Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary - Part 17 ppsx

Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary of cables leading into abuilding or distribution frame. Cable vaults are usually used in situations where the type or number of cables pose extra fire or electro- cution risks, and where it is desirable to restrict ac- cess to qualified personnel only. cablehead The point at which a land cable and ma- rine cable are joined. It may be indicated with asign (as are seen on ocean beaches). cableway A hole, slot, or other opening in a compo- nent unit or work surface that allows cables to be fed into the fixture from behind or beneath. Most com- puter desks now include slots and holes for cables. Some even put slots into the drawers, so aprinter can be installed in a drawer and pulled out as needed. Cabling Standards Update A quarterly newsletter describing high-speed network trends, technologies, standards activities, and economic indicators for a range oftransmission media, including copper wire, glass and plastic optical fiber, coaxial cable, and wire- less, published by Information Gatekeepers, Inc. CAC I. Customer Administration Center. A phone console used for maintenance and diagnosis of a multiline phone system. 2. See call admission con- trol, connection admission control. cache v. In the traditional sense, to cache something is to put it away or hide it in a secure place for later use. In computer terminology, the sense of putting it away for later retrieval is retained, but ease of access is also implied. Thus, to cache is to store informa- tion in an accessible location, as in RAM on a com- puter, so it can be retrieved quickly when needed. Many systems are specifically configured with cache memory, while others may use the hard drive as a cache location, which is not as fast but still may be effective in certain circumstances. Information is cached by an applications program for items that are often consulted or executed. This speeds up opera- tions for priority activities. See cache, cache memory, RAM disk. cache, cache memory A high-speed electronic memory buffer used in computing to increase appar- ent processing speed by more effectively managing resources. The cache storage is usually within a des- ignated amount of random access memory (RAM) and thus is volatile, (although in its most generic sense, a hard drive would be a suitable cache device for a slow sequential storage medium like a tape drive). Ahard drive controller card may itselfinclude a cache. The effectiveness ofa cache depends upon a variety offactors, including the size of the cache, the ability of the software to utilize it, the types and variability ofoperations being done, the design of the caching logic, and the speed of the microprocessor. Since RAM access is typically faster than hard drive access, efficiency can be increased by storing frequently ac- cessed information in the cache memory, where it can be written and retrieved more quickly than from disk. Information that is not found in the cache may then be added to the cache for future reference. In network- ing, a cache can be used to store frequently accessed information (often the locations or contents ofdata 152 files or applications) in order to serve it more quickly to users, as it is requested. FATs and hash tables may be stored in the cache to increase file access speed. BIOS device-controlling functions may be loaded from read only memory (ROM) into cache memory during astartup sequence. See cache, cache hit, cache miss. cache controller In some computer architectures, a circuit that is specifically included to administer the storage, organization, and retrieval of cached infor- mation. This may be incorporated into a specialized chip. cache hitAsituation in which the data that was sought in a cache access was found and it is not necessary to access the slower storage medium (usually a hard drive), resulting in faster retrieval of the desired in- formation. See cache, cache miss. cache miss A situation in which the data that was sought in a cache access was not found and is conse- quently sought on the slower storage medium (usu- ally a hard drive). It may subsequently be stored in the cache for future reference. See cache, cache hit. caching Putting information in a storage area where it can quickly be retrieved when needed. It is a means of speeding up effective and perceived performance of a system. Disk caching and memory caching are two ways to speed up access to frequently used com- mands, device drivers, or frequently accessed data. caching, data entry A means of speeding up data entry by retaining previously inserted information so that it can be reused or overwritten for subsequent entries. It's often more efficient to edit or retain the data in the field from the previous entry than to type it in from scratch. CACM I. California Association of Community Managers, Inc. 2. Communications of the Association for Computing Machine/Yo The communications jour- nal of the ACM, one of the many ACM professional publications. CAD 1. See computer-aided dispatch. 2. See com- puter-aided design/drafting. cadenceArhythmic measure or beat. In telecommu- nications, many signals are identifiable by a pattern of tones and silences. Cadence has implications for telegraph, radio, and telephone communications where many audio signals are coded to particular rhythms (Morse Code, distinctive ringing, interna- tional variations in rings, and busy signals). People can learn to distinguish different types of data com- munications by pitch and cadence, as fax tones dif- fer from data tones, and data tones vary further ac- cording to baud rate. cadmium Abluish-white, malleable, ductile, metal- lic, noncorrosive element that is commonly used in protective coatings and platings. CADS I. code abuse/anomaly detection system. 2. computer abuse/anomaly detection system. Sys- tems put in place to detect, log, and/or signal prob- lems that may be due to tampering or other unautho- rized use. CAE I. See Common Applications Environment. 2. computer-aided engineering. © 2003 by CRC Press LLC CAFA computer-aided financial analysis. cage antenna A multiwire antenna (imagine a ring of horizontal parallel wires somewhat constricted in the middle, resembling a cage) similar to a dipole antenna, configured to improve capacity and reduce loss. CAl 1. See computer assisted instruction. 2. common air interface. An international interface standard defined to provide interoperability between wireless handsets and compatible networks. CAL 1. CAN Application Layer. See CAN in Auto- mation, Controller Area Network. 2. computer-aided learning, computer-assisted learning. See computer- assisted instruction. CALC See customer access line charge. calculator A device for facilitating fast, accurate mathematical computations. Early calculators (add- ing machines) could handle only simple arithmetic functions, while current ones include storage, auto- mation, and programming capabilities for doing fre- quent or complex computations. The calculator is the forerunner of the general pur- pose computer; in fact, the early computers were very large, very powerful calculators, and their histories run hand-in-hand. Then, as computer technology im- proved, memory and logic functions were scaled down and incorporated back into calculators. In 1940, Remington Rand Inc. was advertising a "printing calculator" that was essentially a mechani- cal adding machine that used impact printing like a typewriter to record the tallies. Until the late 1960s, "advanced" calculators were too expensive for indi- viduals and small businesses. By 1969, however, the Friden Division ofSinger was advertising a desktop- sized version of an "electronic calculator that can remember up to 30 mathematical steps for you." Handheld calculators devised in the late 1960s be- came widespread in the early 1970s, costing about $200 for a very simple palm-sized arithmetical cal- culator. As prices came down, calculators superseded slide rules and abacuses for quick computations. Ad- vanced calculators for under $15 are now common- place. The most celebrated early microcomputer was devel- oped in 1974 by MITS, a company that was produc- ing scientific calculators. With competition from big- ger companies such as Texas Instruments, MITS needed a new source of revenue and developed the Altair. Since that time, calculators have been incor- porated into many devices, such as cash registers and wrist watches, and even some computer keyboards. Current calculators include graphical displays, square root computations, multiple memory registers, and programming languages such as Forth. They are more powerful than computers from the early 19802. See abacus. calendar routing An administrative method for di- recting inquiries according to the time of year, week, or day. Used especially in industries where inquiries are cyclic (travel industry), or where availability of personnel to assist callers is cyclic. calibrate 1. To set, align, or mark a measuring or tim- ing instrument according to an accepted standard. 