Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary - Part 31 potx

Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary field coil, or coils, rather than a permanent magnet. A dynamometer functions through a rotating coil con- trolled by the interaction between the magnetic fields ofa moving coil and field coil( s). It can be used in conjunction with both direct current (DC) and alter- nating current (AC). See D'Arsonval galvanometer. dynode In a photomultiplier tube, a component that enables the amplification ofa signal through secondary emission by the stimulation of the release of additional electrons when it is struck by the photo converted electron( s). It is made of reflective materials that will give up electrons and may be coated to improve its properties. Fabrication materials include BeCu (beryllium copper) and CsSb (ce- sium antimony). A chain of several dynodes is placed in the path of the electrons emitted by a photocathode as they travel towards the anode in an evacuated electron tube. Typically about 10 or 12 dynodes are staggered in pairs at appropriate reflecting angles so that the electron path passes directly from one to the next in the path. The potential of each dynode is set relative to the potential of the next dynode in the chain, as each step has a multiplying effect on the energy as a whole (gain). As electrons strike the reflective material of the dynode, kinetic energy is transferred to the secondary electrons. The kinetic energy is determined by the voltage level of each dynode, with a relation- ship between the kinetic energy and the number of secondary electrons. Higher voltages (within operating ranges) result in higher numbers of secondary electrons, with a cumulative effect as the number of dynodes in the chain increases. Some tubes are suitable for use with a photomultiplier tube base that aug- ments the capabilities of the tube and may provide external voltage stabilization capabilities for the last dynodes in the chain and adjustment control for individual dynodes (e.g., the focus dynode). Linear output from a connecting dynode (e.g., the 9th of 12 or 10th of 10 dynodes) may be processed through a scintillation component. Thus, the effect of even a single photon can be stud- ied with photomultiplier tubes, a capability that is 292 especially useful in particle physics and low light in- puts. See photomultiplier for further information and a diagram. See photomultiplier, scintillator. Dyson, George (1953- )An American kayak enthu- siast and technology historian, Dyson is the author ofDanvin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence, a provocative book about the ori- gins of computers and networking, and philosophi- cal speculations about intercommunication and emerging digital intelligences. In 2001, Dyson authored Orion, a book that reveals remarkable preliminary steps to travel to Mars that were carried out in secret by the u.S. government in the 1960s and later shut down. Network Digital Intelligences Dyson sphilosophic/historic treatment of the emer- gence of intelligence in global distributeddigital networks is even more applicable now than when it was released. As fiber optic networks with high-speed, high-bandwidth capabilities become more widely installed, the concept of the social and physical inte- gration of networking increases in Significance. © 2003 by CRC Press LLC e 1. symb. basic unit of charge. Proton-associated charges are designated +e and electron-associated charges are designated -e. See coulomb. 2. symb. energy as in e = md. 3. symb. - natural logarithm with a value of about 2.71828. See logarithm. 4. symb. voltage, though V is commonly used. See volt. E 1. See E notation. 2. symb. See exa E& MsignalingA signaling method communicated over two leads or wires, each one labeled E (ear) and M (mouth), one in each direction. Each lead may be grounded, open, or have signaling voltage applied. If station 1 wants to call station 2 (assuming 2 is onhook and not busy), voltage is applied to the M lead to provide a supervisory signal indicating a call, and the associated E lead at station 2 will be grounded. See A& B bit signaling. E& M Signaling Examples IDLE I' M E~ BUSY -!