The A to Z of the Vikings 35 ppsx

C. Articles Eldjárn, Kristján. “The Vikings: Some introductory remarks.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge Sandred, 11–20. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Fell, Christine E. “Old English wicing: A question of semantics.” Proceedings of the British Academy 72 (1986): 295–316. ———. “Modern English Viking.” Leeds Studies in English 18 (1987): 111–23. Hødnebø, Finn. “Who were the first Vikings?” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 43–54. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Old- saksamling, 1987. Lund, Niels. “Allies of God or man? The Viking expansion in a European per- spective.” Viator 20 (1989): 45–59. ———. “Peace and non-peace in the Viking Age: Ottar in Biarmaland, the Rus in Byzantium, and Danes and Norwegians in England.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 255–69. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Univer- sitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Sawyer, Peter H. “Causes of the Viking Age.” In The Vikings, edited by R. T. Farrell, 1–7. London: Phillimore, 1992. Thorson, P. “A new interpretation of ‘viking’.” In Proceedings of the Sixth Viking Congress, edited by Peter Foote and Dag Strömbäck, 101–4. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1969. Wormald, C. P. “Viking studies: Whence and whither?” In The Vikings, edited by R. T. Farrell, 128–53. London: Phillimore, 1982. IV. SCANDINAVIA A. General Lund, Niels. “Scandinavia, c. 700–1066.” In The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 2, c. 700–c. 900, edited by Rosamond McKitterick, 202–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Page, R. I. “Scandinavian society, 800–1100: The contribution of runic stud- ies.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 145–59. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Price, Neil S. “The Scandinavian landscape: People and environment.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisa- beth I. Ward, 31–41. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. 318 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Roesdahl, Else. “The Scandinavian kingdoms.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 32–41. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. Sawyer, Birgit and Peter. Medieval Scandinavia: From Conversion to Refor- mation, circa 800–1500. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. Sawyer, Peter. “Scandinavia in the Viking Age.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 27–30. Wash- ington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. ———. “Cnut’s Scandinavian empire.” In The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway, edited by Alexander R. Rumble, 10–26 [including an appendix on “The evidence of Scandinavian runic inscriptions” by Birgit Sawyer]. London: Leicester University Press, 1994. Zachrisson, Inger. “Saamis and Scandinavians: Examples of interaction.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 173–79. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. B. Denmark Becker, C. J. “Viking Age villages and ‘manors’ in Denmark: Recent discover- ies.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 25–36. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Feveile, Claus. “The latest news from Viking Age Ribe: Archaeological exca- vations 1993.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 91–99. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. Jensen, Jørgen Steen. “Do the coin finds of recent years change our ideas about the character of monetary circulation in Denmark in the Viking Age?” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 237–41. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. Jensen, Stig. The Vikings of Ribe. Ribe: Den antikvariske Samling, 1991. Lund, Niels. “Cnut’s Danish kingdom.” In The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway, edited by Alexander R. Rumble, 27–42. London: Leicester University Press, 1994. BIBLIOGRAPHY • 319 ———. “Danish military organization.” In The Battle of Maldon: Fiction and Fact, edited by Janet Cooper, 109–26. London: Hambledon, 1993. Madsen, H. J. “Introduction to Viking Århus.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker- Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 69–72. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Randsborg, Klavs. The Viking Age in Denmark: The Formation of a State. Lon- don: Duckworth, 1980. Roesdahl, Else. “Dendrochronology and Viking studies in Denmark, with a note on the beginning of the Viking Age.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 106–16. Birka Studies, 3. Stock- holm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. ———. “Pagan beliefs, Christian impact and archaeology: A Danish view.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 128–36. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. ———. “Aggersborg in the Viking Age.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Pe- ter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 107–22. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Sørensen, John Kousgård. “Toponymic evidence for administrative divisions in Denmark in the Viking Age.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge Sandred, 133–41. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. C. Norway Andersen, Per Sveaas. Vikings of the West: The Expansion of Norway in the Early Middle Ages. 2nd ed. Sandnes: Aase Grafiske, 1985. Blindheim, Charlotte. “Introduction [to Viking-Age Viken, in southeast Nor- way].” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 27–42. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Bonde, Niels, and Arne Emil Christensen. “Dendrochronological dating of the Viking Age ship burials at Oseberg, Gokstad and Tune, Norway.” Antiquity 67 (1993): 575–83. Halvorsen, Eyvind Fjeld. “East Norway in the sagas.