2. To ascertain, record, or correct variations in a mea- suring or timing instrument with reference to another, or to an accepted standard. California Education and Research Federation Network CERFnet. This research and education net- work was founded in the late 1980s by General Atom- ics, with aid from a National Science Foundation grant, and grew to be a national backbone by the early 1990s. CERFnet joined with other nets in 1991 to form the Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX). In 1996, the Teleport Communications Group Inc. (TCG), one of the largest competitive local telephone companies in the U.S., acquired CERFnet to provide Internet services to corporate and institutional clients. CERFnet is based onATM and SONET architectures, with each Local Access and Transport Area (LATA) served by at least two backbone nodes. call 1. lJ. i. To attempt to contact or to succeed in con- tacting another party or entity. A unit o(virtual or human communication across some type of commu- nications medium or at some distance. 2. n. A unit comprising a successful communication through some type of communications medium, or at some distance, between two or more parties or entities who are more or less simultaneously in contact, frequently with a 'give-and-take' character to the contact. Hu- man participants in a call are generally called par- ties to the call. 3. n. In networking, a communications association between a user and a network entity or between two or more users across the network. call abandons, abandoned calls Calls that are ter- minated by the originator before completion of the intended contact. For telephone calls, reasons for abandoning calls include fuzzy connections, wrong numbers, answering machines, being put on hold, ob- noxious hold music (not all hold music is obnoxious, just some ofit), even more obnoxious hold commer- cials, interruptions (children, doorbells), transfer to the incorrect person or department, etc. Since any call connection in progress has impact on system capacity, abandoned calls have to be consid- ered when structuring and managing a system. In commerce, if a high proportion of abandoned calls occur after a human operator has made verbal con- tact with the caller, it's important to determine and evaluate the reasons and take corrective measures to increase call completion. See abandoned call cost. call accepted signal In telecommunications, a call control signal sent by the receiving data terminal equipment (DTE) to indicate acceptance of the in- coming call. caU accounting system A system of recording the type and quantity ofcalls on a system. This informa- tion was originally recorded manually, and operators of public phone systems had elaborate card systems on which to record calls, particularly long-distance calls. Now accounting has been computerized, and the system can constantly monitor call volume, num- ber ofconnects, number of abandons, peak hours, trunk allocation, and other statistics related to eco- nomics in general and call billing in particular. When 153 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary used in private branch systems, it can further be used to track agent activities, length of calls, departmen- tal use, etc. and integrated with revenue and customer databases to give an overall picture of the role of the phone calls within the company's business. See call card. call admission control, connection admission con- trol CAe. The set of actions taken by a network during a call setup or renegotiation to evaluate whether to accept or reject aconnection or re-allocation request, based partly on the ability to supply Quality ofSer- vice (QoS). See crankback. call announcement Afeature in a telephone system in which an operator orother agent announces the call to the callee before connecting the call. call appearance CA. I. Atelephony designation for equipment that provides easy handling of volume calls on a central console. Call appearance refers to the ability to see the calls that come in, usually through LCD indicators and/or LED displays for the various extensions, in order to manage and direct the calls and monitor which lines are in use. 2. A gen- eral reference to the format in which call informa- tion is displayed on a monitor or CED telephony dis- play. In some systems, the user can custom config- ure Caller ill and other information. call attempt Initiating a call that mayor may not be completed. Ifa large number of call attempts are not completed, diagnostic and troubleshooting steps should be taken. Solutions may include training, ad- ditional lines, staff changes, or equipment changes or repairs. See call abandons, abandoned call cost. call barring Prevention or elimination of all calls, or specific calls, associated with a specific phone. Usually implemented to prevent unauthorized use, or abuse. See call blocking. Call Before DiggingAsafety sign to warn area work- ers that they must call for information on underground cables or hazards before digging. call block A restriction put on a phone line to pre- vent connection of certain calls. More recently it has come to mean retaining anonymity from Caller ill by blocking the caller's identity from the receiver if the caller has keyed in a blocking code. Call block- ing in this sense is free, whereas Caller lD costs money. This situation may seem backwards, like al- lowing a stranger through the door unseen, while the person opening the door has to pay money to see who it is and still may not get the information because that person is disguised (blocked). In terms of personal safety and security, it should have been set up the other way around, with the person answering the phone being provided the identity of the caller for free, and the caller having.to pay to hide his or her identity. However, the system was probably set up with Caller ill as a subscription service because it generates more revenue for the phone company. call card A manual call management and billing sys- tem in which the information about the caller, callee, distance, and duration of the call is recorded by the operator. See call accounting system. call center Acentralized telephone call facility han- dling a large number of calls. Call centers may be 154 specialized for handling many incoming calls, such as those resulting from television marketing through toll free numbers, or many outgoing calls, as those originating from telemarketing or teleresearch firms. In these specialized environments, automatic call dis- tributors, head sets, computerized dialing, and auto- mated answering are commonly used. call clearing The process by which a call connection is released and the call resources made available to other users. It is particularly important