-E MI' Two simple examples help illustrate E & M Signal- ing. If the circuits at both locations (1 and 2) are idle, M will be grounded andE open (in both directions). If both circuits are busy, voltage is applied at M to signal the busy condition and E will be grounded. E Block AFederal Communications Commission (FCC) designation for a Personal Communications Services (peS) license granted to a telephone company serving a Major Trading Area (MTA). It grants permission to operate at certain FCC-specified frequencies. SeeABlock for a chart of frequencies from A to F Block. E interface, external interface A general interface so that Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) deployed over AMPS interface with external networks. See A interface, I interface. E notation Scientific notation for representing a large value. For expressing large values or entering them into a computer, E or e represents numbers as pow- ers of base 10, which is useful if the times symbol could be mistaken for the letter ''x'' or when space is limited (e.g., on calculators). For example, 1,560,000,000 may be more succinctly written as a coefficient with a value 2::1 and <10 times a power of ten, yielding 1.56 x 10 9 or 1.56E+9. E region Aportion of the Earth's ionosphere, above the troposphere, that ranges from about 100 kilometers to about 130 kilometers above the surface of the Earth. This is also known as the Heaviside layer, or the Kennelly-Heaviside layer, and is used for deflec- tion of short wave radio signals. See Kennelly-Heavi- side layer. See ionospheric subregions for a chart. E Series Recommendations A series oflTU- T-rec- ommended guidelines for overall network operation, telephone services, service operations, and human factors. These guidelines are available as publications from the lTU-T for purchase over the Net. Since ITU- T specifications and recommendations are widely folowed by vendors in the telecommunications indus- try, those wanting to maximize interoperability with other systems need to be aware of the infonnation dis- seminated by the lTU- T. A full list of general catego- ries is listed in the Appendix, and specific series top- ics are listed under individual entries in this dictionary, e.g., D Series Recommendations. El, E-l, CEPTI See E-carrier. E-911 service Enhanced 911 service. A 911 emergency service with extra features, such as automatic number identification (ANI - the caller's phone number), the calling address (ALI - automatic location information), and selective routing (SR). Many emergency service personnel consider these 'essential' rather than' enhanced' services, and the Federal Com- munications Commission (FCC) has been encour- aged to support and adopt E-911 in its rule-making decisions. In 1999, the FCC issued a Report and Or- der requiring that all mobile phones capable of analog operation incorporate a special feature for reliably 293 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary processing 911 emergency calls. Manufacturers were given until February 2000 to comply with the ruling. See 911 calling. E-band A spectrum allocation for wireless PCS in certain regions such as Latin America (e.g., Brazil). E-band, optical In optical communications, an ITU- specified transmission band in the 1280 - 1625-nm range. The E-band spectrum has only recently become com- mercially viable, as fiber technology evolves. Ven- dors have begun releasing systems for incorporating E-band capabilities into coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) fiber optic systems carrying other wavelengths, thus increasing capacity. Suppli- ers of testing equipment for optical networks began releasing test equipment for portions of the E-band spectrum in early 2001. Nonzero-dispersion-shifted fibers tend to be used in these systems, a fiber type also suitable for C-band and L-band applications. See C-band, L-band. E-carrier, European-carrier The European ITU- T- specified analog to the T1 high-speed communications system used in North America. They are the same in many general aspects, but they differ as to the overall hierarchy and details, such as speed of transmissions, number of channels, and the lack of bit-robbing. Since bit-robbing is not used for signaling purposes, a full 64 Kbps is possible (as opposed to the 56 Kbps in bit-robbed systems with similar characteristics). The analog to the superframe on T- carrier systems is the multiframe (16 frames) on E- carrier systems. E1 transmits at 2.048 Mbps (compared to Tl 1.544 Mbps) using time division multiplexing (TDM) and pulse code modulation (PCM) simultaneously on up to 30 64-Kbps digital channels. Two additional channels are used for signaling and framing. See J-carrier, T-carrier. e-commerce, ecommerce electronic commerce. Many forms of electronic commerce have evolved over the last twenty years. Banks have been using computers longer than most businesses, and ATMs have been common since the early 1980s. But e-commerce capabilities have grown over the Internet, and now the tenn has a broader meaning for any type of electronically facilitated or direct electronic transaction carried out over a private or public network, in addition to traditional ATM -based electronic trans- actions. E-commerce Experts Group ECOMEG. A technical working group of the WAP Forum that commu- nicates commerce-related information to other groups. Since security is an important aspect of electronic commerce, ECOMEG provides the WAP Se- curity Group (WSG) with the requirements for security features that are important to financial institu- tions, merchants, service providers, and others. See WAPForum. E-IDE Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics. An enhanced computer peripheral connection format, descended from IDE. IDE hard drive controllers are very common on Intel-based desktop computers. 