The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 104 pps

nonsense upon stilts; politics and the philosophers; Priestley; utilitarianism bent stick in water see oar in water berdyaev bergmann bergson élan vital; French philosophy; time; vitalism berkeley egocentric predicament; English philosophy; epistemology, history of; esse est percipi; idealism, philosophical; Irish philosophy; Johnson, S.; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; metaphysics, history of the philosophy of; Molyneux problem; tar-water berlin liberalism; liberty; political philosophy, history of bernoulli’s theorem probability berry’s paradox paradoxes bertrand’s paradox insufficient reason, principle of; paradoxes BHAGAVADGI¯TA¯ Aurobindo; detachment; Hindu philosophy; Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta biconditional conditional; iff bioethics applied ethics; cloning, morality of; genetics and morality; medical ethics biological naturalism mind–body problem; Searle biology, philosophical problems of evolution; evolutionary epistemology; holism; Naturphilosophie; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; teleological explanation bivalence excluded middle, law of; intuitionism, mathematical; philosophical logic black metaphor black box blackburn language, history of philosophy of; language, problems of philosophy of; quasi-realism; rules black philosophy African philosophy; negritude; racism bladders of philosophy reason blanshard blindsight awareness; perception bloch utopianism block black box; functionalism; topic-neutral boat, neurath’s given; Neurath; foundationalism bobbio Italian philosophy bodin conservatism body external world; mind–body problem body and mind see mind–body problem boethius Platonism; Roman philosophy bogdanov empirio-criticism; Lenin; Russian philosophy bohr science, history of the philosophy of boltzmann bolzano logic, history of; Wissenschaftslehre bonaventure medieval philosophy bonhoeffer boo-hoorah theory emotive theory of ethics boole Boolean algebra; logic, history of; logic, modern boolean algebra Boole; logic, history of; logic, modern; mathematics, history of the philosophy of bootstrapping evidence; holism bosanquet idealism, British; idealism, philosophical bourgeoisie and proletariat capitalism; class struggle; dictatorship of the proletariat; hegemony; historical materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy boyle corpuscularianism; latitudinarianism; Locke; Mochus bracketing Husserl; phenomenology bradley appearance and reality; English philosophy; idealism, British; idealism, philosophical; metaphysics, history of; Oxford philosophy; pragmatism; process philosophy; relations, internal and external brain in a vat malin génie; metaphysics, problems of; scepticism braithwaite philosophical lexicon brandom Habermas; language; semantics brentano intentionality; intentional relation; Meinong; mind, history of the philosophy of brentano’s thesis see intentionality bridgman operationalism brightman idealism, philosophical brillat-savarin british philosophy today conceptual analysis; English philosophy; Scottish philosophy broad mysticism brouwer intuitionism, mathematical; mathematics, history of philosophy of brownson American philosophy; New England Tran- scendentalism bruno Italian philosophy; libertinism; Renaissance philosophy brunschvicg brute fact fact; given buber I and thou buddha Buddhism buddhism see buddhist philosophy buddhist philosophy Buddhism; Chinese philosophy; his- tories of moral philosophy; Hindu philosophy; Indian philosophy; Japanese philosophy; Karma; Korean philosophy; Ku¯kai; reincarnation; Tantra bultmann existentialism bundle theory of the self ego; Hume; person; personal identity; self burali-forti’s paradox number; paradoxes burckhardt burge arthritis in the thigh; externalism; idiolect; individualism and anti-individualism buridan ass, Buridan’s; logic, history of burke conservatism; human rights; Irish philosophy; natural aristocracy; organic society; Paine; people; politics and the philosophers; Price, Richard; reform; tradition burnyeat business ethics applied ethics; capitalism; collective responsibility; corporate responsibility; professional ethics butler, joseph English philosophy; moral philosophy, history of; religion, problems of the philosophy of butler, samuel byzantine philosophy cabbala see kabbalah cajetan Renaissance philosophy; Thomism calculus axiomatic method; Leibniz; logic, modern; Newton; predicate calculus; propositional calculus 1010 Index and List of Entries calculus, predicate see predicate calculus calculus, propositional see propositional calculus calvin calvinism religion, history of the philosophy of cambridge change change cambridge philosophy Cambridge Platonists; Moore; philosophy, history of centres and departments of; Mellor; Russell; Whitehead; Williams; Wittgenstein cambridge platonists Cudworth; Platonism campanella libertinism; Renaissance philosophy campbell camus absurd; existentialism canadian philosophy Churchland; Cohen, G. A.; Gauthier; Hacking; Stroud; Taylor, C.; van Fraassen cantor Cantor’s paradox; continuum problem; logic, history of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; set theory cantor’s paradox paradoxes capacity causality; disposition; power; potentiality; propensity capitalism alienation; bourgeoisie and proletariat; business ethics; conservatism; corporate responsibility; democracy and capitalism; economics and morality, globalization, morality and politics; liberalism; Mar- cuse; markets; markets and the public good; Marx; Marxist philosophy; political philosophy, history of; property; worker control capital punishment killing; lex talionis; punishment care, ethics of ethics, feminist; feminism; feminist philosophy; sexual morality carnap formal and material mode; logical empiricism; Logical Positivism; metaphysics, problems of; mind, history of the philosophy of; protocol sentences; Vienna Circle carneades Academy, the; Roman philosophy carroll cartesianism animal spirits; Arnauld; cogito ergo sum; Descartes; doubt; epistemology, history of; French philosophy; Geulincx; ghost in the machine; light of