech, it and the verb be are often left out. Good to see you. Nice meeting you. One - One can be used as a pronoun, and has a plural ones. I don't like this one. I only like green ones. • The phrase one another refers to two subjects. Martin and David can't stand one another. This means that Martin can't stand David, and David can't stand Martin. • In normal conversation we use you to refer to anybody. As you get older you tend to forget things. But in formal speech and writing we can use one with this meaning. This is considered over-formal by many speakers. What does one wear to a dinner of this kind? It's not pleasant to hear oneself described by one's employees. Someone, everyone, - -body can be used instead of -one without a change in meaning. anyone, somewhere, -Words beginning some or any follow the usual patterns for these words, with etc any words normally used in questions and after negatives. There's something under the desk. Can you see anything? But we can use some in a question if it is an offer or request. Are you looking for somewhere to stay? Could someone help me, please? And we use any in positive statements where we mean it doesn't matter which or there is no limit to the possibilities. Please sit anywhere you like. Anyone who's tall will do. GRAMMAR 33 PRONOUNS 191 What as a pronoun What can be used as a pronoun meaning the thing(s) that. What we need is a hammer. Whatever, whoever, • These words are used to add emphasis to the question word. wherever, whenever, What you are doing? -> Whatever are you doing? (shows more surprise) why ever, however • We also use these words to mean any at all. Whatever you say is wrong! (Anything at all you say ) Reflexive • Reflexive pronouns can be used for emphasis. pronouns Why don't you do it yourself? I paid for the tickets myself. • They are also used for some actions that we do to ourselves. Sue cut herself. I have hurt myself. Did you enjoy yourself? But other verbs are not normally used with a reflexive pronoun, even though they are in other languages. Examples include: change (clothes), complain, decide, dress, feel, meet, relax, remember, rest, sit down, stand up, wake up, wash, wonder, worry Possessives: parts When we talk about parts of the body we often use a preposition + the rather of the body than a preposition + a possessive adjective. Jack gave Bill a punch on the nose. I grabbed him by the arm. Jack punched Bill on the nose. I looked him in the eyes. FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that it has the same meani ng. • a) The person who stole the painting must have been tall. Whoever stole the painting must have been b) I don't mind what you do, but don't tell Jane I was here. Whatever c) What on earth is the time? Whatever d) I'd like to know why you told me a lie. Why ever e) Every time I go on holiday, the weather gets worse. Whenever f) Tell me where you have been! Wherever g) How on earth did you know I was going to be here? However h) I won't believe you, no matter what you say. Whatever 192 GRAMMAR 33 PRONOUNS 2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. a) John patted my back, gave John gave me a pat on the back. b) Don't hold a rabbit's ears and pick it up. by Don't the ears. c) I'll never be able to look at Tanya's face again. in I'll never be able to look again. d) Sue grabbed the thief's arm. by Sue arm. e) Helen took the baby's hand. by Helen hand. f) The bee stung my arm. me The bee arm. g) Somebody gave me a black eye. punched Somebody eye. h) Jane patted the dog's head. on Jane head. i) 'It's my arm! I'm hit!' said Billy the Kid. wounded 'I'm ,' said Billy the Kid. j) I felt someone pat my shoulder. me I felt someone shoulder. 193 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. a) The local cinema has a good film on at the moment. There is a good film on at the local cinema at the moment. b) I can't drink coffee so late at night. It's so late at night. c) Don't worry if you can't answer all the questions. It doesn't all the questions. d) The fridge is empty. There fridge. e) This journey has been tiring. It journey. f) The station is far away. It station. g) Let's have a break now. It's for a break now. h) I enjoyed seeing you. It you. 4 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning. a) Was it enjoyable at the beach, Joe? Did you enjoy yourself at the beach, Joe?. b) We really need a new fridge. What c) There's a lot of fog today. It's d) People who believe in ghosts are a bit crazy! Anyone e) Just call me any time you need me. Whenever f) I was very interested in what we talked about. It was interesting g) John is hurt. John has h) Why did you do that? Whatever 194 GRAMMAR 33 PRONOUNS 5 Complete each sentence with the most suitable word or phrase. a) I like this painting but I don't think much of those C. A) rest B) other C) ones D) besides b) What would like to do this morning? A) someone B) one C) yourself D) you c) Did you enjoy ? A) at the party B) the party C) yourself the party D) with yourself at the party d) nothing much to do in this town. A) There's B) It's not C) There's not D) It's e) you do, don't tell Harry that we've lost his camera. A) Anything B) What C) Whatever D) It's better f) One prefers to shop at Harrods, ? A) doesn't one B) isn't it C) don't you D) isn't one g) didn't you tell me that you felt too ill to work? A) Whoever B) Whatever C) However D) Why ever h) Then George punched the police officer the face! A) at B) on C) to D) in i) Harry shook my hand and said, 'Pleased you'. A) to meet B) to introduce C) to shake D) to acquaint j) Please invite you like to the reception. A) one B) anyone C) ones D) all Key points 1 In some cases, it does not refer to another noun. Instead, it stands as a subject because the phrase does not have a real subject. It's late. It's a nice day. It's five o'clock. 2 It is possible to use some and words made from it in questions. This is the case with offers and requests. Are you looking for someone? 3 It is possible to use any and words made from it in positive statements. This is the case when we mean no limit. Call me any time you like. 4 Some verbs (cut, enjoy, hurt) require a reflexive (myself, etc) if there is no other object. I enjoyed the party. Martha cut her finger. I enjoyed myself. Martha cut herself. 195 . shoulder. me I felt someone shoulder. 193 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. a) The local cinema has a good film on. grabbed him by the arm. Jack punched Bill on the nose. I looked him in the eyes. FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that it has the same meani. someone B) one C) yourself D) you c) Did you enjoy ? A) at the party B) the party C) yourself the party D) with yourself at the party d) nothing much to do in this town. A) There's B)