in end-to-end transmissions in which the line must be freed before it can be used again. caU control The entire process of detecting a call re- quest, setting up the physical and logical connections, rerouting to available trunks if necessary, facilitating transmission, shutting down the call, and freeing the resources for other callers. Most of these functions are now computerized, although occasional operator assistance, directory assistance, or services for spe- cial needs users are still handled by human operators. Call control may go through more than one system, as when a call goes into or out of a private branch exchange (PBX) and through a public exchange, or where wireless and wireline services from different providers are used together to complete a call. caU control signal Any signal used in automatic con- nection and switching systems that controls the call sequence. In older systems, the control signals were transmitted by means of tones on the same line that was used for the voice transmissions. In newer Sig- naling System 7 (SS7) systems, the control signals and the voice transmissions are handled over sepa- rate channels. See Signaling System 7. call data The statistical information associated with a call. This is used for monitoring, accounting, man- agement, and planning, and these days is usually stored in a computer database, and sometimes orga- nized and analyzed by computer software. Call Detail Record CDR. Atelephone record-keep- ing system, usually used for accounting and admin- istrative purposes, that tracks and records details about incoming and outgoing calls such as the call duration, caller and/or callee, time of day, etc. call diverter Asubscriber surcharge service or phone peripheral device that intercepts an incoming call and forwards it to a phone operator or phone message, or to another number, as in Call Forwarding. Depend- ing upon the service or device, the caller mayor may not be aware that the call has been diverted. call duration The period of time from actual con- nection of the call, until its termination. On phone lines and data networks, call duration information is used for statistical purposes for tuning the system, determining peak hours, and billing. It may also be used to detect and diagnose fault conditions. call establishment The process ofrouting and con- necting a phone call or data transmission path. Call for Votes CFY. A formal process used as part of the sequence ofevents necessary to create a new pub- lic news group on USENET. Call Forward Asurcharge or bundled phone service that permits the subscriber to automatically redirect © 2003 by CRC Press LLC an incoming call to another number. It is useful in cases where the callee is temporarily at another lo- cation, or where the callee wishes someone else to handle calls (such as an answering service). On con- sumer systems, the call forwarding is usually enabled by using a touchtone phone to dial a code (72# on a touchtone phone or 11 72 on a rotary phone in N .A.) followed by the number to which the calls are being forwarded. It is disabled by dialing a code (73# or 1173 in N.A.). Some newer phone systems have an indicator light to show that the calls are being for- warded to prevent the subscriber from forgetting to deactivate Call Forward after returning to the origi- nallocation. See Call Forward Busy, Call Forward No Answer. Call ForwardBusy Similar to Call Forward, except that calls are rerouted to a predetennined number only if the called number is busy; otherwise it rings through to the original number. See Call Forward. Call Forward No Answer Similar to Call Forward Busy, except that calls are rerouted to a predetermined number only if not answered after a specified num- ber of rings. See Call Forward Busy, Call Forward. Call Forward VariableA combination of Call F or- ward Busy and Call Forward No Answer in which the call is rerouted to a predetermined number ifa busy signal is encountered, or if there is no answer after a specified number of rings. See Call Forward No Answer, Call Forward Busy, Call Forward. Call Girls One of the many colloquial names given to the early female telephone operators. Others in- clude Hello Girls, Central, and Voice with the Smile. See telephone history. call handofT In mobile phone systems based upon passing the transmission on to another transceiver while the call is taking place, as in cellular commu- nications, the handoff is the point at which the call is transferred during the conversation. Mobile provid- ers strive to create systems where the handoff is seam- less and does not create delays, noise, or significant volume changes. Call Hold A surcharge phone service or multiline subscriber feature in which the subscriber can put a call on hold, accept or place a second call, and then return to the original call. This service is similar to a hold button on a multiline phone, and the person on hold is not able to hear the second conversation. call horn alertA mobile system set to beep a car hom to signal an incoming call, when the driver is away from the mobile handset or receiver. call mix Telephone calls are of many kinds, as are logons on a computer. In a telephone system, the calls may be long or short; busy, abandoned, or completed; local or long-distance. On a computer system, the logons may result in downloads, modem access, run- ning of applications, file maintenance, etc. The call mix is a statistical look at the types of usage that oc- cur on a network. call not accepted signal In telecommunications, a call control signal sent by the receiving data termi- nal equipment (DTE) to indicate rejection of the in- coming call. Call ParkA subscriber service or console feature that allows a user to set the call so it can be answered on any other phone on the system. Call Park is useful in situations where the callees are moving around, and where they may be alerted to the presence of the call through a paging system. The parked call can then ~~~~~~:. ::::~:e:~~:: ::~::i:: ~::i::~ tB subscriber feature that permits a subscriber to inter- cept a call to another prearranged number by typing in a code and then answering the other call. Suppose you and your housemate have separate lines, and your housemate has asked you to answer his or her calls; you can do so from your own phone. See Call Pickup Group. Call Pickup Group CPUG. All the phones in a sys- tem through which Call Pickup is activated and that can intercept the calls of the others. See Call Pickup. call processingA combination of computer and hu- man operations in which the call is often set up and connected electronically and then handed off to a credit collector, researcher, telemarketer, technical supporter, or other agent, once the connection has been established. See call center. call progress signalA telephone switching signal that indicates whether the call is generating a busy tone, a ringback tone, or an error. See ringback. Call Record A data record of call details, which in- cludes information such as date and time, call dura- tion, call routing, stations used, time on hold, etc. This information may be used for billing and administra- tion. Call Rejection A subscriber surcharge or bundled telephone service that enables the callee to reject an unwanted call. There are two ways to put Call Re- jection into effect. The subscriber can dial *60 (in N .A.), and follow instructions for entering an origi- nating number to be rejected, or can activate Call Rejection immediately after hanging up from a call that is unwanted in the future. Call Rejection can be deactivated by dialing *80 (in N.A.). call release time The duration during which a call is shut down and the line released for the next call. call reoriginationA handy feature in which calls can be initiated one time during a multicall session with a debit card, charge card, credit card, or calling card account. In other words, a series of calls can be made at the same time without having to re-enter codes or having to re- insert the card to make the subsequent calls. Between calls, a code is usually pressed, and the caller receives a signal to continue with the next call. This feature is particularly useful when having to make several calls at an airport to let peop Ie know your flight plans have been changed and you are catching a plane at a different departure gate. call restrictor A physical or virtual call blocking mechanism that controls the type of outgoing calls that can be made on a line. Examples include block- ing long distance calls from a phone near a public area, or blocking 900 calls from phones used by teen- agers. 