294 Enhanced IDE has a greater storage capacity than IDE and faster data transfer rates. See IDE. E- Privacy Act The Encryption Protects the Rights of Individuals from Violation and Abuse in Cyber- space Act was introduced in May 1998 by Senators Ashcroft, Leahy, and Bums to promote privacy as it relates to the electronic age. The bill supports the widespread availability of strong encryption without back doors and protects the privacy of sensitive, con- fidential information such as health information and financial documents. The bill sought to support global competitiveness and to support the efforts of law enforcement agents through establishment ofa Na- tional Electronic Technology Center (NET Center). See Encryption for the National Interest Act, Secu- rity and Freedom through Encryption Act. E- TDMA See extended time division multiple access and time division multiple access. e-zine electronic magazine. An electronic publica- tion, usually provided over public networks, which retains many of the format, editorial features, and characteristics ofa print magazine. EA Equal Access. A moral and regulatory stipulation that all persons have equal access to telecommunications services. EAC See European Astronaut Centre. EACA See European Association of Communica- tions Agencies. EACEM See European Association of Consumer Electronics Manufacturers. EADP See European Association of Directory and Database Publishers. EAGLE Extended Area Global Positioning System (GPS) Location Enhancement. EAGLE is a commercial GPS system implemented by Differential Cor- rections Inc. (DCI) to provide services in North America. EAGLE employs a network of reference nodes or stations and a central processing hub to provide more precise GPS location information than is provided by an unenhanced GPS system functioning on civilian frequencies. EAGLE employs separate error estimates to generate local area corrections and frequency modulated (FM) subcarrier broadcasts to provide correction information to users. Current EAGLE nodes are widely installed across North America, from Seattle and San Diego to Hali- fax and Miami, and link with Frame Relay networks. The frame relay system is used for the transmission of data to two network hubs which create separate estimates for the position and clock errors of each of the satellites being used. A grid of ionospheric corrections is also used. The composite corrections are then transmitted to all the FM stations in the network through a geostationary satellite sending to small dish antennas at the receiving facilities. The vector corrections are converted into local corrections to pro- duce scalar corrections for each satellite. The result- ing data stream is broadcast to the mobile user through a frequency modulated (FM) subcatrler. EAM See electroabsorption modulator. EANTe See European Advanced Networking Test Center. © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Early Bird INTELSAT's historic commercial communications satellite, claimed to be the first commercial satellite, launched from Cape Canaveral in April 1965 to orbit over the Atlantic Ocean. By the end of the year, Early Bird was already providing more than 100 telephone circuit relays and dozens of hours of television programming. The INTELSAT projects evolved from the Early Bird system. See INTELSAT. Early Packet Discard EPD. In ATM networking, a traffic flow control service guarantee technique used in situations where congestion occurs on ATM networks, usually in unspecified bit rate (UBR) services. Cells early in the packet set are discarded, perhaps right down to the final cell, which is not discarded, as it is needed as a signal for the receiving station that it is the end of the packet set. See cell rate. early token release In a token-passing network, as a Token-Ring network, a means by which a station sends out a token without frrst checking to see if the receiving system has acknowledged the transmission. This can increase the efficiency oftransmissions around the ring in some situations, as normally the system only sends one token at a time in one direction. See Token-Ring network. EARN See European Academic and Research Net- work. EARP See Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol. EARSeL See European Association of Remote Sens- ing Laboratories. Earth grounding Grounding an electrical circuit by placing a