edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 215–36. Birka Studies, 3. Stock- holm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. ———. “The Vikings and Russia: Some new directions and approaches to an old problem.” In Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Sam- son, 201–06. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1991. ———. “Kievan Rus.” In Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer, vol. 7, 244–52. New York: Scribner, 1982–89. Pritzak, O. The Origin of Rus I: Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1981. Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text. Edited and translated by Samuel H. Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1953. Schmidt, K. R. “The Varangian problem: A brief history of the controversy.” In Varangian Problems, edited by K. R. Schmidt, 7–20. Scando-Slavica Sup- plementum, 1. Copenhagen: Munskgaard, 1970. ———, ed. Varangian Problems: Report on the First International Symposium on the Theme ‘The Eastern Connections of the Nordic Peoples in the Viking Period and Early Middle Ages’. Scando-Slavica Supplementum, 1. Copen- hagen: Munskgaard, 1970. Shepard, Jonathan. “The Rhos guests of Louis the Pious: Whence and where- fore?” Early Medieval Europe 4 (1995): 41–60. ———. “Yngvarr’s expedition to the east and a Russian inscribed stone cross.” Saga-Book 21 (1984–85): 222–92. Smyser, H. M. “Ibn Fadlan’s account of the Rus with some commentary and some allusions to Beowulf.” In Medieval and Linguistic Studies in Honor of Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr., edited by Jess B. Bessinger Jr. and Robert P. Creed, 92–119. London: Allen & Unwin, 1965. Stalsberg, Anne. “The Scandinavian Viking Age finds in Rus: Overview and analysis.” Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 69 (1988): 448–71. Vasiliev, Alexander A. The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860. Cam- bridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1946. Vikings in Russia: Yngvar’s Saga and Eymund’s Saga. Translated by Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Edinburgh: Polygon, 1989. C. Byzantium Blöndal, Sigfús, and Benedikt S. Benedikz. The Varangians of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. Ellis Davidson, H. R. The Viking Road to Byzantium. London: Allen & Unwin, 1976. 348 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Schmidt, K. R., ed. Varangian Problems: Report on the First International Symposium on the Theme ‘The Eastern Connections of the Nordic Peoples in the Viking Period and Early Middle Ages’. Scando-Slavica Supplementum, 1. Copenhagen: Munskgaard, 1970. Vasiliev, Alexander A. The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860. Cam- bridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1946. IX. SHIPS AND WARFARE A. Ships Bill, Jan. “Ships and seamanship.” In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings, edited by Peter Sawyer, 182–201. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Binns, Alan L. Viking Voyagers: Then and Now. London: Heinemann, 1980. ———. “The ships of the vikings, were they ‘Viking ships’?” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 287–94. Odense: Odense Uni- versity Press, 1981. Bonde, Niels, and Arne Emil Christensen. “Dendrochronological dating of the Viking Age ship burials at Oseberg, Gokstad and Tune, Norway.” Antiquity 67 (1993): 575–83. Brøgger, A. W., and Haakon Shetelig. The Viking Ships: Their Ancestry and Evolution. Oslo: Dreyer, 1951. Christensen, Arne Emil. “Ships and navigation.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 86–97. Wash- ington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. ———. “Boats and boat-building in western Norway and the Islands.” In The Northern and Western Isles in the Viking World: Survival, Continuity and Change, edited by Alexander Fenton and Hermann Pálsson, 85–95. Edin- burgh: John Donald, 1984. ———. “Viking Age ships and shipbuilding.” Norwegian Archaeological Re- view 15 (1982): 19–28. Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole. “Ship types and sizes AD 800–1400.” In Aspects of Maritime Scandinavia AD 200–1200, edited by Ole Crumlin-Pedersen, 69–82. Roskilde: Roskilde Ship Museum, 1991. ———, ed. Aspects of Maritime Scandinavia AD 200–1200. Roskilde: Roskilde Ship Museum, 1991. ———. “Viking shipbuilding and seamanship.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, BIBLIOGRAPHY • 349 Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 271–86. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. ———. “The ships of the Vikings.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Sympo- sium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge Sandred, 32–41. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole, Mogens Schou Jørgensen, and Torsten Edgren. “Ships and travel.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 42–51. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. Hallberg, Peter. “The ship: Reality and image in Old Norse poetry.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge San- dred, 42–56. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Jesch, Judith. Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2001. McGrail, Seán. Ancient Boats in North-West Europe: The Archaeology of Wa- ter Transport to AD 1500. London: Longman, 1987. Olsen, Olaf, and Ole Crumlin-Pedersen. Five Viking Ships from Roskilde Fjord. Copenhagen: National Museum, 1978. B. Armor, Weapons, and Battles DeVries, Kelly. The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1999. Griffith, Paddy. The Viking Art of War. London: Greenhill, 1995. Heath, Ian, and Angus McBride. The Vikings. Elite Series, 3. London: Osprey, 1985. Lehtosalo-Hilander, Pirkko-Liisa. “Weapons and their use.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 194–95. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copen- hagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. Martens, Irmelin. “Norwegian Viking Age weapons: Some questions concern- ing their production and distribution.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: De- velopments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 180–82. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. Stalsberg, Anne. “The Russian-Norwegian sword project.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 183–89. Birka 350 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. Walsh, Aidan. “A summary classification of Viking Age swords in Ireland.” In Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age, edited by Howard B. Clarke et al., 222–35. Dublin: Four Courts, 1998. C. Military Organization Hooper, Nicholas. “Military developments in the reign of Cnut.” In The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway, edited by Alexander R. Rumble, 89–100. London: Leicester University Press, 1994. Jørgensen, Anne Nørgård, and Birthe L. Clausen. Military Aspects of Scandi- navian Society in a European Perspective, AD 1–1300. Studies in Archaeol- ogy and History, 2. Copenhagen: National Museum, 1997. Lund, Niels. “If the Vikings knew a leding, what was it like?” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 100–05. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. ———. “Danish military organization.” In The Battle of Maldon: Fiction and Fact, edited by Janet Cooper, 109–26. London: Hambledon, 1993. ———. “The armies of Swein Forkbeard and Cnut: ‘leding’ or ‘li ð’?” Anglo- Saxon England 15 (1986): 105–18. X. SOCIETY Arwidsson, Greta. “Viking society in central Sweden: Traditions, organiza- tion and economy.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge Sandred, 154–60. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wik- sell, 1978. Brink, Stefan. “Social order in the early Scandinavian landscape.” In Settlement and Landscape: Proceedings of a Conference in Århus, Denmark, May 4–7 1998, edited by Charlotte Fabech and Jytte Ringtved, 423–39. Højbjerg: Jut- land Archaeological Society, 1999. Byock, Jesse L. Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power. Enfield: Hisar- lik, 1993. Christophersen, Axel. “Drengs, thegns, landmen and kings.” Meddelanden från Lunds Universitets Historiska Museum 4 (1982): 115–34. BIBLIOGRAPHY • 351 Dommasnes, Liv Helga. “Women, kinship, and the basis of power in the Nor- wegian Viking Age.” In Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Samson, 65–73. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1991. Einarsson, B. “On the status of free men in society and sagas.” Mediaeval Scan- dinavia 7 (1974): 45–55. Fenger, Ole. “Scandinavian society.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 120–25. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. Jesch, Judith. Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2001. ———. “Women and ships in the Viking world.” Northern Studies 36 (2001): 1–20. ——— . Women in the Viking Age. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 1991. ———. “Skaldic verse and Viking semantics.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 160–71. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. ———. “Runic inscriptions and social history: Some problems of method.” In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Runes and Runic In- scriptions, Grindaheim, Norway, 8–12 August 1990, edited by James E. Knirk, 149–62. Runrön, 9. Uppsala: Institutionen för nordiska språk, Upp- sala universitet, 1994. Jochens, Jenny. Women in Old Norse Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995. Jørgensen, Lars. “Political organization and social life.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 72–85. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Karlsson, Gunnar. “A century of research on early Icelandic society.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 15–25. Lon- don: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Karras, Ruth Mazo. Slavery and Society in Medieval Scandinavia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988. ———. “Concubinage and slavery in the Viking Age.” Scandinavian Studies 62 (1990): 141–62. Kristensen, Anne K. G. “Danelaw institutions and Danish society in the Viking Age: Sochemanni, liberi homines, and Königsfreie.” Mediaeval Scandinavia 8 (1975): 27–85. Page, R. I. “Scandinavian society 800–1100: The contribution of runic studies.