155 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary Call Return A subscriber surcharge option that allows the last caller, whether the call was answered or not, to be dialed back automatically. It can be handy for crisis centers and other emergency services. call routing tree A diagrammatic representation of call routing configuration and logic. See call tree. call screening The most familiar call screening is a receptionist who says the boss is in a meeting and can't be reached at the moment when the boss is ac- tually watching the World Series with his or her feet up on the desk. More legitimate uses ofcall screen- ing involve getting enough information from the caller to direct the call to the best person equipped to handle it. In automated systems, call screening is a setup that uses Cal1er ill, or some other identifica- tion tool, to monitor the origin of the call and to patch it through accordingly, or that uses a speech recogni- tion system to direct the call. call sequencer An automated system for evaluating incoming calls, queuing them if necessary, and as- signing them to agents depending upon priority, avail- ability, or cal1er characteristics. call setup time In a circuit-switched network, such as most phone networks, the amount oftime it takes to patch through the route from the caller to the des- tination in order to set up an end-to-end path for the communications. During the course ofa call, the re- sources are dedicated to that communication and can- not be used by others. For aphone cal1, the call setup time includes the time it takes to dial and for the cal1 to be switched through the system and the appropri- ate trunks to the destination. This time is usually not billed for land lines (wireless may be bil1ed for air time) since it is not known during setup whether the call will be answered and how long it will last. call shedding A situation in which automatic cal1 handling systems are used to drop (shed) aphone con- nection if no sales agent is available to talk to the callee when he or she picks up the line. If all agents are busy when a cal1ee answers an automatically di- aled cal1, the cal1ee may hear arecorded message and be put on hold. More commonly, however, the call is shed; the callee hears a click and a dial tone and has no opportunity to speak to a human agent. This prac- tice is very annoying and illegal in many areas. call sign See callsign. call splitting Asubscriber surcharge or private branch service in which a conference call participant can speak to anyone of the other members of the confer- ence privately, that is in nonconference mode. When a phone attendant is involved in the call, the atten- dant may relay the information privately to one of the called parties. Call Stalker An AT&T commercial software pack- age providing 911 emergency service agents with in- formation about the caller, such as address and call- ing phone number. call supervision Aprocess for determining whether a telephone communication was actually answered, so billing is not activated unless a connection was made. Call Trace Asurcharge phone service or emergency service in which the tracing of the origin of the last 156 call is provided and recorded in case it may be needed later for legal reasons. The results of the trace are not given to the customer underprivacy laws but may be revealed later through proper legal channels. Call Transfer A surcharge phone service, or capa- bility ofa multiline phone system, that allows a call to be transferred to any other phone on the system. Transfers are accomplished by typing in codes and the transfer number, or by keying a transfer button followed by the cal1ee's line. Cal1 transfer is com- monlyused in business, and the console often staffed by afull-time operator or receptionist. Callers are not tolerant of cal1s that are incorrectly transferred or ac- cidentally terminated, and it's important that person- nel responsible for transferring calls are well trained on the equipment and in business etiquette. call tree A diagrammatic representation of call se- quence information (usage) used for statistical analy- sis and planning. See cal1 routing tree. Call Waiting CWO Asurcharge or bundled phone ser- vice that becomes active ifa cal1 comes in while the callee is already engaged in a call. Call Waiting sig- nals the callee, either by an audio signal or blinking light, that there is another party trying to call, and pro- vides the callee the option of ignoring, terminating, or holding the current call and then answering the second incoming cal1. This is useful for emergency calls or for ending a casual conversation to carry on with other calls. Cal1 Waiting can interfere with atransmission, or even cut offa call if the line is connected through a com- puter modem. Call Waiting can usually be tempo- rarily disabled to avoid this problem, or the modem can be reconfigured to ignore this type of interrup- tion. The first option is easier and preferable. Infor- mation on how to disable Call Waiting is listed at the front of most local phone directories. Cal1 Waiting for ISDN is specified within ITU- T Q.83 and Q.733 cal1 completion services. Call Waiting ill Asurcharge or bundled phone ser- vice that combines Call Waiting and Caner ill capa- bilities. This enables the callee to determine the Caller ill (origination) ofa call that is queued and waiting through Call Waiting services. The service requires aCaner ill-capable phone with adisplay to show the Caller ill data. See Call Waiting, Caller ill. Callan, Nicholas J. (1799-1864) An Irish priest and educator who devised a historic induction coil in 1836. He also researched various aspects ofelectro- magnets, condensors, and batteries. See induction coil. callback facsimile A system in which you (1) dial a cal1back service, (2) key in your callback phone num- ber, (3) identify the documents that are of interest (usually from a numerical list given by a voicemail system), (4) hang up, and (5) wait for a callback-en- abled facsimile machine to automatically dial your fax machine and deliver the documents requested. A significant proportion of computer industry techni- cal support and product information is now delivered this way. In the future, callback fax systems wil1likely be superseded by more flexible and economical email document delivery systems. © 2003 by CRC Press LLC callback modem A modem that is set to receive a phone call through a network that acts as a callback request. A password may be required, and then a phone number to be dialed is provided to the system. The modem then is set by the computer to dial the number provided. Why do this instead of dialing di- rectly? This system provides better security, so there is a record of numbers that have been connected to the network and data access. Sometimes toll charges are reduced; the toll is billed to the network number and handled by the business accounting office, rather than being billed to an employee. Callender Rapid Phone Company One of the ear- liest automatic switching phone services, established in England in 1896 by musician and inventor Ro- maine Callender. Callender, Romaine A Canadian music teacher/in- strument maker and associate of A. Graham Bell, Callender