The Adobe Illustrator CS Wow- P2 pot

for best results you should set all options from within Illustrator's Print dialog box). As previously mentioned, the preview area in the Print dialog box shows you the page's printable area. It also lets you scale artwork to order as you go to print it, while choosing exactly which artwork in the document you want to print. So you no longer have to worry about changing the size of the Artboard itself in order to print things at a different scale. Illustrator CS also lets you save your Print settings as time-saving presets, so if you're designing billboards or other very large media sizes, you can set the appropriate scale and then save it as a Print preset for easy access. MAKING YOUR MOVES EASIER Look over this section to make sure you're aware of the many ways to select tools and access features. Learning these simple techniques will free you from mousing to the toolbox or depending on the pull-down menus. Keyboard shortcuts for tools and navigation Need to access a tool? Press a key. Press "T" to choose the Type tool, "P" for the Pen tool, and so on. Choose any tool in the toolbox by pressing its keyboard shortcut. (Each shortcut used to be a single key, but there are now so many tools that a few of them have double-key shortcuts.) To learn the default keyboard shortcuts for your tools, with Show Tool Tips enabled (this is on by default), hold the cursor over any tool in the toolbox, and its keyboard shortcut will appear in parentheses next to the tool name (toggle the Tool Tip option in General Preferences). Note: Keyboard shortcuts won't work while you're in text editing mode. Press Escape to leave text editing mode and use a keyboard shortcut. Your text will remain unchanged, with edits preserved. Changing keyboard shortcuts To change a shortcut for a tool or menu item, open the Keyboard Shortcut dialog box (Edit > Keyboard Short- Illustrator's one-stop Print dialog box—note the preview area in the lower left corner, which shows you the printable area of the page, and lets you adjust and scale your artwork to print Mac users: It's recommended that you set all your options in Illustrator's Print dialog box, rather than through the OS-provided Page Setup dialog box. If you forget, Illustrator will remind you with the message shown above Custom keyboard shortcuts To assign a shortcut to a menu item or tool, select Edit > Key- board Shortcuts. Making any changes will rename the set "Custom." If you choose a short- cut already in use, you will get a warning that it is currently being used and that reassigning it will remove it from the item it is cur- rently assigned to. When you exit the dialog box you will be asked to save your custom set. You can't overwrite a preset. Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics 5 Resizing and stroke weight If you double-click the Scale tool, you can resize your selection with or without altering line weights: • To scale a selection, while also scaling line weights, make sure to enable the Scale Strokes & Ef- fects checkbox. • To scale a selection while maintaining your line weights, disable Scale Strokes & Effects. • To decrease line weights (50%) without scaling objects, first scale the selection (200%) with Scale Strokes & Effects disabled. Then scale (50%) with it en- abled. Reverse to increase line weights. Tear off tool palettes cuts). Making a change to a shortcut will change the Set name to "Custom." When you're finished making changes and want to exit the dialog box, you will be asked to save your shortcuts to a new file. This file will be saved in the Illustrator application folder and will end in ".kys". As long as these file types are located in the application folder, they will be available as choices in the Set pop-up menu. In addition, every time you make any changes to a saved set (not a default preset), you'll be asked if you want to overwrite that set. You can also use the Save button to create a new keyboard shortcut file. Click the Export Text button if you need a text file as a reference for a specific set of shortcuts or need to print them. Note: You can't change most palette items, but the few you can change are found at the bottom of the menu com- mands list in the Edit >Keyboard Shortcuts dialog box. Context-sensitive menus If you're not already familiar with context-sensitive menus, you might find them a great time saver. Windows users merely click the right mouse button. If you're on a Mac with a single-button mouse, press the Control key while you click and hold the mouse button. In both cases a menu pops up (specific to the tool or item you are work- ing with) providing you with an alternative to the regular pull-down menus. Tear off palettes The Illustrator Toolbox lets you tear off subsets of tools so you can move the entire set to another location. Click on a tool with a pop-up menu, drag the cursor to the arrow end of the pop-up, and release the mouse. WORKING WITH OBJECTS Anchor points, lines, and Bezier curves Instead of using pixels to draw shapes, Illustrator cre- ates objects made up of points, called "anchor points." They are connected by curved or straight outlines called "paths" and are visible if you work in Outline mode (for- Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics6 