lead into the Earth. It works best when it is inserted a few feet into damp soil. Earth grounding was historically placed near outhouses, where the soil was usually damp and soft (before inside plumbing became prevalent). See ground. Earth Observing System, EarthObservation Sat- ellite EOS. A central project of NASA's Earth Sci- ence Enterprise (ESE) consisting of scientific research and data supporting a series of coordinated polar-orbiting and low-inclination satellites designed for long-tenn global observations and experimenta- tion. See ASTER. http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ EarthResources Technology Satellite ERTS-I. The historic first Earth remote-sensing satellite launched in 1968 from an Air Force base located in Califor- nia. It was equipped with the controversial, but ulti- mately successful, Hughes Aircraft scanner. This pro- gram developed into the Landsat series in 1975, and two very similar satellites were launched in 1975 and 1978. See Landsat, scanner. Earthstation The portion of structures and transmission equipment associated with a satellite that are sta- tioned on the Earth. They may include facilities, antennas, orientation systems, transceivers, etc., in a building or on a mobile unit. earthing See Earth grounding, ground. EAS 1. Earth and atmospheric sciences. 2. Eastern Analytical Symposium, Inc. http://www.eas.org/ 3. electronic acquisition system. 4. electronic articles surveillance 5. See Emergency Alert System. 6. engineering and applied sciences. 7. See Enterprise Application Server. 8. See European Astronomical Society. 9. experimental and applied sciences. 10. See Extended Area Service. EASI See ETSI ATM Services Interoperability. Eastern and Associated Telegraph Company An early submarine telegraph cable company, established as a merger ofa number of smaller companies into the Eastern Telegraph Company, in 1872. Through a further amalgamation of global telegraph companies, it had become the largest by 1900 and served many major cable chains in Africa, India, and Australia. In =ti~~~!~;~~:r~:!~i:~::::::ri::'. Agreement (1996) 2. See European Broadcasting Area. 4. See eventual Byzantine agreement. EBCDIC (pron. eb-si-dik) Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code. A family of 8-bit (256- character) encodings adapted by International Busi- ness Machines (ffiM) from punch card codes, in preference to ASCII which is more widely used by the rest of the computing community. See American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Ebone The leading European network backbone serving more than 60 networks in more than 20 countries, providing connections to major world networks and to the Internet. The Ebone connects directly to NortbAmerican networks through the Ebone's trans- Atlantic fiber cable. The Ebone initiative was launched as a not-for-profit organization financed independently of government funding and formally founded in 1991. The ISPs set- ting up the early Ebone formed the Ebone Holding Association. In 1993, Hermes Europe Railtel was founded, creating an independent European fiber- optic network. The two companies were subsequently combined as the Ebone under Global TeleSystems (GTS). In July 1999, GTS announced the acquisition of the remaining 25% of Ebone not already owned by GTS. The operating headquarters are located in London. In April 2001, Global Knowledge, a major IT training company for professionals implementing and managing complex network systems, announced Ebone as their choice for providing European internet training services. The system combines international private leased circuits (IPLCs), IP-based vir- tual private networks (vpN s), and hosted IP services. See backbone, EUnet, Mbone. EBS 1. electronic broadcast service/system. 2. See Emergency Broadcast System. EBU See European Broadcasting Union. EBU Broadcast Wave Format, EBU BWF. An ob- ject-oriented audio file format developed by the Eu- ropean Broadcasting Union to facilitate interoperability among differing computer platforms. The EBU BWF defines the minimum necessary information required for audio broadcast applications. In 2000, the EBU included a provision for BWF files to include a SMPTE UMID and version 1of the BWF specification was released. Technical descriptions are available through the EBU in Adobe PDF format. See European Broadcasting Union. 