nature; Malebranche; mind–body problem; no-ownership theory; Peirce; pineal gland; Port-Royalists; res cogitans cartwright methodology; science, history of the philosophy of cassirer neo-Kantianism casuistry cat, schrödinger’s quantum mechanics, philosophical problems of; determinism; determinism, scientific; freedom and determinism categorical imperative Hegel; Kant; Kantian ethics; moral philosophy, history of; obligation; religion and morality; Schopenhauer; universalizability categorical judgement logic, traditional categoricity categories Aristotle; category mistake; class; Kant; Kan- tianism; Peirce; metaphysics, history of; Ryle; transcen- dental analytic category mistake category; Ryle catharsis tragedy causal asymmetry causality action at a distance; backwards causation; cement of the universe; chaos theory; conditionals; constant conjunction; covering-law model; determinism; determinism, scientific; final cause; freedom and determinism; Hume; Kant; law, problems of philosophy of; laws, natural or scientific; Leibniz; Mackie; methods, Mill’s; mnemic causation; necessary and sufficient conditions; necessity, nomic; occasionalism; Ockham; plurality of causes; post hoc ergo propter hoc; power; prediction; probabilistic causality; Schopenhauer; science, problems of philosophy; scientific method causa sui agent-causation; contingent and necessary existence; God causation, backwards see backwards causation causation, downwards causation, mnemic see mnemic causation cause see causality; backwards causation; causal deviance; constant conjunction; final causes; laws, natural or scientific; mnemic causation; necessity, nomic; reasons and causes; plurality of causes; POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC ; thinking causes causes, final see final causes causes and reasons see reasons and causes cave, analogy of education, history of the philosophy of; Forms, Platonic; Plato cavell cement of the universe causality;Hume;Mackie central state materialism Armstrong; Australian philosophy; identity theory; materialism certainty epistemology, history of; scepticism; doubt; given; incorrigibility; knowledge; Wittgenstein ceteris paribus laws, natural or scientific chalmers consciousness; zombies chance chaos theory; determinism; determinism, scientific; indeterminism; Peirce; prediction; probability; stochastic process change aporia; Cambridge change; event; kinesis; metaphysics, history of; prime matter; process; process philosophy chaos chaos theory chaos theory chaos; prediction character Aristotle; duty; integrity; loyalty; mean, doc- trine of; moral philosophy, history of; virtues characteristic see attribute; properties; quality CHARACTERISTICA UNIVERSALIS artificial language; language charismatic authority see authority charity, principle of Davidson; language, problems of the philosophy of; translation cheating chemistry, philosophy of children and philosophy philosophy chinese philosophy Buddhist philosophy; Chuang Tzuˇ; Chu Hsi; Confucianism; Confucius; Hsün Tzuˇ; Lao Tzuˇ; Lieh Tzuˇ; Mencius; Mo Tzuˇ; Taoism; Wang Yang- ming chinese room consciousness, its irreducibility; mind, syntax, and semantics; Searle Index and List of Entries 1011 chisholm counter-example, philosophy by; deontic logic; phenomenalism choice, axiom of Gödel; set chomsky grammar; heredity and environment; indeter- minacy of meaning; innate ideas; language, knowledge of; linguistics; minimalism; rationalism; universal grammar choosing and deciding compatibilism and incompatibilism; egoism and altruism; freedom and determinism; intention; judgement; mental causation; origination; volition; will CHRONOLOGY OFPHILOSOPHY see Appendix chrysippus Stoicism chuang tzuˇ Taoism chu hsi Confucianism church Church’s thesis; logic, history of churchland eliminativism; folk psychology; mind, history of the philosophy of; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; scientism church’s thesis Church; logic, history of cicero nothing so absurd; Roman philosophy circle, cartesian see descartes circle, vicious see vicious circle circle, virtuous see virtuous circle circularity vicious circle; virtuous circle citizenship democracy civil disobedience Gandhi; rule of law; Thoreau; violence, political civil liberties liberalism; liberty; rights; rule of law civil society Hegel; liberalism clarke English philosophy; moral philosophy, history of class Russell; types class struggle bourgeoisie and proletariat; historical materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy; natural aristocracy clear and distinct ideas Descartes; rationalism clifford evolutionary epistemology; London philosophy clip an angel’s wings clocks Berkeley cloning, morality of bioethics closure coercion threats and offers COGITO ERGO SUM Cartesianism; certainty; Descartes; doubt; epistemology, history of; Husserl; Lacan; Merleau- Ponty; philosophical inquiry; scepticism cognition cognitive science; consciousness, its irreducibility; content, non-conceptual; emotion and feeling; frame problem; thinking; reasoning; understanding cognitive architecture mind; mind, history and problems of philosophy of cognitive meaning emotive and descriptive meaning; meaning; language, problems of the philosophy of cognitive science black box; computers; connectionism; consciousness, its irreducibility; epistemology and psychology; methodology; mind, history of the philosophy of; Penelope’s wooers; psychology and philosophy cognitivism see non-cognitivism cohen, g. a. cohen, h. Jewish philosophy; neo-Kantianism cohen, l. j. philosophy and science coherence truth coherence theory of truth Bradley; epistemology, problems of; realism and anti-realism; idealism, philosophical; philosophical logic; Rorty; truth coherentism see epistemic justification; epistemology, problems of coleridge English philosophy; popular philosophy; Romanticism, philosophical collective responsibility business ethics; responsibility colletti Italian philosophy collingwood aesthetics, history of; history, history of the philosophy of collins deism colours Goethe; primary and secondary qualities comedy humour; laughter comenius see komensky´ common sense