The A to Z of the Vikings 39 pdf

Sheehan, John. “Ireland’s Viking Age hoards: Sources and contacts.” In The Vikings in Ireland, edited by Anne-Christine Larsen, 51–59. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 2001. ———. “Early Viking Age silver hoards from Ireland and their Scandinavian el- ements.” In Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age, edited by Howard B. Clarke et al., 166–202. Dublin: Four Courts, 1998. Skaare, Kolbjørn. Coins and Coinage in Viking-Age Norway. Oslo: Univer- sitetsforlaget, 1976. ———. “Mints in Viking-Age Scandinavia.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 37–42. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Thomas, Gabor. “Anglo-Scandinavian metalwork from the Danelaw: Explor- ing social and cultural interaction.” In Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, edited by Dawn M. Hadley and Julian D. Richards, 237–55. Turnhout: Brepols, 2000. XII. RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY Abrams, Lesley. “The conversion of the Danelaw.” In Vikings and the Danelaw: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress, edited by James Graham-Campbell et al., 31–44. Oxford: Oxbow, 2001. ———. “Conversion and assimilation.” In Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, edited by Dawn M. Hadley and Julian D. Richards, 135–53. Turnhout: Brepols, 2000. ———. “The conversion of the Scandinavians of Dublin.” Anglo-Norman Stud- ies 20 (1998): 1–29. A ðalsteinsson, Jón Hnefill. Under the Cloak: The Acceptance of Christianity in Iceland with Particular Reference to the Attitudes Prevailing at the Time. Up- psala: Etnologiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet, 1978. Clunies Ross, Margaret. “The conservation and reinterpretation of myth in me- dieval Icelandic writings.” In Old Icelandic Literature and Society, edited by Margaret Clunies Ross, 116–39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ———. “Pseudo-procreation myths in Old Norse: An anthropological ap- proach.” In Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Samson, 35–44. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1991. Crawford, Barbara E., ed. Conversion and Christianity in the North Sea World. St. John’s House Publications, 8. St. Andrews: Committee for Dark Ages Studies, University of St. Andrews, 1998. Dronke, Ursula. “[Pagan beliefs and Christian impact:] The contribution of Eddic studies.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and 358 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Richard Perkins, 121–27. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Edwards, Diana. “Christian and pagan references in eleventh-century Norse po- etry: The case of Arnórr jarlaskáld.” Saga-Book 21:1–2 (1982–83): 34–53. Ellis Davidson, H. R. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1964. Fell, Christine E. “Anglo-Saxon saints in Old Norse sources and vice versa.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, ed- ited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 95–106. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Fidjestøl, Bjarne. “[Pagan beliefs and Christian impact:] The contribution of scaldic studies.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 100–20. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Foote, Peter G. “Historical studies: Conversion moment and conversion pe- riod.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 137–44. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. ———. “On the conversion of the Icelanders.” In Aurvandilstá, edited by Michael P. Barnes et al., 56–64. Odense: Odense University Press, 1984. Gräslund, Anne-Sofie. “Religion, art, and runes.” In Vikings: The North At- lantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 55–69. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. ———. “Thor’s hammers, pendant crosses and other amulets.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 190–91. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. ———. “Some aspects of Christianisation in central Sweden.” In Social Ap- proaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Samson, 45–52. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1991. ———. “Pagan and Christian in the age of conversion.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 81–94. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Univer- sitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Gräslund, Anne-Sofie, and Michael Müller-Wille. “Burial customs in Scandi- navia during the Viking Age.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 186–87. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. Halldórsson, Ólafur. “The conversion of Greenland in written sources.” In Pro- ceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 203–16. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. BIBLIOGRAPHY • 359 Hultgård, Anders. “Ragnarok and Valhalla: Eschatological beliefs among the Scandinavians of the Viking period.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: De- velopments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 288–93. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. Lindow, John. “Mythology and mythography.” In Old Norse-Literature: A Crit- ical Guide, edited by Carol J. Clover and John Lindow, 21–67. Islandica, 45. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. Olsen, Olaf. “Christianity and churches.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandi- navia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 152–61. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. Roesdahl, Else. “Pagan beliefs, Christian impact and archaeology: A Danish view.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 128–36. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Sawyer, Birgit, Peter Sawyer, and Ian Wood, eds. The Christianization of Scan- dinavia. Alingsås: Viktoria, 1987. Steinsland, Gro. “Scandinavian paganism.