295 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary ITU·T ESeriesReeommendatioDs Definitions and Basic Descriptions E.lOO Definitions oftenns used in international telephone operation E.l06 Description ofanintemiltional emergency preference scheme (IEPS) E.128 Leaflet to be distributed to foreign visitors E.123 Notation for national and international telephone numbers International Services E.I05 International telephone service E.104 International telephone directory assistance service and public access E.I09 Intemational·billed number screening procedures fOfcollect and third-party calling E.IlO Organization of the international telephoJl~ network E.lll Extension of international telephone services E.112 Arrangements to be made for controlling tbetelqlhone~e;rvic~betw~en two countries E.113 Validation prol;edures for.the international telecommunications charge card service E.116 International telecommunication charge card service E.118 TheintemationaltelecoDIm.unication charge card E.120 Instructions.folusersoftbeinternational telephone service E.122 Measures to reduce customer difficulties in the intematioJ.ud telephone service E.124 Discouragementoffrivolous international calling to unassigned or vacant!lumbe~ answered by recorded announcementswitbout charge E.125 Inquiries among users of the international telephone service E.I SO Public~tion of~"list ofintemational telephone routes" E.152 International freephone service E.lS3 Home country (iirect E.I54 International shared cost service E.I SS International premium rate. service E.163 Numbering pl~for the international telephone service E.171 International telephone routing plan E.17S Models for intemational network planning 296 E.l90 Principles and responsibilities for the management,. ilssignment and reclamation ofE-seriesintemational numbering resources E.191.1 Criteria .and procedures forthe allocation ofthe.lTU T il1temationalnetwork designator addresses E.195 lTD·T international numbering resource administration E.401 Statistics for the intemational telephone service (number of circuits in operation and volllIlle of traffic) International Network Management E.410 Intemational network management - general infonnation E.411 International network management - operationalgtridance E.413 International network management - planning E.414 International network management - organization E.4l5 International network management guidance for common channel Signaling System No. 7 Supplementary Services E.130 Choice of the most useful and desirable supplementary telephone services E.131 Subscriber control procedures for supplementary telephone.services E.132 Standardization of elements of control procedmes for .sp.pplementary telephone services E.IS1 Telephone conference calls Operator &Directory Assistance Services E.104 International telephone directory assistanqe service and public access E.121 Pictograms, symbols, and icons to assist users of the tel~hone selVice E.127 Pages in the telephone directory intendedfor for~ignvisitors E.IIS Computerized directory assistance E.114 Supply of lists of subscribers (directories and other means) E.126 Harmonization of the general information pages of the telephone directories published by administrations E.140 Operator-assisted telephone service E.141 Instructions for operators on the operator-assisted. international telephone service © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Numbering Plans E.160 Definitions·relating to··national and internatio~aln~bering plans E.163 Numbering plan for the international telephone service E.I64 The international public telecommunication numbering plan E.I66 Numbering planinterworking for the E.l64 and X.121 numbering plans E.168 ApplicationofE.l64 numbering plan for UPT E.169 Application of Recommendation E.l64 numbering plan for universal internatiop~lfreephone numbers for international freephone service E.169.2 Applicati()n of Recommendation B.164 nUlllberingplanfor ooiversal international premium rate numbers for theintemational premium mte service E.169.3 Application of Recommendation E.164 numbering plan for universal international shared cost numbers for internationalsharedcostsennce E.195 ITU-T international numbering resource administration E.190 Prihciplesand responsibilities for the management, assignment, and reclamation orE-series international numbering resources E.213 Telephone andISDN numbering plan for land mobile stations in public land mobile networks (PLMN) E.215 TelephonelISDN numbering plan for the mobile-satellite·services of Inmarsat Routing Plans and Routing Data E.148 Routing of traffic by automatic transit exchanges E.149 Presentation of routing data E.173 Routing plan for interconnection between public landmobiJe networks and fixed tenninalnetworks E.174 Routifigj:mnciples and guidance for Universal Personal Telecommunications (UPT) E.190 Principles and responsibilities for the management, assignment, and reclamation of E-series international numbering resources E.3S0 Dynamic Routing IntelWorking E.351 Routing of multimedia connections acrossTDM-, ATM-,and IP-based networks E.352 Routing guidelinesfor efficient routing methods E.353 Routil1gofcallswhen using international routing addresses Billing, Accounting