founded the Callender Telephone Ex- change Company in Ontario, Canada. Between 1892 and 1896, he submitted three series of patents for tele- phone switching inventions. He failed in trying to implement them in Ontario and subsequently traveled to New York to seek financing and open another firm. Traveling with him were two brothers, George Will- iam Lorimer and James Hoyt Lorimer, who assisted him in further experiments. The brothers finally suc- ceeded in developing an automatic switching system in 1895. They later returned to Brantford, Ontario, and Callender sailed to England in 1896, where he formed the Callender Rapid Telephone Company. See Lorimer, George and James. Callender switch A very rudimentary, early tele- phone switching system developed by Romaine Callender and the Lorimer brothers in the late 1800s. See Callender, Romaine; Lorimer switch. Caller ID, Call Display A phone carrier 'added value' pay service that provides the call recipient with the phone number identity of the calling party. You may have to pay local and long-distance Caller ill charges separately. In North America, the Caller ill information is usually passed to the receiving phone between the first and second ring. You need two things to take advantage of Caller ill: a subscription through the phone carrier to the Caller ill service and a phone or separate device with a Caller ill display. See call blocking, Class, ANI. Caller Independent Voice Recognition An auto- mated voice recognition system that can interpret voice input without being specifically tuned to a par- ticular caller's voice. It is useful in phone applica- tions that accept spoken numbers or commands for processing a call and in voice recognition word pro- cessing applications. Caller Name A phone carrier added value pay ser- vice that takes an incoming Caller ill number (assum- ing the call is not blocked), looks it up in a directory listing database, and transmits the Caller ill number and its associated listing, ifit exists, to the recipient's add-on Caller Name display or to a phone providing Caller Name display. This is not as flexible as a user- configured system where you can associate any name or code you wish with a specific incoming number, but it is very useful for identifying a first-time caller or stranger (and it may be possible to use them to- gether if you have compatible peripherals). See Caller ill, call blocking. calling card A remote or off-premises phone service provided by common carriers to allow local and long- distance calls to be charged back to the subscriber's local phone number or other authorized billing num- ber. There mayor may not be surcharges associated with such a call. The name derives from a wallet card typically issued to the subscriber with instructions and digits to be dialed to gain access to the service. In many cases, you don't need the physical card to make the call, but automated phones are becoming preva- lent in which the card is physically inserted in a slot or swiped through the phone to expedite the process- ing of the call. Bell Canada claims a trademark over the Calling Card name, but the term is widely used in the generic sense, making it difficult to enforce the trademark. calling jack In manual switchboard systems, the jack that is used by the operator to connect the call that came in through the answeringjack to the circuit for the subscriber who will be receiving the call. calling number display See Caller Name, Caller ill. callingparty,calling stationA person or entity origi- nating a call. See call. Calling Party Number CPN. In telephony, a com- mon channel signaling (CCS) parameter in the ini- tial address message that identifies the calling num- ber and is sent to the destination carrier. calling sequence The sequence of numbers, letters, steps, and other information needed to connect a call through a traditional phone line or digital computer phone system. When calling through a modem, the calling sequence includes not just the number being dialed, but also the parameters for the line, the baud rate, whether it is pulse or tone, the speaker level, pauses, wait for tone to continue with extension num- bers, etc. In computer software, the calling sequence may include linking to an address book or other da- tabase and saving statistic information gathered on the call. CallPath A computer telephony integration (CTI) software product developed by ffiM for integrating voice and data communications for telecommunica- tions call centers, thus enabling them to function as more advanced contact centers. CallPath is open ar- chitecture software supporting multiple computer and telephony switch platforms. CallPath can be inter- faced with Web-based applications and other in-house front-end applications. JTAPI implementations such as JavaTel can be run on top of Call path. In May 2001, Genesys Telecommunications Labora- tories, a subsidiary of Alcatel, announced plans to pur- chase the Callpath assets with the intention of work- ing jointly with ffiM to deliver contact center solu- tions based on Genesys interaction management products and ffiM DirectTalk and WebSphere plat- forms. callsign, call sign In radio communications, a series 157 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary of identification characters assigned by local regulating authorities to every licensed radio opera- tor or station. The callsign identifies the country, and sometimes also the region of the country. One of the most famous callsigns in radio history is 8XK which Frank Conrad used from his Pennsylvania garage, and which was later licensed as the history-making KDKA radio broadcast station. See KDKA. calorie A unit of expended thermal energy - the amount required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree centrigrade (C) from 14.5 to 15.5°C. One calorie equals 4.186 joules. (Note: a di- etary calorie is actually 1 kilocalorie - 1000 calories). See calorimeter, joule. calorimeter An instrument for measuring energy expended as heat. For example, calorimeters can help assess the power ofa laser by providing a reading on the amount of heat absorbed by the beam. A calorimeter can be designed in a tower geometry that includes scintillating tiles. The application of energy in the active scintillator elements produces light, some of which may be re-emitted and shifted as to its wavelength with coiled wavelength-shifting fibers within the tile structure. The light can then be transmitted through an optical fiber to a photo tube or photomultiplier tube where it is converted to elec- trical energy. See calorie, scintillator, wavelength- shifting. CALS Continuous Acquisition and life-Cycle Sup- port (formerly Computer-aided Acquisition and lo- gistics Support). A Department of Defense (000) strategy for the creation, use, and exchange of weap- ons-related digital data. CALSCH The calendaring and scheduling working group of the IETF. See iCalendar. cam A compact digital or analog video camera in- tended for use in one location for an extended period, as opposed to a still or video camera that is carried around with the user to many locations (a few very tiny cams are intended to be body-worn or carried in a purse or briefcase). Cams are also distinguished by having few or no controls other than basic aiming and focusing capabilities. Cams are usually mounted on small stands or may be hidden within other real or simulated devices such as clock radios and smoke de- tectors. They may be wired or wireless and are often interfaced with a computer or a VCR for transmis- sion or recording of the cam images. Cams are becoming very popoular for videoconfer- encing, baby monitoring, Internet security, remote monitoring (children at a day care center or wildlife that has been released after being fitted with a cam), and surveillance activities. In recent years the price ofa small, high resolution color camera has dropped from $600 to less than $100. See camcorder. cam, stump A small, high-quality video camera in a housing that resembles a bottle cap or tiny tree stump. These are favored for sports broadcasting applications as they can be easily mounted on helmets, stadium fences, sporting animals (hunting dogs, polo ponies, etc.). They are also suitable for use on remote sens- ing platforms and for surveillance applications. 