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scan- dinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wil- son, 144–51. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. Strömback, Dag. The Conversion of Iceland: A Survey. London: Viking Soci- ety for Northern Research, 1974. Sørensen, Preben Meulengracht. “Religions old and new.” In The Oxford Illus- trated History of the Vikings, edited by Peter Sawyer, 202–24. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Tegnér, Göran. “Christian graves and funerary monuments.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 188–89. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copen- hagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. Turville-Petre, E. O. G. Myth and Religion of the North. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1964. XIII. LITERATURE A. Prose 1. General Byock, Jesse L. Feud in the Icelandic Saga. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. 360 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Clover, Carol J. The Medieval Saga. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982. Clover, Carol J., and John Lindow. Old Norse-Literature: A Critical Guide. Is- landica, 45. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. Clunies Ross, Margaret, ed. Old Icelandic Literature and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Kristjánsson, Jónas. Eddas and Sagas: Iceland’s Medieval Literature. Reyk- javik: Hi ð íslenska bókmenntafélag, 1997. ———. “Preface: Vikings and sagas.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 18–23. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Coun- cil of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. The Norse Atlantic Saga [includes the Book of the Icelanders]. Translated by Gwyn Jones. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Ólafsson, Haraldur. “Sagas of western expansion.” In Vikings: The North At- lantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 142–45. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Pálsson, Gísli, ed. From Sagas to Society: Comparative Approaches to Early Iceland. Enfield Lock: Hisarlik, 1992. Sørensen, Preben Meulengracht. ”Social institutions and belief systems of me- dieval Iceland (c. 870–1400) and their relations to literary production.” In Old Icelandic Literature and Society, edited by Margaret Clunies Ross, 8–29. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ———. “Historical reality and literary form.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 172–81. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. ——— . Saga and Society: An Introduction to Old Norse Literature. Odense: Odense University Press, 1993. ———. “Some methodological considerations in connection with the study of sagas.” In From Sagas to Society: Comparative Approaches to Early Iceland, edited by Gísli Pálsson, 27–42. Enfield Lock: Hisarlik, 1992. The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America. Grœnlendinga saga and Eirik’s saga. Translated by Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson. Har- mondsworth: Penguin, 1965. 2. Kings’ Sagas Andersson, Theodore. “Norse Kings’ Sagas.” In Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer, vol. 9, 175–78. New York: Scribner, 1982–89. ———. “Kings’ Sagas.” In Old Norse-Literature: A Critical Guide, edited by Carol J. Clover and John Lindow, 197–238. Islandica, 45. Ithaca, NY: Cor- nell University Press, 1985. BIBLIOGRAPHY • 361 Bagge, Sverre. “From sagas to society: The case of Heimskringla.” In From Sagas to Society: Comparative Approaches to Early Iceland, edited by Gísli Pálsson, 61–75. Enfield Lock: Hisarlik, 1992. ——— . Society and Politics in Snorri Sturluson’s Heimskringla. Berkeley: Uni- versity of California Press, 1991. Gu ðmundsson, Finnbogi. “On the writing of Orkneyinga saga.” In The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic, edited by Colleen Batey et al., 204–11. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Kny´tlinga Saga: The History of the Kings of Denmark. Translated by Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Odense: Odense University Press, 1986. Morkinskinna. Edited by Theodore M. Andersson and Kari Ellen Gade. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000. Orkneyinga Saga. Translated by Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. London: Penguin, 1981. Snorri Sturluson. Heimskringla: Sagas of the Norse Kings. 3 vols. Translated by Samuel Laing. London: Dent, 1961–64. Whaley, Diana. “A useful past: Historical writing in medieval Iceland.” In Old Icelandic Literature and Society, edited by Margaret Clunies Ross, 161–202. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ———. “The Kings’ Sagas.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 43–64. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. ——— . Heimskringla: An Introduction. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1991. ———. “The miracles of S. Olaf in Snorri Sturluson’s Heimskringla.” In Pro- ceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 325–42. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. 3. Family Sagas or Sagas of Icelanders Clover, Carol J. “Icelandic family sagas.” In Old Norse-Literature: A Critical Guide, edited by Carol J. Clover and John Lindow, 239–315. Islandica, 45. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. Egil’s Saga. Translated by Herman Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Har- mondsworth: Penguin, 1976. Einarsson, Bjarni. “The last hour of Hallfre ðr vandræðaskáld as described in Hallfre ð arsaga.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 217–21. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. 