E.230 Chargeabledurauonofcal1s E.231 Charging i~autAt11atic~~icef()r~~lls tenninating onarecomed announcement stating the reason for the callnot being completed E.232 Charging for calls to subscriber's station connected either to the absent subscriber's service or to a device substituting a subscriber in his absence E.251 Old system foraccouritmgin international telephony E.252 Mode ofapplicationOfilieflat-rateprice procedure set~orthinJ}eco11lD1~dations D.67 andD.lSOfor·remunerationof facilities tllade~vai1ablet~the administratiolisofothercountries E.260 Basic technicalproblems conceming.the . measurement and recording of call durations E.261 Devices for measuring and recording call durations E.270 Monthlytelephone an4 telex accounts E.275 Exchange of international traffic accounting data between ~strations using eleetronicdatainterchange(EDI) techniques E.276 Tnu.'1smission· inen.cooeclformof telephone reversed charge billing and accounting infortrtation E.277 Conventional transmission of infonnationnecessaryfor.tllecollection of charges and the accounting regarding collect and credit. card calls E.433 Billing integrity Telephone Tones E.180 Technical characteristics of tones forthe telephone service E.18l Custom Signaling System 7 (887) eng ISDN E.145 International network management guidance for common channel Signaling System 7 E.167 ISDN network identification.codes E.172 ISDN routing plan E.177 B-ISDN routing E.191 B-ISDN addressing E.184 Indications to users of ISDN terminals E.213 Telephone andISDNnumbefing plan for land mobile stations iIlpublicJand mobile networks (PtMN) E.21S TelephoneIlS~:N'nuI11beringp~~or the mobile satellite····services.··of·lrttJ.Ult'Sat 297 " '.,' •. , . ., ~:~~ © 2003 by CRC Press LLC E.170 Traff~.c.routing E.412 Network management controls E.416 Network management principles and functions forB-ISDN traffic Traffic Forecasting. Engineering, and Measurement E.300 Specialuse.sofcircuits normally employed for automatic telephone traffic E.30 1 Intpactof:gonvoiceappliGations on the telephone network E.370 Service principles .when public circuit- switchedintemational.telecommunication networks interwork with IP-based networks E.417 Framework for the network management ofIP-based networks Network Management E.202 Network operational principles for future public mobile systems and services E.201 Reference recommendation for mobile services E.210 Ship station identification for VHF/UHF and maritime mobile-satellite services E.2II Selectionprocedures for VHF/UHF maritime'mobile services E.212 Theintemational identification plan for mobile terminals and mobile users E.214 Structure of theJand mobile. global title for the signaling connection control part (Seep) E.216 Selection procedures for the INMARsAT mobile-satellite telephone and ISDN services E.220 Interconnection of public land mobile networks (PLMN) Data Services Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary E Series.·ReCOlDmen«l.,tioDs, cont. Signaling System 7.(587) and ISPN. cont. E.330 User control of ISDN-supported services E.331 Minimum user-terminal interface. for a human user entering address information into an ISDNtennirtal E.416 Network management principles and functions forB-ISDN traffic E.671 Post-selectiondelay inPSTNIISDN using··Intemettelepbony '. fora portion. of the connection E. 710 ISPN traffic Jllode1iIlg overview. . . E.716 User demand modeling in Broadband- ISDN E.720 ISDN grade of service concept E.730 ISDN dimensioning methods overview E.735 Framework for traffic control and dimensioning in B-ISDN E.736 Methods for cell level traffic control in B-ISDN E.73? Dimensioning methods for B-ISDN Facsimile Services E.320 SpeediIlg .up t.he es~~lishnlentand. clearing of phototelegraph.calls E.323 Rules for photf:)telegraph communications set up over circuits normally used for telephone traffic E.4S0 Facsimile quality of service on public networks - general aspects E.451 Facsimile callcut-off performance E.452 Facsimile mo~m speed reductions and transaction tinie E.453 Facsimile image quality as corrupted by transmission inducedscan line errors E.4S4 Transmission performance MetriCS based on ElT()I.CorrectionMode(fjCM) .facsimile E.456 Test transactipn forf~csimi1e transmissionperf°ntlance E.4S7 Facsimile measurement methodologies E.4S8 Figure of merit for facsimile tTansmissionperfonnance E.459 Measurements and metrics for characterizin~facsitp.ile transmission performance using nonintrusive techniques E.460 Measurementsandmetricsfor monitoring the perfonnance of~34 Group} facsimile Mobile, Satellite, and Marine Telephony E.200 Operational provisions for the maritime mobile service 298 E.IIO E.490 E.491 E.492 E.SOO E.SOt E.502 E.S03 E.S04 E.S06 E.S07 Traffic rquting Traffic measurement and evaluation - general survey Traffic