Berkeley; doubt; empiricism; linguistic philosophy; Moore; moral philosophy, problems of; rationality; Reid; scepticism, history of; Scottish philosophy communication language; language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; meaning; sign and symbol communism anti-communism; Aristotle; Chinese philosophy; conservatism; Czech philosophy; German philosophy; Gramsci; Hook; Hungarian philosophy; Lenin; liberalism; Marx; Marxism after communism; Marxist philosophy; Polish philosophy; political philosophy, history of; Sartre; social engineering; Soviet philosophy communitarianism community; distributism; liberalism; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; social philosophy; State, the community communitarianism; fraternity; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; Scheler compatibilism and incompatibilism embraced and reluctant desires; freedom and determinism; Hobbes; Hume; responsibility; spontaneity and indifference completeness consistency proofs; Gödel; incompleteness; logic, modern; propositional calculus; validity complex idea see ideas complexity theory computability composite idea see ideas composition and division, fallacies of fallacy computability complexity theory computers artificial intelligence; complexity theory; connectionism; cybernetics; Dennett; mentality; mind, syntax, and semantics; parallel distributed processing; programs of computers; Turing; Turing machine comte French philosophy; philosophy and science; positivism conation see intention; trying; will conceivability logical truth; possibility concept abstraction; affirmative and negative propositions; belief; concepts, thick and thin; conceptual scheme; essentially contested concepts; family resem- blance; idea; image; meaning; open texture; polar concepts; rules; thinking; Vorstellung 1012 Index and List of Entries concepts, thick and thin concept conceptual analysis conceptual scheme concept; relativism, epistemological; relativism, ethical concomitant variations, method of see method of concomitant variations concrete universal Aristotle; Hegel; ontology; univer- sals concupiscence emotion and feeling; sex; sexual morality condillac enlightenment; philosophe conditional probability conditionals; probability conditionals affirming the antecedent; affirming the consequent; Bennett; causality; counterfactuals; gen- eralization; implication; Jackson; laws, natural or scientific; Mackie; material conditional; necessary and sufficient conditions; philosophical logic; protasis; Stalnaker condorcet conduct see right action confectionery fallacy fallacies confirmation Carnap; evidence; induction confucianism Confucius; Chinese philosophy; Chu Hsi; Hsün Tzuˇ; Korean philosophy; neo-Confucianism; his- tories of moral philosophy; Mencius; Mo Tzu; Wang Yang-ming confucius Chinese philosophy; Confucianism; neo- Confucianism conjunction confectionery fallacy; truth-function connectionism artificial intelligence; cognitive science; parallel distributed processing connective conjunction; disjunction connotation see denotation conscience Butler, J.; casuistry; integrity; libertinism; moral sense consciousness animal conciousness; attention; belief and desire; biological naturalism; Brentano; Campbell; consciousness, its irreducibility; content of consciousness; dualism; experience; for-itself and in-itself; Honderich; Husserl; intentionality; intentional relation; James; mental event; mental state; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind, syntax, and semantics; phenomenology; physicalism in the philosophy of mind; psychology and philosophy; Sartre; Searle; stream of consciousness consciousness, false see false consciousness consciousness, its irreducibility consciousness; mind, syntax, and semantics; subjectivity consciousness, neural correlates of mind–body problem; neuroscience consciousness, stream of see stream of consciousness consent contract, social; democracy; hegemony; liberalism; Locke; original position; political obligation consequentialism absolutism, moral; agent-relative moral- ities; Bentham; deontological ethics; dirty hands; ends and means; equality; justice; Kagan; moral philosophy, problems of; population; Ross; sexual morality; utilitarianism; veritatis splendor; well-being conservatism anti-communism; aristocracy, natural; authority; Bodin; Burke; capitalism; common sense; communitarianism; conservatism; conservatism and Romanti- cism; Constant; constitutionalism; élitism; enforcement of morals; freedom; harm; Hayek; invisible hand; legitimacy; liberalism; Maistre; market; Marxism; meritocracy; Nozick; Oakeshott; piecemeal engineering; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; political scepticism; politics and determinism; Popper; privatization; reform; right, the new political; rule of law; social Darwinism; socialism; State, the; test of time; tradition conservatism and romanticism conservatism; Romanti- cism consilience induction; Whewell consistency proofs completeness; incompleteness constant logical theory; logic, modern; logic, traditional; normalization; propositional calculus constant conservatism; liberalism; liberty constant conjunction Blanshard; causality; Hume; laws, natural or scientific; nomic necessity; post hoc ergo propter hoc constatives linguistic acts constitutionalism conservatism; liberalism; socialism constructivism intuitionism, mathematical; Korsgaard; Kreisel; Mach; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; number; Russell constructivism in ethics Rawls consumerist ethics content of consciousness Brentano; consciousness; externalism; Husserl; intentional relation; Meinong; mind, problems of the philosophy of; Peacocke; per- cept; phenomenology; physicalism in the philosophy of mind; propositional attitude; Sartre; sense-data content, non-conceptual contextual definition Bentham; definition; egocentric particulars; incomplete symbol; Russell contextualism egocentric particulars; meaning continental philosophy Adorno; Barth; Benjamin; Berg- son; Camus; ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’ Dasein; de Beau- voir; deconstruction; Derrida; différance; discourse; existentialism; Foucault; Frankfurt