158 CAM 1. carrier module 2. Call Accounting Manager 3. Call Applications Manager. A Tandem telephony software interface for linking computers with telephone switches. 4. See computer-aided manufac- turing. 5. computer-assisted makeup, composition and makeup. A WYSIWIG terminal for previewing type composition and page layout. 6. See camcorder. CAMA See Centralized Automatic Message Ac- counting. camcorder A combination digital or analog video recorder and camera unit. Increasingly, consumer camcorders include playback, editing, and special ef- fects capabilities. Newer digital camcorders can be used as both digital still-frame and motion recorders and can be interfaced directly with software for scan- ning, image processing, and Web applications. Cam- corders may eventually supersede analog video cam- eras and still film cameras, since no film processing is required, and consumers frequently favor conve- nience over image quality (35mm film is about 16 times higher resolution than current consumer digi- tal systems but digital quality is improving steadily). See cam. Cameo Personal Video System A Macintosh-based commercial videoconferencing product from Com- pression laboratories Inc. that supports audio, video, and file transfers. It works over Switched 56, ISDN, and Ethernet networks. Cameo uses a proprietary ClI PV2 compression scheme. See Connect 918, CU- SeeMe, MacMICA, IRIS, ShareView 3000, VISIT Video. Campillo See Salva i Campillo, Francesc. campus A physical and geographic environment (pri- marily the grounds) associated with learning and/or research facilities, such as universities, hospitals, and some businesses. campus backbone The primary network of wires/ cables that interconnect a campus. See backbone circuit. Campus Wide Information System CWIS. A sys- tem of interactive kiosks and public information sources that provides directories, product or course offerings, maps, calendars, and other general public services ofinterest to educational institutiotls, busi- nesses, expositions, and shopping complexes. CAN 1. Control Area Network. 2. See Controller Area Network. CAN in Automation CiA. A nonprofit trade asso- ciation founded in March 1992 to provide technical, product, and marketing information to promote and support Controller Area Network (CAN) technology. The association further develops and supports CAN- related higher layer protocols, including the CAN Application Layer (CAL), CAN Kingdom, CAN open, and internationally recognized standards. http://www.can-cia.de/ Canada Machine Telephone CTM. One of the ear- liest phone companies to use automatic switching, technology that was developed jointly by George and James Lorimer and Romaine Callender. The Lorimer brothers established CMT in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada in 1897, and there produced the first com- mercial Callender Exchange. The Lorimers contin- © 2003 by CRC Press LLC ued to improve upon the technology until it bore little resemblance to the original Callender switching system. The company lost its technical expertise when James Hoyt Lorimer died, but his brothers George and Egbert continued to market the products in NorthtAmerica and Europe. Unfortunately, due to lack of reliability and long installation times, the com- pany didn't thrive and was acquired by Bell in 1925. See Lorimer switch. Canadarm A remote manipulator system designed and made in Canada for the U.S. space shuttle pro- gram. The National Museum of Science & Technol- ogy has constructed a full-size replica and produced an accompanying video for a traveling exhibit. Canadian Amateur Radio Advisory Board CARAB. Anonprofit consulting group comprised of members of the Radio Amateurs of Canada (RAC) and the Radio Regulatory Branch of Industry Canada (IC). CARAB works as a communications liaison between RAC and IC. http://www.rac.calcarab.htm Canadi.an Association of Broadcasters, L'Association canadienne des radiodiffuseurs CAB/ ACR. A trade organization founded in 1926 by 13 broadcast pioneers. The CAB supports over 500 radio, television, and specialty broadcast providers in Canada. Canadian Broadcast Standards Council CBSC/ CCNR. An organization incorporated in 1990 to en- courage high standards of broadcasting and profes- sional conduct by private radio and television broad- casters. The CBSC keeps broadcasters informed about societal issues, administers codes of industry standards referred by the Canadian Association of Broadcasters (CAB), and provides information re- sources to the public. http://www.cbsc.cal Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC. The primary broadcasting organization of Canada, CBC is a public broadcasting service providing television and radio programming in both English and French. The CBC was initially established in 1936 to ensure Canadian content in broadcasting. CBC's first tele- vision broadcast took place in 1952, in Montreal. In 1966, it began co lor broadcasting, the first in Canada to do so. SeeANIK., CKAC. http://www.cbc.cal Canadian Business TelecommunicationsAlliance CBTA. A national, nonprofit organization represent- ing over 400 businesses and telecommunications us- ers in Canada. The CBTA supports members and fa- cilitates Canada's competitive participation in tele- communications markets through quality and inno- vation. Canadian Datapac The world's frrst public data net- work which began operating in 1976. Canadian Independent Telephone Association CITA. A national trade association supporting inde- pendent telephone service providers, founded in 1905. CITA is based in Toronto, Ontario and supports members in B.C., Ontario, and Quebec. CITA pro- motes the advancement and use of telephone services in communities served by its members and represents its membership in regulatory matters. http:www.cita.cal Canadian Information Processing Society CIPS. Founded in 1958 as the Computing and Data Process- ing Society of Canada, it became CIPS in 1968. CIPS defines and promotes information processing in Canada and supports the information technology (IT) profession. Canadian Journal of Communication CJC. A schol- arly professional journal that deals with many histori- cal and sociopolitical aspects of communications in Canada and abroad. Canadian National Museum of Science & Tech- nology, Musee National Sciences & Technologie Canada's largest technological museum, located in southeast Ottawa, featuring permanent and special exhibits, traveling exhibits available for loan, school programs, workshops, lectures, publications, and more. http://www.nmstc.cal Canadian Radio Television and Telecommunica- tions Commission CRTC. The Canadian regulatory commission, based in Ottawa, Ontario. This impor- tant organization is similar to the Federal Communi- cations Commission (FCC) in the United States in that it allocates frequency spectrums and carries out other commercial and amateur radio and television broadcasting administrative functions. Canadian Satellite Users Association CSUA. A trade association of broadcasters using Telesat facili- ties and suppliers of goods and services to CSUA voting members. THE CSUA sponsors an annual trade convention. See ANIK., Canadian Space Agency. Canadian Space Agency CSA. One of the more ambitious of the CSA's various projects was the Com- munications Technology satellite (HERMES) project which was undertaken jointly with the U.S. Canada was to supply the satellite, and the U.S. the traveling wave tube amplifier. This high power, high frequency, communications satellite project got underway