merly Artwork mode). (Choose View>Outline to enter Outline mode, and View > Preview to change back.) Illus- trator describes information about the location and size of each path, as well as its dozen or so attributes, such as its fill color and its stroke weight and color. Because you are creating objects, you'll be able to change the order in which they stack. You'll also be able to group objects together so you can select them as if they were one object. You can even Ungroup them later, if you wish. If you took geometry, you probably remember that the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. In Illustrator, this rule translates into each line being defined by two anchor points that you create by clicking with the Pen tool, or drawing with the Line Segment tool. In mathematically describing rectangles and ellipses, Illustrator computes the center, the length of the sides, or the radius, based on the total width and height you specify. For more complex shapes involving free-form curves, Adobe Illustrator allows you to use the Pen tool to create Bezier curves, defined by non-printing anchor points (which literally anchor the path at those points), and direction points (which define the angle and depth of the curve). To make these direction points easier to see and manipulate, each direction point is connected to its anchor point with a non-printing direction line, also called a "handle." The direction points and handles are visible when you're creating a path with the Pen tool or editing the path with the Direct Selection tool. While all of this might sound complicated, manipulating Bezier curves can become intuitive. Mastering these curves, though initially awkward, is the heart and soul of using Illustrator. More about Bezier curves If you're new to using Bezier curves, take some time to go through the Adobe training materials. The "Ch 02 The Zen of Illustrator" folder on the Wow! CD includes several "Zen" practice lessons that will help you fine-tune your Bezier capabilities. Changing measurement units To set units of measurement for rulers, palettes, and some dialog boxes or filters, as well as units for measuring strokes and text, use the Units & Display Performance area of Preferences. Note: Control-click (Mac) or right mouse-click (Win) the rulers to select different units. Clicking with the Pen tool to create anchor points for straight lines Click-dragging with the Pen tool to create an- chor points and pulling out direction lines for curves Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics 7 When direction handles are short, curves are shallow; when handles are long, curves are deep The length and angle of the handles determine the gesture of the curves Many graphics programs include Beziers, so mas- tering the Pen tool, though challenging at first, is very important. Friskets in Corel Painter, paths in Photo- shop, and the outline and extrusion curves of many 3D programs all use the Bezier curve. The key to learning Beziers is to take your initial lessons in short doses and stop if you get frustrated. Designer Kathleen Tinkel describes Bezier direction lines as "following the gesture of the curve." This artistic view should help you to create fluid Bezier curves. Some final rules about Bezier curves The length and angle of the handles "anticipate" the curves that will follow. To ensure that the curve is smooth, place anchor points on either side of an arc, not in between. The fewer the anchor points, the smoother the curve will look and the faster it will print. Adjust a curve's height and angle by dragging the direc- tion points, or grab the curve itself to adjust its height. Starting an object Adding a point Removing a point Creating a corner (when over an existing point) Continuing from an anchor point Joining two line segments Closing an object Basic cursor feedback for the Pen tool WATCH YOUR CURSOR! Illustrator's cursors change to indicate not only what tool you have selected, but also which function you are about to perform. If you watch your cursor, you will avoid the most common Illustrator mistakes. If you choose the Pen tool: • Before you start, your cursor displays as the Pen tool with "x" indicating that you're starting a new object. • Once you've begun your object, your cursor changes to a regular Pen. This indicates that you're about to add to an existing object. • If your cursor gets close to an existing anchor point, it will change to a Pen with "-" indicating that you're about to delete the last anchor point! If you click-drag on top of that anchor point, you'll redraw that curve. If you Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics 8 hold the Option (Mac)/Alt (Win) key while you click-drag on top of the point, you'll pull out a new direction line, creating a corner (as in the petals of a flower). If you click on top of the point, you'll collapse the outgoing direction line, allowing you to attach a straight line to the curve. • If your cursor gets close to an end anchor point of an object, it will change to a Pen with "o" to indicate that you're about to "close" the path. If you do close the path, then your cursor will change back to a Pen with "x" to indicate that you're beginning a new object. • If you use the Direct Selection tool to adjust the object