362 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Eyrbyggja Saga. Translated by Herman Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Har- mondsworth: Penguin, 1989. Færeyinga Saga, or the Tale of Thrond of Gate. Translated by F. York Powell. London: David Nutt, 1896. Facsimile reprint by Felinfach: Llanerch, 1995. Glauser, Jürg. “Sagas of Icelanders (Íslendinga sögur) and þ ættir as the literary representation of new social space.” In Old Icelandic Literature and Society, edited by Margaret Clunies Ross, 203–20. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 2000. Laxdæla Saga. Translated by Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson. Har- mondsworth: Penguin, 1969. Njal’s Saga. Translated by Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960. Ólason, Vésteinn. “The Sagas of Icelanders.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 26–42. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. 4. Sagas of Ancient Times Göngu-Hrolf’s Saga. Translated by Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Edin- burgh: Canongate, 1980. Grettir’s Saga. Translated by Denton Fox and Hermann Pálsson. Toronto: Uni- versity of Toronto Press, 1974. Hallberg, Peter. “Some aspects of the Fornaldarsögur as a corpus.” Arkiv för nordisk filologi 97 (1982): 1–35. Pálsson, Hermann. “Förnaldarsögur.” In Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer, vol. 5, 137–43. New York: Scribner, 1982–89. Pálsson, Hermann, and Paul Edwards. Legendary Fiction in Medieval Iceland. Studia Islandica, 30. Reykjavik: Heimspekideild Háskóla Íslands, Men- ningarsjó ður, 1971. The Saga of the Jómsvikings. Translated by Lee M. Hollander. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1955. The Saga of the Volsungs: The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer. Trans- lated by Jesse L. Byock. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. B. Poetry 1. Skaldic Campbell, Alistair. Skaldic Verse and Anglo-Saxon History. Dorothea Coke Memorial Lecture in Northern Studies, 1970. London: University College London, 1971. BIBLIOGRAPHY • 363 Edwards, Diana. “Christian and pagan references in eleventh-century Norse po- etry: The case of Arnórr jarlaskáld.” Saga-Book 21:1–2 (1982–83): 34–53. Einarsson, Bjarni. “The blood-eagle once more: Bló ð örn—An observation on the ornithological aspect.” Saga-Book 22:3 (1990): 80–81. ———. “The last hour of Hallfre ðr vandræðaskáld as described in Hall- fre ð arsaga.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 217–21. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Fell, Christine E. “Víkingavísur.” In Speculum Norroenum, edited by Ursula Dronke et al., 106–22. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Fidjestøl, Bjarne. “[Pagan beliefs and Christian impact:] The contribution of skaldic studies.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 100–20. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Foote, P. G. “Wrecks and rhymes.” In Aurvandilstá, edited by Michael P. Barnes et al., 222–35. Odense: Odense University Press, 1984. Frank, Roberta. “King Cnut in the verse of his skalds.” In The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway, edited by Alexander R. Rumble, 106–24. London: Leicester University Press, 1994. ———. “The blood-eagle once more: Ornithology and the interpretation of skaldic verse.” Saga-Book 23:2 (1990): 81–83. ———. “Did Anglo-Saxon audiences have a skaldic tooth?” Scandinavian Stud- ies 59 (1987): 338–55. ———. “Skaldic poetry.” In Old Norse-Literature: A Critical Guide, edited by Carol J. Clover and John Lindow, 157–196. Islandica, 45. Ithaca, NY: Cor- nell University Press, 1985. ———. “Viking atrocity and skaldic verse: The rite of the blood-eagle.” English Historical Review 99 (1984): 332–43. ———, ed. and trans. Old Norse Court Poetry: The Dróttkvætt Stanza. Is- landica, 42. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978. Gade, Kari Ellen. “Poetry and its changing importance in medieval Icelandic culture.” In Old Icelandic Literature and Society, edited by Margaret Clunies Ross, 61–95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Hallberg, Peter. “The ship: Reality and image in Old Norse poetry.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge San- dred, 42–56. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Hollander, Lee M., trans. The Skalds: A Selection of Their Poems. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1968. Jesch, Judith. Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2001. 364 • BIBLIOGRAPHY ———. “Skaldic verse in Scandinavian England.” In Vikings and the Danelaw: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress, edited by James Graham-Campbell et al., 313–25. Oxford: Oxbow, 2001. ———. “Skaldic studies.” Collegium Medievale 11 (1998): 105–17. ———. “Skaldic and runic vocabulary and the Viking Age: A research project.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 294–301. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. ———. “Skaldic verse and Viking semantics.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 160–71. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Kristjánsson, Jónas. “Scaldic poetry.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 172–75. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. Mundal, Else. “The Orkney earl and scald Torf-Einarr and his poetry.” In The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic, edited by Colleen Batey et al., 248–59. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Poole, Russell. Viking Poems on War and Peace: A Study in Skaldic Narrative. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. ———. “Skaldic verse and Anglo-Saxon history. Some aspects of the period 1009–1016.” Speculum 62 (1987): 265–98. Turville-Petre, E. O. Gabriel. Scaldic Poetry. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976. Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. English Historical Documents c. 500–1042. 2nd ed. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1979 [pp. 324–41 contain English transla- tions of a number of poems that refer to events in England]. 