measurement by destination Traffic reference period Traffic intensity measurement principles Estimation of traffic offered in the network Traffic measurement requirements for digital telecommunication·exchanges Tri:lfticlD.easurementdata analysi~ Traffic measurement administration Forecasting international traffic Models for forecasting international traffic © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Traffic Forecasting, Engineering, and Measurements. Gont. E.S08 E.SIO E.520 E.521 E.522 E.523 E.600 E.65J E.731 E.733 E.734 E.743 E.744 E.745 E.7S0 E.751 299 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary E Series Recommendations, cont. Human Factors andJnterfaces E.771 N~tworkgradeof service parameters and target values for circuit-switched public land mobile services E.773 Maritime and aeronautical mobile grade of service concept E.774 Network grade of service parameters and target values for maritime and aeronautical mobile services E.775 UPT grade of service concept E.776 Network grade of service parameters forUPT B.ll1 Terminal devices ··used in connection with the public telephone service (other than telephones) E.133 Operating procedures for cardphones E.134 Human factors .aspects of public terminals: generic operating procedures E.135 Human factors aspects of public telecommunication terminals for people with disabilities Specification of a tactile identifier for witb telecommunication cards E.162 Capability for seven digit analysis of intemationaLE.164 numbers at time T E.164.1 Criteria and procedures for the reservation, assignment and reclamation ofE.164 COUD1Iy codes and associated Identification Codes (Ies) E.164.2 E.l64 numbering resources for trials E 164.3 Principles, criteria, and procedures for the assignment and reclamation of E.164 country codes and associated identification codes for groups of countries E.165 Timetable for coordinated implementation of th~full,?apability of the numberingplan·fortheISDN era (Recommendation E.164) E.16S.1 Use of escape code "0" within the E.l64 numbering plan during the transition period to implementation of NFl mechanism E.166 Numbering plan interworking for the E.l64 and X.121 numbering plans E.193 E.164 country code expansion . . . E.164 Codes Traffic Performance, GoS, CoS, cant. E.428 Connection retention E.430 Quality of service framework E.431 Servip~quality assessment for connection set-up and release delays E.432 Connection quality E.436 Customer affecting incidents and blocking defects per million E.437 Comparative metrics for network perfomumcemanagement E.438 Perfotmance])arametersand measur~entmethods to assess N- ISDN.6iliKbpscircuit·.switchedbearer serviceIJDI· in operation E.439 Testcall measurement to issessN- ISDN·64 Kbps circuit-switched bearer serviceUDI in operation E.493 Grade of service (GoS) monitoring E.50S Measurements. of the performance of common channel signaling network E.S2S Designing networks to control grade of service E.529 Network dimensioning using end-to-end grade of service (G08) objectives E.540 Qver~llgrade()fservice·ofthe i ll temationatpart of an international connection E.S41 Overall grade of service for international CODDe(:tions (subscriber-to- subscriber) E.543 Grades of service in digital international telephone exchanges E.SSO Grade of service and new performance criteria under failure conditions in international telephone exchanges E.720 ISDN grade of service concept E.721 Networkgrll9e;,ofservice paramf'ters and targefvaluesfofcircuit-switched services.ill the evolving ISDN E.723 Grade of service parameters for Signaling System No. 7 networks E.724 Grade of service (GoS) parameters and target GoS objectives for IN services E.726 Network grade of service parameters and target values for B-ISDN E.728 Grade of service parametersfor B- ISDN signaling E.770 Land mobile and fixed network interconnection traffic grade of service concept 300 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC EBU time code A European reference timing standard based upon 25 frames per second (fps) that is used in Europe, Australia, and nations supporting the PAL or SECAM video standards, endorsed by the Eu- ropean Broadcasting Union. Time code encoding is used to facilitate film audio/video synchronization and frame-accurate video editing. See SMPTE time code. EC 1. end chain. 2. See exchange carrier. 3. Euro- pean Community, European Common Market, Euro- pean Union (EU). An organization of member Euro- pean nations that have been developing, over a number of decades, a common currency, common pass- ports, common network resources, and intercountry work, commerce, and decision-making alliances in order to promote trade, both within the EC and between the EC and other nations. ECC 1. Electronic Commerce Canada Inc. Avolun- tary organization of public- and private-sector execu- tives sharing information about electronic commerce. http://www.ecc.ca/ 2. Electronics Communications Committee. 