School; French philosophy; Gadamer; German philosophy; Habermas; Heidegger; hermeneutic circle; hermeneutics; Husserl; idealism, philosophical; Irigaray; Jaspers; Lacan; Lévi- Strauss; Levinas; Lévy-Brühl; Lyotard; Marcel; Marxist philosophy; Merleau-Ponty; Meyerson; phenomenology; philosophy; post-modernism; post-structuralism; Ricœur; Rorty; Sartre; structuralism; Tugendhat; Weil ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’ French philosophy today; German philosophy today continental philosophy of law see law and continental philosophy contingent and necessary existence see necessary and contingent existence contingent and necessary statements Hume’s fork; necessity, logical; necessity, epistemic; necessity, meta- physical; synthetic a priori judgement Index and List of Entries 1013 continuum problem infinity; number contract, social consent; contractarianism; freedom; political; future generations; Gauthier; Hobbes; Jeffer- son; legitimacy; Locke; moral philosophy, history of; original position; political obligation; political philosophy, history of; Rousseau; right action; state of nature contractarianism contract social; Gauthier; Rawls; Scan- lon contradiction antinomies; contradictories; material contradictions contradictions, material see material contradictions contradictories contradiction contraposition transposition contraries square of opposition contrary-to-fact conditionals see conditionals; counterfactuals convention consent; conventionalism; sign and symbol; tradition conventionalism Ajdukiewicz; convention; Duhem; instru- mentalism; Poincaré; positivism; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of conversion logic, traditional conway feminism; women in philosophy cook wilson copernicus cosmology; Polish philosophy corollary corporate responsibility corpuscularianism Boyle; Descartes; Locke corrective justice justice; punishment correspondence theory of truth deflationary theories of truth; linguistic philosophy; truth; fact; philosophical logic; realism and antirealism; redundancy theory; Rorty; things; unlikely philosophical propositions corroboration Popper; science, problems of the philosophy of cosmogony chaos; creation; demiurge cosmological argument Aquinas; cosmology and religious belief cosmology anthropic principle; antinomies; astrology; Copernicus; cosmology and religious belief; creation; creationism; eternal recurrence; Laplace; prime mover cosmology and religious belief cosmology; creation; Kabbalah; mundus imaginalis; prime mover; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; religion, scepticism about could have done otherwise seefreedom and determinism counselling, philosophical counter-example, philosophy by thought experiments counterfactuals Bennett; conditionals counterpart theory possible worlds counting numbers; Skolem’s paradox; sortal count noun counting; numbers; sortal courage fear; virtue couturat universal language covering-law model biology, philosophical problems of; explanation; Hempel; history, problems of the philosophy of; laws, natural or scientific craig’s theorem cratylus creation cosmogony; cosmology creationism CREDO QUIA ABSURDUM EST dogma; fideism CREDO UT INTELLIGAM Anselm; dogma; fideism crescas Jewish philosophy criterion Wittgenstein critical realism Lovejoy; New Realism critical theory see frankfurt school critical thinking see informal logic croatian philosophy Serbian philosophy; Slovene philosophy croce aesthetics, history of; Hegelianism; history, history of the philosophy of; Italian philosophy crucial experiment experiment cudworth Cambridge Platonists; latitudinarianism; Mochus; persecution of philosophers culture aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; art and morality; Burckhardt; embodiment; form of life; Gadamer; Hungarian philosophy; Lamarck; Nietzsche curve-fitting problem induction custom see convention cybernetics computers cynics Antisthenes; Diogenes cyrenaics see aristippus czech philosophy Bolzano; Komensky´; Masaryk d’alembert danish philosophy Høffding; Jørgensen; Kierkegaard; Norwegian philosophy; Swedish philosophy dante Italian philosophy danto basic action darwinism Empedocles; evolution; human beings; Kaut- sky; Wright, Chauncey DASEIN existence precedes essence; existentialism; Ger- man philosophy; Heidegger; hermeneutics davidson akrasia; anomalous monism; charity, principle of; deflationary theories of truth; epiphenomenalism; event; externalism; holism; meaning; mental causation; metaphor; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; psychophysical laws; reasons and causes; scepticism; snow is white; triangulation death deaths of philosophers; eschatology; euthanasia; Heidegger; immortality; killing; life and death; mortal- ism; nirvana; other; reincarnation; religion, history of the philosophy of; Schopenhauer; suicide death instinct see freud death-of-the-author thesis aesthetics, problems of; Der- rida deaths of philosophers Bogdanov; Hume; life and death; persecution of philosophers; Schlick; Seneca; Socrates de beauvoir existentialism; feminism; feminist philosophy; Héloïse complex; Sartre; women in philosophy decidability decision procedure; Gödel; propositional calculus deciding see choosing and deciding decision procedure propositional calculus; well-formed formulae 1014 Index and List of Entries decision theory game theory; maximin and minimax deconstruction Derrida; différance; logocentrism dedekind mathematics, history of the philosophy of DE DICTO see DE RE and DE DICTO deduction argument; inference; Mill, John Stuart; philosophical logic; propositional calculus; validity deduction, natural see natural deduction defeasible law, history of the philosophy of de finetti probability definist fallacy definition; fallacies definite descriptions see descriptions, theory of definition analysis; contextual definition; impredicative definition; meaning; ostensive definition; persuasive definition; philosophical logic; recursion, definition by; samples, explanation by definition, contextual see contextual definition definition, ostensive see ostensive definition definitions, explicit and implicit meaning deflationary