as you go, be sure to look at your cursor when you're ready to continue your object. If it's still a regular Pen, then continue to place the next point, adding to your object. If the Pen tool has "x" (indicating that you are about to start a new object), then you must redraw your last point. As you approach this last anchor point, your cursor will change to a Pen with "/"; click and drag over this last point to redraw the last curve. To form a hinged corner on the point as you draw, hold down Option (Mac) /Alt (Win) as you click-drag out a new direction line. BEZIER-EDITING TOOLS The group of tools you can use to edit Illustrator paths are called Bezier-editing tools. To access them, click and hold the Pen, Pencil, or Scissors tool and drag to select one of the other tools. You can also tear off this palette. (To learn how to combine paths into new objects, read about the Pathfinder palette in the Drawing & Coloring chapter.) • The Pen tool and Auto Add/Delete can perform a variety of functions. Auto Add/Delete (which is on by default, but can be disabled in General Preferences) allows the Pen tool to change automatically to the Add Anchor Point tool when the tool is over a selected path segment, or to the Delete Anchor Point tool when over an anchor point. To temporarily disable the Auto Ways to "hinge" Bezier curves A Bezier curve is "hinged" when it's attached to a line, or to another curve by a corner. • To hinge a curve as you draw #1: While you are click-dragging to draw a curve, press Option/ Alt to hinge the curve—pulling the handle in a new direction • To hinge a curve as you draw #2: With the Pen tool, hold Option/Alt and click-drag over the last drawn anchor point to hinge the curve—pulling the handle in a new direction • To attach a curve to a line: Place the Pen tool on a line's an- chor point and click-drag to pull out a direction handle for your next curve. • Use the Convert Anchor Point Tool to smooth hinged anchor points and hinge curves. The hollow snap-to arrow As long as Snap to Point is enabled (View menu), you can grab ob- jects from any path or point and drag until they snap to a guide or another anchor point. Watch for the cursor to change to a hollow (white) arrow. Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics 9 Correcting common mistakes Avoid these common mistakes: • If you try to deselect by click- ing outside your object while you still have the Pen tool cho- sen, you'll scatter extra points throughout your image, caus- ing possible problems later. If you're aware that you clicked by mistake, Undo. To remove stray points, choose Edit > Select >Stray Points and then press Delete. (Or, alternatively, you can choose Object > Path > Clean Up.) The best solution is to remember to hold down the Ctrl (Win) or (Mac) key when you click; the cursor will tem- porarily toggle to the Selection tool and you can safely click to deselect. • If you try to delete an object that you selected with the Direct Selection tool, you'll de- lete only the selected point or path. What remains of the ob- ject will now be fully selected. Press Delete again to remove the remaining portions of your object. Add/Delete function of the Pen tool, hold down the Shift key. If you don't want the path to constrain to an angle, release the Shift key prior to releasing the mouse. • The Convert Anchor Point tool, hidden within the Pen tool (default is Shift-C), converts an anchor point from a smooth curve to a corner point by simply clicking on it. To convert a corner point to a smooth curve, click-drag on the anchor point counterclockwise to pull out a new direction handle (or twirl the point until it straightens out the curve). To convert a smooth curve to a hinged curve (two curves hinged at a point), grab the direction point and hold Option/Alt as you drag out to the new position. With the Pen tool selected, you can temporarily access the Convert Anchor Point tool by pressing Option or Alt. • The Add Anchor Point tool, accessible from the Pen pop-up menu or by pressing the + (plus) key, adds an anchor point to a path at the location where you click. • The Delete Anchor Point tool, accessible from the Pen pop-up menu or by pressing - (minus), deletes an anchor point when you click directly on the point. Note: If you select the Add/Delete Anchor Point tools by pressing + or -, press P to get back to the Pen tool. • The Pencil tool reshapes a selected path when Edit selected paths is checked in the tools preferences. Select a path and draw on or close to the path to reshape it. (For a Pencil lesson, see "Tracing Details" in the Layers chapter.) • The Smooth tool smooths the points on already-drawn paths by smoothing corners and deleting points. As you move the Smooth tool over your path, it attempts to keep the original shape of the path as intact as possible. • The Erase tool removes sections of a selected path. By dragging along the path you can erase or remove portions of it. You must drag along the path—drawing perpen- 10 Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics dicular to the path will result in unexpected effects. This tool adds a pair of anchor points to the remaining path, on either side of the erased section of the path. • The Scissors tool cuts a path where you click by adding two