2. Eddic Dronke, Ursula. “[Pagan beliefs and Christian impact:] The contribution of Ed- dic studies.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 121–27. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Glendinning, Robert J., and Haraldur Bessason, eds. Edda: A Collection of Es- says. University of Manitoba Studies, 4. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1983. Harris, Joseph. “Eddic poetry.” In Old Norse-Literature: A Critical Guide, ed- ited by Carol J. Clover and John Lindow, 68–156. Islandica, 45. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. Kellogg, Robert. “Literacy and orality in the Poetic Edda.” In Vox intexta: Orality and Textuality in the Middle Ages, edited by A. N. Doane and BIBLIOGRAPHY • 365 Carol Braun Pasternack, 89–101. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991. Kristjánsson, Jónas. Eddas and Sagas: Iceland’s Medieval Literature. Reyk- javik: Hi ð íslenska bókmenntafélag, 1997. McKinnell, John. “Eddic poetry in Anglo-Scandinavian northern England.” In Vikings and the Danelaw: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thir- teenth Viking Congress, edited by James Graham-Campbell et al., 327–44. Oxford: Oxbow, 2001. The Poetic Edda. Translated by Carolyne Larrington. Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1996. XIV. ART AND SCULPTURE Bailey, Richard N. Viking Age Sculpture in Northern England. London: Collins, 1980. ———. “Aspects of Viking-Age sculpture in Cumbria.” In The Scandinavians in Cumbria, edited by John R. Baldwin and Ian D. Whyte, 53–63. Edin- burgh: Scottish Society for Northern Studies, 1985. Bailey, Richard N., and Rosemary J. Cramp. Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture II: Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire North-of-the-Sands. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Collingwood, William G. Northumbrian Crosses of the Pre-Norman Age. Lon- don: Faber & Gwyer, 1927. Cramp, Rosemary J. Grammar of Anglo-Saxon Ornament: A General Intro- duction to the Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. ——— . Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture I: County Durham and Northumberland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. ———. “The Viking image.” In The Vikings, edited by R. T. Farrell, 8–19. Lon- don: Phillimore, 1982. Everson, Paul, and David Stocker. Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture V: Lincolnshire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Fuglesang, Signe Horn. “Swedish runestones of the eleventh century: Orna- ment and dating.” In Runeninschriften als Quellen interdisziplinärer Forschung, edited by Klaus Düwel, 197–218. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1998. ———. “Art.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 176–84. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. 366 • BIBLIOGRAPHY ———. “‘The personal touch’: On the identification of workshops.” In Pro- ceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 219–30. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. ———. “Crucifixion iconography in Viking Scandinavia.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker- Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 73–94. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. ——— . Some Aspects of the Ringerike Style: A Phase of 11th Century Scandi- navian Art. Medieval Scandinavia, Supplements 1. Odense: Odense Univer- sity Press, 1980. Graham-Campbell, James. “Viking art.” In The Viking World, edited by James Graham-Campbell, 130–53. 2nd ed. London: Frances Lincoln, 1989. Gräslund, Anne-Sofie. “Religion, art, and runes.” In Vikings: The North At- lantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 55–69. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. ———. “Rune stones: On ornamentation and chronology.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 117–31. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens His- toriska Museer, 1994. Klindt-Jensen, Ole and Wilson, David M. Viking Art. London: Allen & Unwin, 1966. Lang, James T. “The hogback: A Viking colonial monument.” Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 3 (1984): 86–176. ——— . Anglo-Saxon Sculpture. Princes Risborough: Shire, 1988. ——— . Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture III: York and Eastern Yorkshire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Ó Floinn, Raghnall. “Irish and Scandinavian art in the early medievial period.” In The Vikings in Ireland, edited by Anne-Christine Larsen, 87–97. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 2001. O’Meadhra, Uaininn. “Viking-Age sketches and motif-pieces from the north- ern earldoms.” In The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic, edited by Colleen Batey et al., 423–40. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni- versity Press, 1993. Owen, Olwyn. “The strange beast that is the English Urnes style.” In Vikings and the Danelaw: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress, edited by James Graham-Campbell et al., 203–222. Ox- ford: Oxbow, 2001. Sidebottom, Phil. “Viking Age stone monuments and social identity in Der- byshire.” In Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the BIBLIOGRAPHY • 367 . Peter Sawyer, and Ian Wood, eds. The Christianization of Scan- dinavia. Alingsås: Viktoria, 1987. Steinsland, Gro. “Scandinavian paganism.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scan- dinavia and Europe 800–1200,. Northumbrian Crosses of the Pre-Norman Age. Lon- don: Faber & Gwyer, 1927. Cramp, Rosemary J. Grammar of Anglo-Saxon Ornament: A General Intro- duction to the Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture 1985. Egil’s Saga. Translated by Herman Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Har- mondsworth: Penguin, 1976. Einarsson, Bjarni. The last hour of Hallfre ðr vandræðaskáld as described in Hallfre ð arsaga.” In