theories of truth philosophical logic; Ramsey; redundancy theory of truth deism atheism and agnosticism; Campanella; d’Alembert; God and the philosophers; Jefferson; Toland deleuze French philosophy de maistre conservatism demandingness of morals consequentialism; Kantian ethics demiurge democracy anti-communism; Aristotle; Arrow’s paradox; citizenship; civil liberties; consent; democracy and capitalism; democratic violence; Dewey; equality; four freedoms; freedom; freedom of speech; general will; Jefferson; liberalism; Marxism; people; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; self-determination; Scheler; socialism; State, the; voting paradox; Wollheim democracy and capitalism capitalism; democracy; liberalism democracy and liberalism, scepticism about democratic violence violence, political; democracy democritus atomism; Eleatics; Pre-Socratic philosophy demonstration apodeictic; proof theory de morgan Boolean algebra; logic, history of; logic, modern; London philosophy dennett homunculus; intentional stance; Lexicon, Philo- sophical; mental states denotation and connotation Mill; Frege; sense and reference denying the antecedent denying the consequent modus tollens deontic logic deontological ethics absolutism, moral; acts and omis- sions; agent-relative morality; consequentialism; ends and means; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; sexual morality departments of philosophy see philosophy, history of centres and departments of DE RE AND DE DICTO belief; essence; necessity, logical; philosophical logic; possibility derrida death-of-the-author thesis; deconstruction; dif- férance; French philosophy; Hegelianism; Kristeva; logocentrism; other; pseudo-philosophy; undecidability descartes animals; animal spirits; Cartesianism; clear and distinct ideas; cogito ergo sum; corpuscularianism; doubt; dualism; epistemology, history of; French philosophy; innate ideas; light of nature; Locke; malin génie; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; metaphysics, history of; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind–body problem; modernism; monism and plural- ism; passion and emotion; persons; philosophy and science; pineal gland; pleasure; res cogitans; scepticism, history of; science, history of philosophy of; Williams description, knowledge by see acquaintance descriptions acquaintance and description; analysis; Bradley; flaccid designator; incomplete symbol; linguistic philosophy; logically proper names; logical theory; philosophical logic; Russell; Strawson; subject and predicate descriptive meaning see emotive meaning descriptive metaphysics metaphysics, history of; Peirce; revisionary metaphysics; Strawson descriptivism emotive and descriptive meaning; emotivism; moral realism; prescriptivism desert forgiveness; politics and determinism; punishment; responsibility design, argument from, for the existence of god see god, arguments for;teleological argument for the existence of god desire belief and desire; reasons; sexuality, philosophy of despair abandonment; Angst; existentialism; Kierkegaard destiny determinism; fatalism; freedom and determinism; religion, history of the philosophy of; world-soul detachment Bhagavadgi¯ta¯; Indian philosophy determinables and determinates genus and species; Johnson, W. E. determinism Bell’s theorem; causality; chance; chaos theory; compatibilism and incompatibilism; destiny; determinism, historical; determinism, logical; determinism, scientific; Diodorus Cronus; Einstein; Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen paradox; fatalism; freedom and determinism; Hobbes; Holbach; Honderich; indeterminism; Lamarck; Laplace; Leucippus; mechanism; necessity, nomic; Nietzsche; Peirce; prediction; quantum mechanics, philosophical problems of; quantum theory and philosophy; Schopenhauer; science, problems of the philosophy of; Spinoza determinism, economic see base and superstructure determinism, historical determinism; history, history of the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy of determinism, logical determinism; fatalism determinism, scientific chaos theory; determinism; Einstein; freedom and determinism; indeterminism; physics; Planck; quantum mechanics, philosophical problems of; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of determinism and freedom see freedom and determinism Index and List of Entries 1015 development ethics generations, justice between; globalization, morality and politics DEUS SIVE NATURA see spinoza deviance, causal dewey American philosophy; education, history of the philosophy of; fallibilism; mind, history of the philosophy of; political philosophy, history of; pragmatism; pragmatic theory of truth dialectic Buber; dialectical materialism; Feuerbach; Hegel; Marx; Marxist philosophy; master and slave; Plato; Platonism; Sartre; social philosophy; Socrates; Socratic method dialectical materialism Althusser; dialectic; historical materialism; Marx; Trotsky dialectics, negative see adorno dialetheism liar paradox; paraconsistent logic dichotomy definition dictatorship of the proletariat bourgeoisie and proletariat; Marxist philosophy dictionaries and encyclopaedias of philosophy Edwards, P.; Encyclopaedists; Lexicon, the Philosophical diderot Enlightenment; philosophe DIFFÉRANCE Derrida; logocentrism difference, method of see method of difference difference principle equality; justice; maximin and minimax; Rawls dilemma antinomies dilthey hermeneutics; history, history of the philosophy of; vitalism; verstehen Weltanschauung DING-AN-SICH see thing-in-itself diodorus cronus diogenes the cynic Cynics; Pyrrho diogenes laertius dionysian and apollinian Nietzsche direct realism see naïve realism dirty hands agent-relative morality; consequentialism; ends and means; Machiavelli disability and morality ableism; discrimination discourse Habermas; linguistic turn; structuralism discrimination disability and morality disjunction disjunctivism disposition capacity; causality; conditionals; potentiality; power; propensity disquotation redundancy theory of truth distribution of terms inversion distributism communitarianism distributive justice see justice