disconnected, selected anchor points exactly on top of each other. To select just one of the points, deselect the object, then click with the Direct Selection tool on the spot where you cut. This will allow you to select the upper anchor point and drag it to the side in order to see the two points better. • The Knife tool slices through all unlocked visible objects and closed paths. Simply drag the Knife tool across the object you want to slice, then select the object(s) you want to move or delete. GEOMETRIC OBJECTS The Ellipse, Rounded Rectangle, Polygon, and Star tools create objects called "geometric primitives." These objects are mathematically-described symmetrical paths grouped with a non-printing anchor point, which indicates the center. Use the centers of the geometric objects to snap- align them with each other, or with other objects and guides. You can create these geometric objects numeri- cally or manually. Access the tools in the pop-up pal- ette from the Rectangle tool in the Toolbox. (See the Zen of Illustrator chapter for exercises in creating and manipulating geometric objects, and Tip at right.) • To create a geometric shape manually, select the desired geometric tool, and click-drag to form the object from one corner to the other. To create the object from the center, hold down the Option (Mac)/Alt (Win) key and drag from the center outward (keep the Option/Alt key down until you release the mouse button to ensure that it draws from the center). Once you have drawn the geometric objects, you can edit them exactly as you do other paths. Serious fun with shapes The Ellipse (select by typing "L"), Polygon, Star, and Spiral are simple, but powerful, tools. Used with these key combinations, you may find them indispensable: • Spacebar-drag allows you to re- position your object. • Shift constrains the object's pro- portions. • Up-arrow increases points on a star, sides on a polygon, and coils on a spiral. • Down-arrow removes points from a star, sides from a poly- gon, and coils from a spiral. • Option (Mac)/Alt (Win) increas- es the angle of the star's points. • -drag changes the inside and outside radius of a star, or in- creases or decreases the decay in a spiral. • ~-drag (tilde-drag) creates mul- tiple objects based on the speed and length of your drag. Try it using the Star tool with stroke, but no fill. . • Combinations: Experiment with all the keys separately and in combination with the other keys. Doing so is the only way to fully understand these fun tools. Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics 11 Tool tolerance options Drawing freehand while holding a mouse or even a digital pen can be less than elegant. The Pencil, Smooth, and Brush tools contain options that can help you to cre- ate more types of paths, ranging from very realistic to more shapely and graceful ones, without the constant need to adjust anchor points. Double-click on the tool to view the options. • Fidelity: Increases or decreases the distance between anchor points on the path created or edited. The smaller the number, the more points that will make up the path and vice versa. • Smoothness: The smoothness option varies the percentage of smoothness you'll see as you create and edit paths. Use a lower percentage of smooth- ness for more realistic lines and brush strokes, and a higher percentage for less realistic but more elegant lines. Note: Closing Pencil and Brush tool paths is a bit awkward. If you hold down the Option (Mac)/Alt (Win) key when you are ready to close a path, a straight line segment will he drawn between the first and last anchor points. If you hold down the Option/Alt key and extend slightly past the first anchor point, the path will close automatically. Set the tool preferences to low numbers to make closing easier. — Sandee Cohen • To create a geometric object with numeric input, select a geometric tool and click on the Artboard to estab- lish the upper left corner of your object. Enter the desired dimensions in the dialog box and click OK. To create the object numerically from the object's center, Option-click (Mac)/Alt-click (Win) on the Artboard. To draw an arc, select the Arc tool and then click and drag to start drawing the arc. Press the "F" key to flip the arc from convex to concave, and use the up and down Arrow keys to adjust the radius of the arc. Pressing the "C" key will "close" the arc by drawing the perpendicular lines that form the axes, and pressing the "X" key will flip the arc without moving these axes ("F" flips both the arc and the axes). Release the mouse to finish the arc. To draw a grid, select either the Rectangular Grid tool or the Polar Grid tool and click-drag to start drawing the grid. You can control the shape of the grid by pressing various keys as you draw (see the User Guide for details). Release the mouse to finish the grid. SELECTING & GROUPING OBJECTS Selecting The Select menu gives you easy access to basic selection commands, including the ability to select specific types of objects and attributes. You can use the Selection tools to select individual or multiple objects. You can use the target indicators in the Layers palette to select and target objects, groups, and layers. Targeting a group or layer selects everything contained within it, and makes