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 145–59. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Samson, Ross, ed. Social Approaches to Viking Studies. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1991. 352 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Sawyer, Birgit. The Viking-Age Rune-Stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ———. “Viking Age rune-stones as a source for legal history.” In Runenin- schriften als Quellen interdisziplinärer Forschung, edited by Klaus Düwel, 766–77. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1998. ———. “Women as bridge-builders: The role of women in Viking-Age Scandi- navia.” In People and Places in Northern Europe 500–1600: Essays in Hon- our of Peter Hayes Sawyer, edited by Ian Wood and Niels Lund, 211–24. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1991. ——— . Property and Inheritance in Viking Scandinavia: The Runic Evidence. Alingsås: Viktoria, 1988. Skyum-Nielsen, Niels. “Nordic slavery in an international setting.” Mediaeval Scandinavia 11 (1978–79): 126–48. Sørensen, Preben Meulengracht. “Social institutions and belief systems of me- dieval Iceland (c. 870–1400) and their relations to literary production.” In Old Icelandic Literature and Society, edited by Margaret Clunies Ross, 8–29. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ——— . Saga and Society: An Introduction to Old Norse Literature. Odense: Odense University Press, 1993. Stalsberg, Anne. “Women as actors in North European Viking Age trade.” In Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Samson, 75–83. Glas- gow: Cruithne, 1991. Strid, Jan Paul. “Runic Swedish drengs and thegns.” In Runor och runin- skrifter. Föredrag vid Rikantikvarieämbetets och Vitterhetsakademiens symposium 8–11 september 1985, 301–16. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1987. Syrett, Martin. “Drengs and thegns again.” Saga-Book 25:3 (2000): 243–71. Vestergaard, Torben A. “Marriage exchange and social structure in Old Norse mythology.” In Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Samson, 21–34. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1991. ———. “The system of kinship in early Norwegian law.” Mediaeval Scandi- navia 12 (1988): 160–93. XI. ECONOMY A. General Kaland, Sigrid H. H., and Irmelin Martens. “Farming and daily life.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisa- beth I. Ward, 42–54. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. BIBLIOGRAPHY • 353 Morris, Christopher D. “The Vikings in the British Isles: Some aspects of their settlement and economy.” In The Vikings, edited by R. T. Farrell, 70–94. London: Phillimore, 1982. Sawyer, Peter. “Resources and settlements.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scan- dinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wil- son, 126–35. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. B. Towns, Trade, and Crafts Ambrosiani, Björn. “Royal manors and towns in central Sweden.” In Proceed- ings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 247–53. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. ———. “Birka: A planted town serving an increasing agricultural population.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 19–24. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Ambrosiani, Björn, and Helen Clarke, eds. Early Investigations and Future Plans. Birka Studies, 1. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens His- toriska Museer, 1992. ——— . Investigations in the Black Earth 1990. Birka Studies, 2. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens Historiska Museer, 1995. Arwidsson, Greta. “Viking society in central Sweden: Traditions, organization and economy.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge Sandred, 154–60. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Avdusin, D. “Smolensk and the Varangians according to the archaeological data.” Norwegian Archaeological Review 2 (1969): 52–62. Blindheim, Charlotte. “The emergence of urban communities in Viking Age Scandinavia.” In The Vikings, edited by R. T. Farrell, 42–69. London: Phillimore, 1982. ———. “Trade problems in the Viking Age: Some reflections on insular metal- work found in Norwegian graves of the Viking Age.” In The Vikings: Pro- ceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge Sandred, 166–76. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Brisbane, Mark A., ed. The Archaeology of Novgorod, Russia: Recent Results from the Town and its Hinterland. Lincoln: Society for Medieval Archaeology, 1992. Callmer, Johan. “Urbanization in Scandinavia and the Baltic region c. AD 700–1100: Trading places, centres and early urban sites.” In The Twelfth 354 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 50–90. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. ———. “The archaeology of Kiev to the end of the earliest urban phase.” Har- vard Ukrainian Studies 11 (1987): 323–53. Clarke, Helen, and Björn Ambrosiani. Towns in the Viking Age. Rev. ed. Lon- don: Leicester University Press, 1995. Clarke, Howard B. “Proto-towns and towns in Ireland and Britain in the ninth and tenth centuries.” In Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age, ed- ited by Howard B. Clarke et al., 331–80. Dublin: Four Courts, 1998. Feveile, Claus. “The latest news from Viking Age Ribe: Archaeological exca- vations 1993.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 91–99. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. Helle, Knut. “Descriptions of Nordic towns and town-like settlements in early literature.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 20–31. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. Jensen, Stig. The Vikings of Ribe. Ribe: Den antikvariske Samling, 1991. Martens, Irmelin. “Iron extraction, settlement and trade in the Viking and early Middle Ages in south Norway.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 69–80. Universitets Old- saksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Noonan, Thomas S. “The Vikings in the East: Coins and commerce.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 215–36. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. Ó Riordáin, Breandán. “The High Street excavations.” In Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress, Dublin, 15–21 August 1973, edited by Bo Almqvist and David Greene, 135–41. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1976. Ó Riordáin, Breandán, Elisabeth Okasha, G. R. Coope, and Hilary Murray. “Aspects of Viking Dublin.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 43–68. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. de Paor, Liam. “The Viking towns of Ireland.” In Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress, Dublin, 15–21 August 1973, edited by Bo Almqvist and David Greene, 29–37. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1976. BIBLIOGRAPHY • 355 Resi, Heid Gjøstein. “Reflections on Viking Age local trade in stone products.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, ed- ited by James E. Knirk, 95–102. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Sawyer, P. H. “Wics, kings and Vikings.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, ed- ited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge Sandred, 23–31. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Skovgaard-Petersen, Inge. “The historical context of the first towns in northern and eastern Europe.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 9–18. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Stalsberg, Anne. “Women as actors in North European Viking Age trade.” In Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Samson, 75–83. Glas- gow: Cruithne, 1991. Wallace, Patrick. “Ireland’s Viking towns.” In The Vikings in Ireland, edited by Anne-Christine Larsen, 37–50. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 2001. ———. “The layout of later Viking Age Dublin: Indications of its regulation and problems of continuity.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 271–85. Universitets Old- saksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. C. Coins, Hoards, Jewelry, and Treasure Blackburn, Mark. “Expansion and control: Aspects of Anglo-Scandinavian minting south of the Humber.” In Vikings and the Danelaw: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress, edited by James Graham-Campbell et al., 125–42. Oxford: Oxbow, 2001. Blackburn, Mark, and D. M. Metcalf. Viking-Age Coinage in Northern Lands. BAR International Series, 122. Oxford: B.A.R., 1981. Blindheim, Charlotte. “Trade problems in the Viking Age: Some reflections on insular metalwork found in Norwegian graves of the Viking Age.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge San- dred, 166–76. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Blindheim, Martin. “The Ranuaik reliquary in Copenhagen: A short study.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 203–18. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new se- ries, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Dolley, Michael. Viking Coins of the Danelaw and of Dublin. London: British Museum, 1965. 356 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Gaimster, Märit. “Money and media in Viking Age Scandinavia.” In Social Ap- proaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Samson, 113–22. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1991. Graham-Campbell, James. “Western pennanular brooches and their Viking Age copies in Norway: A new classification.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 231–46. Uni- versitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsak- samling, 1987. ———. “Viking silver hoards: An introduction.” In The Vikings, edited by R. T. Farrell, 32–41. London: Phillimore, 1982. ———. “The Viking-Age silver hoards of Ireland.” In Proceedings of the Sev- enth Viking Congress, Dublin, 15–21 August 1973, edited by Bo Almqvist and David Greene, 39–74. 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