divine command ethics Adams, R. M.; moral philosophy, history of; religion and morality divine philosophy philosophy divorce see marriage dodgson see carroll do¯gen kigen Japanese philosophy; Zen dogma religion, history of the philosophy of; credo ut intelligam; credo quia absurdum est dogmatists see scepticism, history of domain quantification double aspect theory dualism; identity theory; materialism; mind–body problem; Spinoza double effect applied ethics double-mindedness Kierkegaard double truth Averroës; medieval philosophy; subject- ive truth doubt certainty; Descartes; epistemology, history of; Peirce; new philosophy calls all in doubt; scepticism; scepticism, history of doxa intuitions doxastic virtues see virtues, doxastic dread see ANGST dreams psychoanalysis, philosophical problems of dretske belief; experience; laws, natural or scientific; mental causation; perception; sensation dualism consciousness; consciousness, its irreducibility; Descartes; double aspect theory; emergent properties; ghost in the machine; identity theory; interactionism; mental reductionism; Merleau-Ponty; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; mind, history of philosophy of; mind, problems of philosophy of; mind–body problem ducasse duck-rabbit imagination, aesthetic; aesthetics, problems of; seeing-as; Wittgenstein duhem positivism; science, history of the philosophy of duhring Engels dummett analysis; English philosophy; Gentzen; har- mony, logical; logic, history of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; meaning; realism and anti- realism; Tarot; Wright, Crispin duns scotus English philosophy; medieval philosophy; religion, history of the philosophy of; Scottish philosophy durkheim anomie; social facts; social science, philosophy of dutch book dutch philosophy see netherlands philosophy duty moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; obligation; ought; supererogation; Stoicism dworkin law and morals; law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; liberalism; moral scepticism dyadic see relations earliest known philosophical term see apeiron earman ecological morality see environmental ethics economic determinism see base and superstructure economics, philosophy of capitalism; conservatism; economics and morality Marx; Marxism; Marxist philosophy; Pareto optimality; privatization; rational choice theory; social science, philosophy of; social philosophy economics and morality capitalism; economics philosophy of; globalization, morality, and politics; privatization EDUCATION Dewey; education, history of the philosophy of; education, problems of the philosophy of; 1016 Index and List of Entries Gentile; Helvétius; heuristic; Plato; Rousseau; teaching and indoctrinating; teaching philosophy education, history of philosophy of EDUCATION education, problems of philosophy of EDUCATION edwards, jonathan American philosophy edwards, paul capital punishment; dictionaries and encyclopaedias of philosophy; God and the philosophers; Rée; Reich effect see causality egalitarianism see equality;inequality; justice; liberty and equality; socialism; well-being ego cogito ergo sum; Descartes; ghost in the machine; Malebranche; mentality; person; personal identity; self; subject egocentric particulars contextual definition egocentric predicament Berkeley egoism, psychological moral philosophy, problems of egoism and altruism agent-relative morality; choosing and deciding; moral philosophy, problems of; Nagel, T.; Shaftesbury; Sidgwick eidetic imagery image; perception eidetic reduction see husserl eightfold path see buddhist philosophy EINFUHLUNG see empathy einstein cosmology; determinism; determinism, scientific; quantum mechanics, philosophical problems of; relativity theory, philosophical problems of; science, history of philosophy of; space-time einstein, podolsky, and rosen paradox determinism ÉLAN VITAL Alexander; Bergson eleatics Melissus; Parmenides; Pre-Socratic philosophy; Zeno of Elea elenchus Socrates; Socratic method eliminativism Churchland; folk psychology; materialism; mind, history of the philosophy of; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; realism and anti-realism elitism aristocracy, natural; conservatism; inequality; justice; meritocracy; noble lie; perfectionism; Plato; socialism; superman elster Norwegian philosophy embodiment culture; intentionality embraced and reluctant desires freedom and determinism; compatibilism and incompatibilism; voluntariness emergence emergent properties mind–body problem; physicalism in the philosophy of mind; Wright, Chauncey emerson American philosophy; New England Transcen- dentalism emotion and art emotion and feeling attitude; catharsis; concupiscence; emotive theory of ethics; Hobbes; Hume; James–Lange theory; mind, history of the philosophy of; mood; moral judgement; moral philosophy, history of; moral psychology; prediction; reason as the slave of the pas- sions; resentment; revenge; Sartre; Schopenhauer; sen- sibility; sentiments; shame; Stoicism; sympathy emotions, james–lange theory of see james–lange theory emotive and descriptive meaning cognitive meaning; descriptivism; emotive theory of ethics; moral judgement emotive theory of ethics Ayer; boo-hoorah theory; descriptivism; emotive and descriptive meaning; expressivism; Hutcheson; logical empiricism; Logical Positivism; meta-ethics; moral judgement; moral philosophy, problems of; non-cognitivism; open question argument; prescriptivism; realism and anti-realism; Stevenson; Swedish philosophy empedocles Pre-Socratic philosophers empirical a priori and a posteriori; empiricism empiricism basic statements; Berkeley; empirical; empiricism, logical; epistemology, history of; epistemology, problems of; Hume; Locke; Maine de Biran; metaphysics, history of; Mill, John Stuart; naturalism; protocol sentences; Quine; rationalism; Reid; verification principle; Vienna Circle; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy empiricism, logical Bayes’s theorem; Carnap; empiricism; experience; Hacking; Hempel; Logical Pos- itivism; Maine de Biran; meaning; Reichenbach; verification principle; Vienna Circle empiricism, radical