the group or layer the focus of the Appearance and Graphic Styles palettes. (For more on targeting and selecting via the Layers palette, see the Layers chapter.) Use the Lasso tool to select an entire path or multiple paths by encircling them. Option (Mac)/Alt (Win) + the Lasso tool subtracts entire paths from a selection. Shift + Lasso tool adds entire paths to a selection. You can also use the Lasso tool to select individual anchor points or path segments by encircling them with the tool. Option (Mac)/Alt (Win) + Lasso tool subtracts Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics12 anchor points from a selection. Shift + Lasso tool adds anchor points to a selection. Grouping and selecting Many programs provide you with a grouping function so you can act upon multiple objects as one unit. In Illustrator, grouping objects places all the objects on the same layer and creates a <group> container in the Lay- ers palette; remember don't choose group if you want your objects on different layers. (For more on layers and objects, see the Layers chapter.) So, when do you want to group objects? Group objects when you need to select them repeatedly as a unit or want to apply an appearance to the entire group. Take an illustration of a bicycle as an example. Use the Group function to group the spokes of a wheel. Next, group the two wheels of the bicycle, then group the wheels with the frame. We will continue to refer to this bicycle below. • With the Direct Selection tool. Click on a point or path with the Direct Selection tool to select that point or por- tion of the path. If you click on a spoke of a wheel, you'll select the portion of the spoke's path you clicked on. • With the Selection tool. Click on an object with the Selection tool to select the largest group containing that object. In our example, it would be the entire bicycle. • With the Group Selection tool. Use the Group Selec- tion tool to select sub groupings progressively. The first click with the Group Selection tool selects a single object. The next click selects the entire spoke path. The third click selects the entire wheel, the fourth selects both wheels, and the fifth, the entire bicycle. Note: To grab and move objects selected with the Group Selection tool, you must change to one of the other selec- tion tools or, during a selection, drag without releasing the mouse. When you continually click with the Group Selec- tion tool, you're always selecting the next group up. If you can't group. If you try to group objects and get the message "Can't make a group of objects that are within different groups": • Make certain that the objects to be grouped are fully selected. • Cut the objects. • Use Paste in Front or Paste in Back to paste the objects back into your image in exactly the same location (see introduction to the Layers chapter). While the objects are still selected, select Object > Group. Efficient ungrouping To select an object in a group, you don't need to Ungroup it; just use the Group Selection tool. To group, select the objects and -G (Mac)/Ctrl-G (Win). If you want to Ungroup, select the group with the Selection tool and Ungroup once for each level of grouping you wish to remove. For the example of the bicycle (given in the "Grouping and Selecting" section), selecting the entirebicy- cle and pressing -Shift-G (Mac)/ Ctrl-Shift-G (Win) the first time would remove the last group- ing applied; typing it four times would remove all the groupings. Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics 13 Using the Average command to align selected endpoints vertically, then choosing Both Joining warning If you get an error message that you can't join points, do the following—in addition to the conditions in the warning: • Make sure you've selected only two points (no third stray point selected by mistake). • Make sure you've selected end- points, not midpoints. • See the "Finger Dance" lessons in the Zen chapter. This section includes a variety of selection exercises. JOINING & AVERAGING Two of Illustrator's most useful functions are Average and Join (both found under the Object > Path menu or in the Context-sensitive menu). Use the Average function to sandwich two endpoints on top of each other. Use the Join function to join two endpoints. The Join function will operate differently depending on the objects. Averaging also allows you to align selected points. (To align objects, use the Align palette.) To average, use the Direct Selection tool or Lasso tool to marquee-select or Shift-select any number of points belonging to any num- ber of objects. Then use the Context-sensitive menu (for the Mac hold the Control key, use the right mouse but- ton for Windows) to average, aligning the selected points horizontally, vertically, or along both axes. • If the two open endpoints are exactly on top of each other, then Join opens a dialog box asking if the join should be a smooth point or a corner. A smooth point is a curved Bezier anchor that smoothly joins two curves, with direction handles that always move together; a cor- ner point is any other point connecting two paths. Once you've clicked OK in the dialog box, both points will fuse into a single point. However, keep in mind that a true smooth point will only result if the proper conditions exist: namely, that the two curves that you are trying to join have the potential to join together into a smooth curve. Otherwise, you'll get a corner point, even if you chose Smooth in the dialog box. • If the two open endpoints are not exactly on top of each other, then Join will connect the two points with a line. If you try to Join two points to fuse as one but don't get a dialog box, then you've merely connected your points with a line! Undo ( -Z for Mac/Ctrl-Z for Win- dows) and see "Averaging & Joining in one step" below. 