in 1971 and was intended to test direct-to-home broad- casting technology. HERMES was successfully launched in 1976 aboard a three-stage rocket. The satellite operated for almost twice its expected life- time, almost four years. Canada competes at the international level in space- craft assembly, integration, and testing through its David Florida Laboratory (DFL), west of Ottawa, Ontario, established in 1972. Besides the HERMES satellite, the CANADARM and various ANIK satel- lites have been developed and manufactured at the DFL. See ANIK. Canadian StandardsAssociation CSA. A Canadian, independent, not-for-profit standards-setting body established in 1919. The CSA is a strong participant in international standards discussions and directions. It engages in a consensus approach to standards adop- tion and provides educational services, including pub- lications, conferences, and seminars. The CSA oper- ates a Certification & Testing Division and indicates that products or systems have passed a fonnal evalu- ation process at stated levels. The CSA is recognized by the U.S. as a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL), in order to eliminate the need for duplicate testing for products 159 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary marketed in both Canada and the U.S., and provides assistance to manufacturers marketing to the European Union. CSA has an official mark recognized as indicating a product or system that meets certain industry stan- dards. See Standards Council of Canada. CanadianTelecommunications ConsultantsAsso- ciation CTCA. A Canadian association of indepen- dent telecommunications consulting professionals. http://www.ctca.ca/ CanadianWireless Telecommunications Associa- tion CWTA. A trade association representing the Canadian wireless telecommunications industry, in- cluding satellite, cellular, and other mobile commu- nications services. cancel Stop a process, function, or action. On a copy- ing machine, to abort the current copy ifit has not already gone through the machine and any additional copies that may have been requested. In a computer application, to stop or abort the cur- rent operation or process. Control-C (two keys held down together), sometimes designated as AC or Ctrl-C is a very common key code combination for aborting a process. It should be used with care as it may abort the user right out of the program. In many applications, a Cancel button is provided to close a dialog or window without carrying out any actions (when you change your mind), or to stop a process in progress. In some older systems, A Y works in a manner similar to AC. "Z is somewhat related, and usually less dangerous; it may suspend the current process (rather than closing it down) and allow you to carry out other activities, so you can later return to the original process. With Unix system shell com- mands, a process can be resumed withfg (foreground) after having been suspended with Al. On phone systems, many services are enabled and disabled, or canceled, by typing in two or three digit codes, sometimes followed by a# or * symbol. This applies to services such as Call Forwarding, Call Waiting, etc. It is advisable to cancel or disable Call Waiting before using a modem on a phone line in or- der not to be interrupted during a big data transfer. The codes for the subscriber's region for disabling various services are usually listed at the beginning of local phone directories. candela (abbrev. - cd) Aunit of luminous intensity, originally based upon the quantity of light generated by a single candle, it was later more precisely defined as the quantity ofillumination emitted by a black body heated to the temperature at which platinum changes from aliquid to solid state. See luminous in- tensity. candlestick telephone A style of desk phone popu- lar in the early 20th century that is characterized by a broad base with a slender, candle-like stem with a receiver on the top. The speaker was usually a sepa- rate unit, attached with a cord to the stem, which was hung on the stem when not in use. Some versions of the candlestick were adapted to hang on a wall, with asolid or accordian-style mounting bracket (e.g., the Western Electric accordian candlestick). 160 CAP 1. See carrierless amplitude and phase modu- lation. 2. See CellularArray Processor. 3. See Com- petitive Access Provider. Capabilities Exchange In Data Link Switching (DLSw), a Switch-to-Switch (SSP) control message that describes the characteristics ofa sending Data Link Switching (DLSw) router to allow inter-router information exchange and to provide greater compati- bility among different implementations. See Data Link Switching. capacitance (symb. - C) The ratio between an elec- tric charge and the resulting change in potential, or the time integral of the rate of flow ofelectric charge, divided by the related electric potential. Capacitance is measured in farads. See capacitor, capacity, Ley- den jar. capacitor An arrangement of conductors separated by dielectrics, which may be fixed or variable, de- signed to store electrical energy. Capacitors are used in a wide variety of electronic devices. See capaci- tance, capacity, condenser, Leyden jar. Historic Capacitor From Leyden jars to tiny solid state components, various means of storing electrical energy have been devised over the years. This historic capacitor from the American Radio Museum illustrates how much ca- pacitors have changed, as most electronic capacitors now resemble stubby battery housings. capacity 1. The maximum number of objects or oc- cupants that can be contained on or in a system or environment under normal operating conditions (such as load, theater, or bridge capacity). 2. The maximum information-carrying capability ofa communications system. The unit of capacity varies from system to system; on a network, it might be described gener- ally in terms of number of users, or more specifically in terms ofa calculation based upon speed, access, or load upon a CPU, or it may be based upon trans- fer rates for cells or frames. Capasso, Frederico (1940s- ) An Italian-born Bell Laboratories scientist who has made numerous con- tributions to electronics, particularly photonics. Capasso has contributed to bandgap engineering in- novations in optoelectronics, semiconductor, and solid state electronics and, in 1994, co-invented the quantum cascade laser (QC laser). Capasso has © 2003 by CRC Press LLC developed components that function in ways not previously observed in nature and that are based on relative thickness and proximity, rather than chemi- cal composition. See quantum cascade laser; Townes, Charles H. Cap'n CrunchAn infamous phone hacker (phreaker) from the 1970s and 1980s, John T. Draper (ca. 1943- ) adopted this handle (techie nickname) and served a sentence for illegal (albeit creative) tampering with the phone system using technology and tones to make unpaid- for long-distance calls. His adventures and discoveries resulted in the phone company making some significant changes to their technology and plugging a number of security loopholes. Some of his exploits are described in Stephen Levy's book Hack- ers and in a 1971 article in Esquire Magazine entitled "Secrets of the Little Blue Box." Legend has it that John Draper's monicker stems from a whistle he acquired from a cereal box of the same name, one which produced a 2600-Hz tone which could be processed by the phone trunk system as a hangup signal when blown into the telephone mouth- piece (a tip he received from a blind fellow). The line would stay connected, but the call would not be billed. This type of caller signaling is not possible on newer phone systems which use out of band signaling, be- cause the voice conversation and the phone control signals are on different circuits. Draper became associated with Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak and wrote the first word processor for the