see james empirio-criticism Avenarius; Bogdanov; Mach enantiomorph see incongruent counterparts encyclopaedists d’Alembert; Diderot; dictionaries and encyclopaedias of philosophy; French philosophy; his- tories of moral philosophy; Holbach end of philosophy, the ends and means consequentialism; instrumental value; Machiavelli; rationality; utilitarianism endurance and perdurance identity energy entropy; materialism; space-time; Maxwell’s demon enforcement of morals liberty; public morality; public–private distinction; self-regarding actions engels false consciousness; Marx; Marxist philosophy english philosophy Alexander; analytic philosophy; Ans- combe; Austin, J. L.; Ayer; Bacon, Francis; Barnes; Barry; Bennett; Berkeley; Berlin; Blackburn; Bosanquet; Bradley; Braithwaite; Britsh philosophy today; Broad; Burnyeat; Butler, J.; Butler, S.; Cartwright; Cohen, G.; Cohen, L. J.; Cambridge philosophy; Cambridge Pla- tonists; Clarke; Clifford; Coleridge; Collingwood; conceptual analysis; Cook Wilson; Cudworth; Dummett; Dworkin; empiricism; Evans; Filmer; Fine; Finnis; Foot; Frede; Geach; Glover; Green; Grice; Griffin; Hacking; Hamlyn; Hampshire; Hare; Hart; Hartley; Hobbes; Hobhouse; Hodgson; Hornsby; Hume; Hutcheson; idealism, philosophical; Kenny; Keynes; Kneale; Lakatos; linguistic philosophy; Locke; London philosophy; MacIntyre; Mackie; Martineau; McDowell; McGinn; McTaggart; Mellor; Mill, James; Mill, John Stuart; Moore; Murdoch; Ockham; O’Neill; Oxford Calcula- tors; Oxford philosophy; Owen; Papineau; Parfit; Peacocke; Pears; philosophy, history of centres and departments of; Price; Prichard; Priestley; Quinton; Ramsey; Rashdall; Raz; Ross; Ryle; Sainsbury; Scotus; Shaftesbury; Sidgwick; Sorabji; Sprigge; Stout; Index and List of Entries 1017 Strawson; Swinburne; Warnock, G. J.; Warnock, M.; Whewell; Whitehead; Wiggins; Williams; Williamson; Winch; Wisdom; Wollheim; Wright, Crispin enlightenment Bayle; Condillac; de Maistre; Diderot; Encyclopaedists; enlightenment philosophy; evolution; French philosophy; German philosophy; history, history of the philosophy of; irrationalism; Jacobi; Less- ing; Lichtenberg; Locke; Mendelssohn; Mill, John Stu- art; philosophe; Polish philosophy; progress enlightenment philosophy atheism; Enlightenment; Kant entailment argument; deduction; implication; philosophical logic entelechy nature; physicalism in the philosophy of mind; vitalism enthusiasm enthymeme rhetoric entity see things entropy energy enumerative induction induction environmental and ecological philosophy applied philosophy, environmental ethics environmental ethics applied ethics; environmental and ecological philosophy; nature epictetus Roman philosophy; Stoicism epicureanism ancient philosophy; ataraxia; atomism; Epi- curus; Hellenistic philosophy; Lucretius; moral philosophy, history of; Roman philosophy; Stoics epicurean objection, the, freedom and determinism epicurus ancient philosophy; Epicurean objection; Lucretius; metaphysics, history of epiphenomenalism mental indispensability; mind, problems of the philosophy of; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; Santayana; union theory epistemic epistemology, history of; epistemology, problems of; knowledge epistemological relativism see relativism, epistemological EPISTEMOLOGY apperception; belief-in; brute fact; certainty; colours; common sense; conceptual scheme; Descartes; doubt; epistemic; epistemology, feminist; epistemology, history of; epistemology, problems of; epistemology and psychology; evidence; evolution and philosophy; evolutionary epistemology; fallibilism; foundationalism; genetic epistemology; Gettier; given; holism; Hume; ideas; illusion, argument from; image; Indian philosophy; inference to the best explanation; innate ideas; jaundice; justification, epistemic; Kant; knowledge; knowledge, limits of; learning; logical empiricism; Locke; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; metaphysics, opposition to; Molyneux problem; naïve realism; naturalism; necessity, epistemic; norms, epistemic; oar in water; open and closed thought; perception; percepts; philosophical inquiry; philosophy; posit; positivism; privileged access; probability theory and epistemology; protocol sentences; Pyrrhonism; primary and secondary qualities; rationality; regulative principles; relativism, epistemological; reliabilism; religion and epistemology; representative theory of perception; scepticism; scepticism, history of; scientism; solipsism; seeing-as; self-knowledge; sense- data; social epistemology; sociology of knowledge; solipsism; tacit knowledge; testimony; veil of perception; virtues, doxastic; virtues, intellectual; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy epistemology, feminist feminism; feminist philosophy; masculinism epistemology, genetic learning epistemology, history of EPISTEMOLOGY epistemology, problems of EPISTEMOLOGY epistemology and psychology psychology and philosophy E¯POCHE¯ Husserl; Sceptics equality ableism; affirmative action; Bentham; democracy; difference principle; fairness;feminism; inequality; justice; liberalism; liberty and equality; partiality and impartiality; political obligation; prioritarianism; Rawls; socialism; unlikely philosophical propositions; Vlastos; well-being; Wilt Chamberlain argument equipollence equivalence; logic, history of equivalence equipollence equivalence relation relations equivalences of the form t see snow is white equivocation see ambiguity equivocation, fallacy of ambiguity; fallacies; four-term fallacy erasmus dirty hands; religion, history of the philosophy of; Renaissance philosophy eriugena Irish philosophy; medieval philosophy error theory of value Mackie; realism and anti-realism eschatology death; hell; mundus imaginalis esoteric exoteric; Platonism esp phenomena, philosophical implications of ESSE EST PERCIPI Berkeley; egocentric predicament essence Aristotle; being; Fine; haecceity; Locke; Nicholas of Cusa; phenomenology; Santayana; Spinoza essence, individual see haecceity essentialism essentially contested concepts eternal recurrence Indian philosophy; Nietzsche eternity time ethical formalism Kant; Kantian morality; moral