14 Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics [...]... Check Adobe' s Web site (www .adobe. com) for the latest information on supported formats, as well as other file format plug-ins (For more on file format issues, see the Other Programs chapter.) The Compatibility menu in the Adobe PDF Options dialog box The Preset menu in the Adobe PDF Options dialog box The Save Preset dialog box that results when you click the Save Preset button at the bottom of the Adobe. .. corner of the image In Illustrator CS, the location of the ruler origin depends on the tiling options you've chosen in the Setup area of the Print dialog box Generally, if you've chosen either Single Full Page or Tile Full Pages, the origin will be in the lower left corner To change the ruler origin, grab the upper left corner (where the vertical and horizontal rulers meet) and drag the crosshair to the. .. artwork • There are many ways to fill or stroke an object Focus on a selected object's fill or stroke by clicking on the Fill or Stroke icon near the bottom of the Toolbox, or toggle between them with the X key To set the stroke or fill to None, use the / (slash) key Set your color by: 1) adjusting the sliders or sampling a color from the color ramp in the Color palette, 2) clicking on a swatch in the Swatches... technique allows you to define a portion of the heart to be scaled (called the "Sliding" Design) By using the "repeating" option, you can stack the hearts on top of each other until they reach the correct height • Using the Selection tool, select the entire graph for changes in style With the graph selected, 1) Double-click the current Graph tool to change the graph style; or 2) Choose Object > Graph... specify the center about which the transformation will occur), then grab your object to transform it For practice with manual transformations see the Zen chapter Each transformation tool has a dialog box where you can specify: the parameters for the tool, whether to transform the object or make a copy with the specified transform applied, and whether to transform just the objects and/or any patterns they... options, it will have an double arrow to the left of the palette name Click on the arrows to cycle through the various options Click the square (minimize box), on the top of the title bar to shrink all palettes docked or nested together down to just title bars and tabs Click the right square again, and the palettes will re-expand Double-click the title bar to cycle through the states, from maximum to collapsed... palettes Double-click the tab name or the Reset Palette command that allows you to easily restore the palette's default settings space to the right of the tab, or single-click the double arrows on the tab to cycle through expanded and collapsed views of the palette Only palettes with more options have double arrows on the palette tab The original objects Objects selected (the bottom of the Toolbox indicates... Although Illustrator The Illustrator Legacy Options dialog box lets you export to a number of earlier Illustrator formats (choose Illustrator Legacy format in the File>Export dialog box) Chapter 1 Illustrator Basics 33 Proofing your prints Get into the habit of proofing all your images to a laser printer to gauge whether your image will take a long time to print The higher your printing resolution, the. .. you have the Preview and Outline option to "Create PDF Compatible To control the speed of your screen redraw, learn to make use of the Preview mode and the Outline mode (formerly Artwork mode), which can be toggled in the View menu In Preview mode, you view the document in full color; in Outline mode you see only the wire frames of the objects Illustrator CS also adds a great new way to control the speed... to wait for Illustrator to finish redrawing the Preview before you pull down the next menu or perform another Window controls task You can interrupt redraw- There are three small icons at the very bottom of the Toolbox One is always selected; this is the default in which Illustrator displays your file window Starting at the far left, choose from Standard Screen mode (desktop showing around the edges . or drawing with the Line Segment tool. In mathematically describing rectangles and ellipses, Illustrator computes the center, the length of the sides, or the radius, based on the total width. "anticipate" the curves that will follow. To ensure that the curve is smooth, place anchor points on either side of an arc, not in between. The fewer the anchor points, the smoother the curve will look. 1 Illustrator Basics dicular to the path will result in unexpected effects. This tool adds a pair of anchor points to the remaining path, on either side of the erased section of the path. • The