Apple II computer, called TextWriter (which became EasyWriter). In 1985, Draper wrote a series of Amiga computer technical tutorials, which he distributed free over the net, at a time when the Amiga was an underappreci- ated new entrant to the field of multimedia microcom- puting. He now creates computer intrusion detection systems. See blue boxing. Capstone chipA hardware security device that uses the same SKIPJACK cryptographic algorithm as the Clipper chip. It incorporates a Digital Signature Al- gorithm (DSA), a Secure Hashing Algorithm (SHA), a public key exchange, and various associated math- ematical algorithms. It's a complex, powerful system, requiring almost 1 Gigabyte on an automated design system to set up the chip. The chips are being installed in various electronic devices for the U.S. Defense Messaging System. See Clipper chip, Pretty Good Privacy. Capture Division PacketAccess CDPA. A packet- oriented cellular communications network architec- ture designed to handle constant bit rate (CBR) and variable bandwidth multimedia telephony applica- tions such as videoconferencing. Unlike some other protocols, CDPA is bandwidth-adaptable; it can sup- port increased channel access for individual users for brief periods. capture effect, captive effect In radio communica- tions, signals often compete with one another if the frequencies are very similar or if two stations are coming in with approximately similar strength. In amplitude-modulated (AM) transmissions, the two sound sources will be heard overlapping one another, and it's hard to make out what is being heard. In fre- quency-modulated transmissions (FM), the receiver will filter out the weaker signals, resulting in the cap- ture of the weaker signal and the exclusive broadcast- ing of the stronger one. If the signals are equal in strength, the receiver may switch back and forth be- tween the two, but it won't play them both simulta- neously as in AM. capture ratio The capability ofa tuner to reject un- wanted transmissions (other stations, interference) that are on the same frequency as those desired. The capture ratio is expressed in decibels, with a lower figure indicating better performance. CAR computer-assisted retrieval. car phone A cellular communications unit installed in a vehicle. While handheld, battery-operated sys- tems are often called car phones, the phrase more properly distinguishes larger units that use power from the car's battery and connect to an antenna physically attached to the car (the center of the roof, or elsewhere). Generally they consist of two parts, a trunk or below-seat unit, and a handset. Car phones generally have higher power and better transmission than handheld cellular phones, although they lack the convenience of portability. See cellular phone, mo- bile phone, AMPS. carbon dioxide laser, COl laser A source of laser illumination based upon gaseous molecular action. An ammonia-based infrared laser was first described in a patent application in 1956 by R. Dicke. Carbon dioxide lasers were developed by A. Javan in the early 1960s. From signaling and spectroscopy to welding, steel- cutting, etching, and delicate surgery, the carbon di- oxide laser is suitable for hundreds of applications where power and precision are important. It has even been shown capable of halting infections and prevent- ing extended tissue damage that could require am- putation. Early in 2002, Coherent Photonics Group announced that they had developed the first industrial Q-switched CO 2 laser. The laser emits high-energy, high-repeti- tion, narrow pulses suitable for micromachining/drill- inglPC board applications. A basic COt !aser can be built in a lab with off-the- shelf parts. Note, CO 2 lasers generate high-energy beams that can cut through steel. Safety knowledge regarding assembly and use is essential. See helium- neon laser, laser history. carborundum A substance with rectifying proper- ties that was used in early radio wave crystal detec- tors. Unlike the popular galena, which required very delicate contact and tuning, carborundum could be clamped tight and sealed firmly within the detector unit, making it suitable for field work and rough han- dling. Much of the pioneer work on carborundum detectors was done by H. Dunwoody of the U.S. Army, who received apatent in 1906. carcinotronAn electron tube-based backward oscil- lator designed to generate extremely high frequency (EHF) signals. See magnetron. 161 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC . of energy in the active scintillator elements produces light, some of which may be re-emitted and shifted as to its wavelength with coiled wavelength-shifting fibers within the tile structure. The light can then be transmitted through an optical fiber to a photo tube or photomultiplier tube where it is converted to elec- trical energy. See calorie, scintillator, wavelength- shifting. CALS Continuous Acquisition and life-Cycle Sup- port (formerly Computer-aided Acquisition and lo- gistics Support). A Department of Defense (000) strategy for the creation, use, and exchange of weap- ons-related digital data. CALSCH The calendaring and scheduling working group of the IETF. See iCalendar. cam A compact digital or analog video camera in- tended for use in one location for an extended period, as opposed to a still or video camera that is carried around with the user to many locations (a few very tiny cams are intended to be body-worn or carried in a purse or briefcase). Cams are also distinguished by having few or no controls other than basic aiming and focusing capabilities. Cams are usually mounted on small stands or may be hidden within other real or simulated devices such as clock radios and smoke de- tectors. They may be wired or wireless and are often interfaced with a computer or a VCR for transmis- sion or recording of the cam images. Cams are becoming very popoular for videoconfer- encing, baby monitoring, Internet security, remote monitoring (children at a day care center or wildlife that has been released after being fitted with a cam), and surveillance activities. In recent years the price ofa small, high resolution color camera has dropped from $600 to less than $100. See camcorder. cam, stump. A source of laser illumination based upon gaseous molecular action. An ammonia-based infrared laser was first described in a patent application in 1956 by R. Dicke. Carbon dioxide lasers were developed by A. Javan in the early 1960s. From signaling and spectroscopy to welding, steel- cutting, etching, and delicate surgery, the carbon di- oxide laser is suitable for hundreds of applications where power and precision are important. It has even been shown capable of halting infections and prevent- ing extended tissue damage that could require am- putation. Early in 2002, Coherent Photonics Group announced that they had developed the first industrial Q-switched CO 2 laser. The laser emits high-energy, high-repeti- tion, narrow pulses suitable for micromachining/drill- inglPC board applications. A basic COt !aser can be built in a lab with off-the- shelf parts. Note, CO 2 lasers generate high-energy beams that can cut through steel. Safety knowledge regarding assembly and use is essential. See helium- neon laser, laser history. carborundum A substance with rectifying proper- ties that was used in early radio wave crystal detec- tors. Unlike the popular galena, which required very delicate contact and tuning, carborundum could be clamped tight and sealed firmly within the detector unit, making it suitable for field work and rough han- dling. Much of the pioneer work on carborundum detectors was done by H. Dunwoody. ofconnects, number of abandons, peak hours, trunk allocation, and other statistics related to eco- nomics in general and call billing in particular. When 153 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary used in private branch systems, it can further be used to track