judge- ments; prescriptivism ethical naturalism see naturalism, ethical ethical objectivism see objectivism and subjectivism, ethical ethical relativism see relativism, ethical ethical subjectivism see objectivism and subjectivism, moral ethical voluntarism see voluntarism, ethical ethics see MORAL PHILOSOPHY ethics, applied see applied ethics ethics, axiological see axiological ethics ethics, bio- see bioethics ethics, business see business ethics ethics, chinese see chinese philosophy; confucianism ethics, deontological see deontological ethics 1018 Index and List of Entries ethics, divine command see divine command ethics ethics, emotive theory of see emotive theory of ethics ethics, environmental see environmental ethics ethics, evolutionary see evolutionary ethics ethics, feminist see feminist ethics ethics, japanese see japanese philosophy ethics, kantian see kantian ethics ethics, medical see medical ethics ethics, naturalistic see naturalism, ethical ethics and aesthetics art and morality ethics and morality ethics in islamic philosophy ethics of belief see belief, ethics of ethics of care see care, ethics of EUDAIMONIA arete¯; Aristotle; ataraxia; good, greatest; moral philosophy, history of; political philosophy, history of; well-being euthanasia applied ethics; autonomy in applied ethics; Glover; killing; medical ethics; suicide euthyphro problem evaluation see value evans indexicals; names event change; Kim; process evidence bootstrapping; confirmation; grue; induction evil, human conservatism; evil, problem of; Manichaeism evil, the problem of Adams, M. M.; evil, human; God, arguments against; karma; Leibniz; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; religion, scepticism about; theodicy evil demon, evil spirit see MALIN GÉNIE evolution biology, philosophical problems of; Butler, S.; Darwin; Darwinianism; evolutionary epistemology; evolutionary ethics; human beings; Lamarck; life; nature; teleological argument for the existence of God; Wright, Chauncey evolution and philosophy Spencer evolutionary epistemology Clifford; evolution; Kuhn; Mach; Millikan; Peirce evolutionary ethics evolution; Spencer examination paradox paradoxes; prediction paradox excluded middle, law of bivalence; entailment; intu- itionist logic; laws of thought; logical theory existence appearance and reality; being; existential proposition; external world; matter; Meinong; necessary and contingent existence; ontology; philosophy; posit; pre- sentism; real; things; ‘to be’, the verb existence, contingent and necessary see contingent and necessary existence existence precedes essence existentialism; Jaspers; Sartre existentialism abandonment; absurd; Adorno; Angst; Authenticity; bad faith; Berdyaev; continental philosophy; Dasein; de Beauvoir; despair; existence precedes essence; French philosophy; God and the philosophers; Hegelianism; Jaspers; Kierkegaard; Marcel; Merleau- Ponty; metaphysics, history of; phenomenology; Rosen- zweig; Sartre; slime existential proposition being; existence; ontology; real; thing; ‘to be’, the verb existential quantifier see quantifier exoteric esoteric experience awareness, sense; consciousness; perception; sensation experiment Bacon, F.; crucial experiment; Mill’s methods; thought experiment experiment, crucial see crucial experiment explanation abduction; Bacon, F.; causality; covering- law model; determinism; determinism, scientific; explanation, levels of; explanation by samples; explanationism; history, problems of the philosophy of; inference to the best explanation; laws, natural or scientific; necessity, nomic; overdetermination and undeter- mination; Salmon; samples, explanation by; science, problems of the philosophy of; stories and explanation; teleological explanation; why explanation, historical see history, problems of the philosophy of explanation, inference to the best seeinference to the best explanation explanation, levels of explanation explanation, teleological see teleological explanation explanation and stories see stories and explanation explanation by samples see samples, explanation by explanationism explanation explanatory gap exploitation capitalism; imperialism; Marxist philosophy; socialism exportation expression aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; art; music; poetry expressivism in ethics emotivism; non-cognitivism extensionality meaning; opacity and transparency externalism individualism and anti-individualism; Mc- Dowell; mind, problems of the philosophy of; privileged access; reliabilism; twin earth external relations see relations; internal and external relations; relations, nature of external world appearance and reality; being; body; empiricism; Heidegger; Hume; idealism, philosophical; matter; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; Moore; ontology; Parmenides; perception; phenomena and noumena; phenomenalism; philosophy; real; Russell; Scottish philosophy; things; ‘to be’, the verb fact brute fact; correspondence theory of truth; fact–value distinction; Nietzsche; particulars and non-particulars; Russell; social facts; Wittgenstein fact, brute see brute fact fact, social see social fact fact-value distinction emotivism; fact; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; moral philosophy, history of; naturalistic fallacy; open question argument; prescriptivism; value fairness ableism; affirmative action; economics and morality; equality; justice; partiality and impartiality; Rawls faith and reason religion, history and problems of philosophy of Index and List of Entries 1019 . English philosophy; epistemology, history of; esse est percipi; idealism, philosophical; Irish philosophy; Johnson, S.; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; metaphysics, history of the philosophy. of the philosophy of; stories and explanation; teleological explanation; why explanation, historical see history, problems of the philosophy of explanation, inference to the best seeinference to. means; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; sexual morality departments of philosophy see philosophy, history of centres and departments of DE RE AND DE DICTO belief; essence;