3. elliptic curve cryptography. See elliptic curve. 4. Emergency Communications Center. 5. error correcting codes. ECCA See European Cable Communications Asso- ciation. eccentric circle In a phonograph record, a blank, nonconcentrlc groove cut into the inner part of the platter to trip the automatic stylus pickup mechanism when the record has finished playing. eccentricity 1. Deviation from normal or expected. 2. Deviation from a regular or expected path, as a straight line or a circle. 3. In orbits, the deviation from a circular path. 4. In conductive materials, as wires, the deviation at a particular point of the diameter of the conductor with the insulation, when measured in cross section. ECCO Equatorial Constellation Communications Organization. A system of 11 commercial mini-satellites plus one spare in low Earth orbit (LEO), a concept descended from small-scale satellite systems developed by the Brazilian Space Agency. By launch- ing a large number ofsmall satellites into the same equatorial orbit, it is possible to arrange them so that there will be at least one within line-of-sight transmissions range at anyone time. ECCO is ajoint venture of Constellation Communi- cations, Inc. (CCI), formed in 1991, and Telebras. Telebras is involved in internationalization and general business administration of the system. The com- bination of the Constellation and ECO-8 programs resulted in the ECCO project. CCI includes well- known shareholders including Bell Atlantic, Raytheon, and Global Wireless, Inc. In 1997, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) authorized the first two phases of the project and, in 1998, Orbital Sciences Corporation was con- tracted to build and launch the systems. Commercial mobile and fixed-site voice, data facsimile, and positioning services were initially scheduled to come online in 1999 but then scheduled for Fall 2001. The 12 satellites are designed to share a ring orbit 301 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC . optical In optical communications, an ITU- specified transmission band in the 1280 - 1625-nm range. The E-band spectrum has only recently become com- mercially viable, as fiber technology evolves. Ven- dors have begun releasing systems for incorporating E-band capabilities into coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) fiber optic systems carrying other wavelengths, thus increasing capacity. Suppli- ers of testing equipment for optical networks began releasing test equipment for portions of the E-band spectrum in early 2001. Nonzero-dispersion-shifted fibers tend to be used in these systems, a fiber type also suitable for C-band and L-band applications. See C-band, L-band. E-carrier, European-carrier The European ITU- T- specified analog to the T1 high-speed communications system used in North America. They are the same in many general aspects, but they differ as to the overall hierarchy and details, such as speed of transmissions, number of channels, and the lack of bit-robbing. Since bit-robbing is not used for signaling purposes, a full 64 Kbps is possible (as opposed to the 56 Kbps in bit-robbed systems with similar characteristics). The analog to the superframe on T- carrier systems is the multiframe (16 frames) on E- carrier systems. E1 transmits at 2.048 Mbps (compared to Tl 1.544 Mbps) using time division multiplexing (TDM) and pulse code modulation (PCM) simultaneously on up to 30 64-Kbps digital channels. Two additional channels are used for signaling and framing. See J-carrier, T-carrier. e-commerce,. A spectrum allocation for wireless PCS in certain regions such as Latin America (e.g., Brazil). E-band, optical In optical communications, an ITU- specified transmission band in the 1280 - 1625-nm range. The E-band spectrum has only recently become com- mercially viable, as fiber technology evolves. Ven- dors have begun releasing systems for incorporating E-band capabilities into coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) fiber optic systems carrying other wavelengths, thus increasing capacity. Suppli- ers of testing equipment for optical networks began releasing test equipment for portions of the E-band spectrum in early 2001. Nonzero-dispersion-shifted fibers tend to be used in these systems, a fiber type also suitable for C-band and L-band applications. See C-band, L-band. E-carrier,. Broadcasting Area. 4. See eventual Byzantine agreement. EBCDIC (pron. eb-si-dik) Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code. A family of 8-bit (25 6- character) encodings adapted by International Busi- ness Machines (ffiM) from punch card codes, in preference to ASCII which is more widely used by the rest