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This Page Intentionally Left Blank Index Bold page numbers indicate definition. 1+10Ch protection, 569, 570, 574-575 bandwidth and, 574 illustrated, 575 lightpaths in, 574 See also optical layer protection 1§ protection, 569, 570 1§ protection comparison, 570 illustrated, 570 1§ protection, 544-546, 586 cut fiber and, 544 dedicated, 580 illustrated, 545 shared, distinction, 580 1:10MS protection, 571 1:1 protection, 546 advantages, 546 illustrated, 545 I:N transponder protection, 573 10-Gigabit Ethernet, 389, 398 absorption coefficient, 193 acceptance angle, 52 access networks, 4-5, 591-612 architecture illustration, 594 architecture overview, 593-598 cable, 595 classifications, 595 enhanced HFC, 598-599 fiber to the curb (FTTC), 599-609 high-capacity, 591 summary, 610-611 telephone, 595 types of, 595, 600 accounting management, 497 acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs), 143-147, 230 channel attenuation, 292 illustrated, 143 polarization-independent integrated-optics, 144 power transfer function illustration, 146 power transmitted by, 145 principle of operation, 144-145 RF drive power, 292 transfer function, 145-146 as wavelength crossconnect, 146-147 acronyms, this book, 711-716 active region, 163 adaptation management, 496, 524-526 adaptation interfaces, 525-526 functions, 524-525 See also connection management; network management 797 798 INDEX add/drop multiplexers (ADMs), 22, 378, 547 architectures, 230-231 connection of dropsides of, 555 linear, 379 OC-48, 378 ring, 379 use of, 378 agile opaque networks, 704 alarm indication signal (AIS), 510 alarm management, 510-512 alarm indication signal (AIS), 510 backward defect indicator (BDI) signal, 510 defect condition, 510 defect indicators, 510-511 forward defect indicator (FDI) signal, 510-512 See also fault management All-Optical Network (AON) testbed, 655 all-optical networks, 24-26, 345,704-705 agile, 704-705 crosstalk susceptibility, 345 design considerations, 345-346 reach requirement, 345 all-optical OXC configurations, 422, 424, 425-428 comparison, 423 cost effectiveness, 425 electrical core crossconnect, 425, 426 illustrated, 422 physical layer design, 424 See also optical crossconnects (OXCs) all-optical topology, 442 example, 445-446 four-node configuration, 446 illustrated, 442 number of wavelengths, 448 AllWave fiber, 66 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 724-725 ESCON and Fibre Channel standards, 724-725 SONET standards, 724 See also standards amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), 153 implications, 153 noise effects, 337 amplifier cascades, 293-294 gain, 294 illustrated, 295 power transients, 296 amplifier spacing, 294-296, 325 design and, 342-343 in existing systems, 343 APD receivers gain, 260 noise variance, 286 sensitivity, 261,277 shot noise, 285 apodized grating, 124 ARPANET, 466 arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), 137, 139-143, 228,229, 606, 641 couplers used in, 142 as demultiplexer, 140 free spectral range (FSR), 141 illustrated, 140 loss, 140 operating wavelengths, 141 principle of operation, 141-143 sizes, 140 as static wavelength crossconnect, 140 arrayed waveguides, 141 assured forwarding (AF) packets, 392 asymmetric services, 592 asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 19, 363, 381-388 AAL-1,385-386 AAL-5, 386 adaptation layers (AAL), 385-386 admission control, 382, 387 advantages, 381-382 cell forwarding, 383-384 connections, 383-384, 388 data transmission, 382 flow control, 387 functions, 382-385 header, 382, 383 MPLS and, 394-395 networks, 9, 381 network-to-network interface (NNI), 382, 385 physical layer interfaces, 382 physical layer standards, 382 PNNI (private network-to-network interface) routing, 387-388 private user-network interfaces, 382 public user-network interfaces, 382 quality-of-service (QoS), 386-387 signaling and routing, 387-388 INDEX 799 switches, 384, 388, 615 switching, 382 traffic shaping, 386 user-to-network interface (UNI), 382, 385 VCIs, 383-384, 387 virtual channels, 383 VPIs, 384-385, 387 See also ATM layer; client layers ATM layer as common service layer, 674 direct virtual connections, 676 maturity, 675 use reasons, 675-676 attenuation coefficient measurement, 349 augmented model, 523,524 autocorrelation photocurrent, 758 random process, 754 automatic gain control (AGC), 296-298 circuit illustration, 298 couplers, 297 system types, 297 automatic protection-switching (APS) protocol, 541-542 automatic repeat request (ARQ), 268 availability, 537 avalanche breakdown, 197 avalanche multiplication, 197 avalanche photodetectors (APDs) excess noise factor, 255,275 noise, 255 See also APD receivers avalanche photodiodes, 197 back-to-back interconnection, 557 backward defect indicator (BDI) signal, 510 band drop OADM architecture, 413, 416 banding drawback, 149 multistage, 148-149 bandwidth, 29 average, 7 bit rate ratio, 30 Bragg gratings, 126 dedicated, 594 dial up, 521 EDFA gain, 289 enhanced HFC, 598 erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), 66 growth in different types of networks, 11 lightpath, 502 loss and, 65-68 optical layer protection, 563 optical networks, 10 peak, 7 photodetectors, 194 photodiodes, 198 semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), 163 shared, 594, 595 specification, 29 statistical multiplexing and, 8 trading, 521 wasted, 671 bandwidth-on-demand service, 655 baseband modulated fiber coax bus (BMFCB), 600 Bayes' theorem, 752 beat noise signal-spontaneous, 256 spontaneous-spontaneous, 256 See also noise bending loss, 67-68 bend radius, 68 Bene~ architecture, 206-207 best-effort service, 8 bidirectional line switched rings (BLSRs), 380, 454, 544, 550-555 BLSR/2, 551,552, 554, 584-585, 586 BLSR/4, 549, 551,552, 585, 586 complexity, 553 deployment, 552 efficiency, 552 equivalent, 550 low-priority traffic in, 554-555 maximum ring length limitation, 551 node failures, 553-554 node support, 551 SONET, 564-566 span switching in, 552 spatial reuse capabilities, 551 spatial reuse illustration, 555 See also unidirectional path-switched rings (UPSRs) bidirectional protection switching, 540, 541,542 APS protocol, 542 fiber cut detection, 542 . 592 asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 19, 363, 38 1-3 88 AAL-1,38 5-3 86 AAL-5, 386 adaptation layers (AAL), 38 5-3 86 admission control, 382, 387 advantages, 38 1-3 82 cell forwarding, 38 3-3 84. types, 297 automatic protection-switching (APS) protocol, 54 1-5 42 automatic repeat request (ARQ), 268 availability, 537 avalanche breakdown, 197 avalanche multiplication, 197 avalanche photodetectors. 555 linear, 379 OC-48, 378 ring, 379 use of, 378 agile opaque networks, 704 alarm indication signal (AIS), 510 alarm management, 51 0-5 12 alarm indication signal (AIS), 510 backward defect