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 55–67. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Univer- sitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. 320 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Helle, Knut. “A history of the early Viking Age in Norway.” In Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age, edited by Howard B. Clarke et al., 239–58. Dublin: Four Courts, 1998. ———. “Norway, 800–1200.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 1–14. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Kaland, Sigrid H. H. “Viking/medieval settlement in the heathland area of Nordhordland.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 171–90. Universitets Oldsaksam- lings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Martens, Irmelin. “Norwegian Viking Age weapons: Some questions concern- ing their production and distribution.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: De- velopments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 180–82. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. ———. “Iron extraction, settlement and trade in the Viking and early Middle Ages in south Norway.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 69–80. Universitets Old- saksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Munch, Gerd Stamsø, Olav Sverre Johansen, and Ingegerd Larsen. “Borg in Lofoten: A chieftain’s farm in Arctic Norway.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 149–70. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Univer- sitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Myhre, Bjørn. “The archaeology of the early Viking Age in Norway.” In Ire- land and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age, edited by Howard B. Clarke et al., 3–36. Dublin: Four Courts, 1998. Resi, Heid Gjøstein. “Reflections on Viking Age local trade in stone products.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, ed- ited by James E. Knirk, 95–102. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Stalsberg, Anne. “The Russian-Norwegian sword project.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 183–89. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. Wamers, Egon. “Insular finds in Viking Age Scandinavia and the state forma- tion of Norway.” In Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age, edited by Howard B. Clarke et al., 37–72. Dublin: Four Courts, 1998. Weber, Birthe. “Vesle Hjerkinn—A Viking Age mountain lodge?: A preliminary report.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, BIBLIOGRAPHY • 321 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 103–11. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. D. Sweden Ambrosiani, Björn. “Royal manors and towns in central Sweden.” In Proceed- ings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 247–53. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. ———. “Birka: A planted town serving an increasing agricultural population.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 19–24. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Ambrosiani, Björn, and Helen Clarke, eds. Early Investigations and Future Plans. Birka Studies, 1. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens His- toriska Museer, 1992. ——— . Investigations in the Black Earth 1990. Birka Studies, 2. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens Historiska Museer, 1995. Arwidsson, Greta. “Viking society in central Sweden: Traditions, organization and economy.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge Sandred, 154–60. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Göransson, Sölve. “Viking Age traces in Swedish systems for territorial organiza- tion and land division.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten An- dersson and Karl Inge Sandred, 142–53. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Lindkvist, Thomas. “Social and political power in Sweden 1000–1300: Preda- tory incursions, royal taxation, and the formation of a feudal state.” In Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Samson, 137–46. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1991. Löfving, Carl. “Who ruled the region east of the Skagerrak in the eleventh cen- tury?” In Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Samson, 147–56. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1991. Sawyer, P. H. The Making of Sweden. Alingsås: Viktoria, 1988. V. NORTH ATLANTIC COLONIES (EXCLUDING THE BRITISH ISLES) A. General Batey, Collen E., Judith Jesch, and Christopher D. Morris, eds. The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic: Select Papers from the Pro- 322 • BIBLIOGRAPHY ceedings of the Eleventh Viking Congress, Thurso and Kirkwall, 22 August– 1 September 1989. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Bertlesen, Reidar, and Raymond G. Lamb. “Settlement mounds in the North Atlantic.” In The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic, ed- ited by Colleen Batey et al., 544–54. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Buckland, Paul C. “The North Atlantic environment.” In Vikings: The North At- lantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 146–53. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Buckland, Paul C., Jon P. Sadler, and David N. Smith. “An insect’s eye-view of the Norse farm.” In The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North At- lantic, edited by Colleen Batey et al., 506–27. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni- versity Press, 1993. Fitzhugh, William W., and Elisabeth I. Ward, eds. Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Magnússon, Thór, Símun V. Arge, and Jette Arneborg. “New lands in the North Atlantic.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, edited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 52–61. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. Morris, Christopher D., and D. James Rackham, eds. Norse and Later Settle- ment and Subsistence in the North Atlantic. Glasgow: Department of Ar- chaeology, University of Glasgow, 1992. Rafnsson, Sveinbjörn. “The Atlantic islands.” In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings, edited by Peter Sawyer, 110–33. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. B. Faroe Islands Arge, Símun V. “Vikings in the Faeroe Islands.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 154–63. Wash- ington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. ———. “On the landnam of the Faroe Islands.” In The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic, edited by Colleen Batey et al., 465–72. Ed- inburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Dahl, Sverri. “The Norse settlement of the Faroe Islands.” Medieval Archaeol- ogy 14 (1970): 60–73. Debes, Hans Jacob. “Problems concerning the earliest settlement in the Faroe Is- lands.” In The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic, edited by Colleen Batey et al., 454–64. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Hansen, Steffen Stummann. “Viking-Age Faroe Islands and their southern links in the light of recent finds at Toftanes, Leirvik.” In The Viking Age in Caithness, BIBLIOGRAPHY • 323 Orkney and the North Atlantic, edited by Colleen Batey et al., 473–86. Edin- burgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Mahler, Ditlev L. D. “Shielings and their role in the the Viking-Age economy: New evidence from the Faroe Islands.” In The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic, edited by Colleen Batey et al., 487–505. Ed- inburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Thorsteinsson, Arne. “On the development of Faroese settlements.” In Pro- ceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 189–202. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. C. Iceland Aðalsteinsson, Jón Hnefill. Under the Cloak: The Acceptance of Christianity in Iceland with Particular Reference to the Attitudes Prevailing at the Time. Up- psala: Etnologiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet, 1978. Benediktsson, Jakob. “Some problems in the history of the settlement of Ice- land.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge Sandred, 161–65. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978. Byock, Jesse L. Viking Age Iceland. London: Penguin, 2001. ——— . Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power. Enfield: Hisarlik, 1993. Foote, P. G. “On the conversion of the Icelanders.” In Aurvandilstá, edited by Michael P. Barnes et al., 56–64. Odense: Odense University Press, 1984. Jóhannesson, Jón. Íslendinga Saga: The History of the Old Icelandic Common- wealth. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1974. Kristjánsson, Jónas. Eddas and Sagas: Iceland’s Medieval Literature. Reyk- javik: Hi ð íslenska bókmenntafélag, 1997. Ólafsson, Gu ðmundur. “ þ ingnes by Elliðavatn: The first local assembly in Ice- land?” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 343–49. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new series, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Sigur ðsson, Gísli. Gaelic Influence in Iceland: Historical and Literary Con- tacts. 2nd ed. Reykjavik: University of Iceland Press, 2000. Thorláksson, Helgi. “The Icelandic Commonwealth period: Building a new soci- ety.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 175–85. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Turville-Petre, E. O. Gabriel. Origins of Icelandic Literature. Oxford: Claren- don Press, 1953. Vésteinsson, Orri. “The archaeology of landnám: Early settlement in Iceland.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elis- abeth I. Ward, 164–74. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. 324 • BIBLIOGRAPHY D. Greenland Arneborg, Jette. “Greenland and Europe.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 304–17. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Arneborg, Jette, and Kirsten A. Seaver. “Norse Greenland: From Vikings to Norsemen.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 281–84. Washington DC: Smithsonian In- stitution, 2000. Berglund, Joel. “The Farm Beneath the Sand.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 295–303. Wash- ington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Buckland, P. C., T. H. McGovern, J. P. Sadler, and P. Skidmore. “Twig layers, floors and middens: Recent palaeoecological research in the Western Settle- ment, Greenland.” In The Twelfth Viking Congress: Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age, edited by Björn Ambrosiani and Helen Clarke, 132–43. Birka Studies, 3. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieäm- betet and Statens Historiska Museer, 1994. Gulløv, Hans Christian. “Natives and Norse in Greenland.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 318–26. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Halldórsson, Ólafur. “The conversion of Greenland in written sources.” In Pro- ceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 203–16. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Lynnerup, Niels. “Life and death in Norse Greenland.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 285–94. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. McGovern, Thomas H. “The demise of Norse Greenland.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 327–39. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Stoklund, Marie. “Greenland runes: Isolation or cultural contact?” In The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic, edited by Colleen Batey et al., 528–43. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. E. North America Cox, Steven L. “A Norse penny from Maine.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 206–7. Wash- ington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Foote, P. G. “On the Vínland legends on The Vinland Map.” Saga-Book 17:1 (1966): 73–89. BIBLIOGRAPHY • 325 Haugen, Einar. “Was Vinland in Newfoundland?” In Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24–31 August 1977, edited by Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote, and Olaf Olsen, 3–8. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981. Ingstad, Anne Stine. The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excava- tions at L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland 1961–1968. Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1977. Ingstad, Helge. Westward to Vinland: The Discovery of Pre-Columbian Norse House-Sites in North America. London: BCA, 1969. Perkins, R. M. “Norse implications.” In H. Wallis et al. “The Strange Case of the Vinland Map.” The Geographical Journal 140 (1974): 199–205. Schledermann, Peter. “Ellesmere: Vikings in the Far North.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 248–56. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Sigur ðsson, Gísli. “A introduction to the Vinland Sagas: Greenlanders’ Saga and Erik the Red’s Saga.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 219–24. Washington DC: Smith- sonian Institution, 2000. ———. “The quest for Vinland in saga scholarship.” In Vikings: The North At- lantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 232–37. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Sutherland, Patricia D. “The Norse and Native North Americans.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 238–47. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Wahlgren, Erik. The Vikings and America. London: Thames & Hudson, 1986. Wallace, Birgitta Linderoth. “The Viking settlement at L’Anse aux Meadows.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elis- abeth I. Ward, 208–16. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. ———. “An archaeologist’s interpretation of the Vinland Sagas.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 225–31. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. ———. “The Vikings in North America: Myth and reality.” In Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by Ross Samson, 206–20. Glasgow: Cruithne, 1991. Washburn, W., ed. Proceedings of the Vinland Map Conference. Chicago: Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 1971. VI. THE BRITISH ISLES A. General Barnes, Michael P. “Aspects of the Scandinavian runes of the British Isles.” In Roman, Runes and Ogham, edited by John Higgitt et al., 103–11. Donington: Shaun Tyas, 2001. 326 • BIBLIOGRAPHY ———. “Norse in the British Isles.” In Viking Revaluations, edited by Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins, 65–85. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1993. Batey, Colleen, and John Sheehan. “Viking expansion and cultural blending in Britain and Ireland.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 127–41. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Crawford, Barbara E., ed. Conversion and Christianity in the North Sea World. St. John’s House Publications, 8. St. Andrews: Committee for Dark Ages Studies, University of St. Andrews, 1998. ——— . Scandinavian Settlement in Northern Britain. London: Leicester Uni- versity Press, 1995. Fellows-Jensen, Gillian. “The Vikings’ relationship with Christianity in the British Isles: The evidence of place-names containing the element kirkja.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, edited by James E. Knirk, 295–307. Universitets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, new se- ries, 9. Oslo: Universitets Oldsaksamling, 1987. Hall, Richard A. Viking Age Archaeology in Britain and Ireland. Princes Ris- borough: Shire, 1990. Holman, Katherine. “Scandinavian runic inscriptions as a source for the history of the British Isles: The St. Paul’s rune-stone.” In Runeninschriften als Quellen interdisziplinärer Forschung, edited by Klaus Düwel, 629–38. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1998. ——— . Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions in the British Isles: Their Historical Context. Senter for middelalder studier, 4. Trondheim: Tapir, 1996. Loyn, H. R. The Vikings in Britain. London: BCA, 1977. Smyth, Alfred P. Scandinavian Kings in the British Isles, 850–880. Oxford: Ox- ford University Press, 1977. Wilson, David M., with Richard Hall. “The Scandinavians in Britain and Ire- land.” In From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800–1200, ed- ited by Else Roesdahl and David M. Wilson, 96–105. The 22nd Council of Europe Exhibition. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers and The Council of Europe, 1992. B. England Abrams, Lesley. “Edward the Elder’s Danelaw.” In Edward the Elder 899–924, edited by N. J. Higham and D. H. Hill, 128–43. London: Routledge, 2001. ———. “The conversion of the Danelaw.” In Vikings and the Danelaw: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress, edited by James Graham-Campbell et al., 31–44. Oxford: Oxbow, 2001. BIBLIOGRAPHY • 327 . Gísli. A introduction to the Vinland Sagas: Greenlanders’ Saga and Erik the Red’s Saga.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 219–24. Washington. territorial organiza- tion and land division.” In The Vikings: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Faculty of Arts of Uppsala University, June 6–9, 1977, edited by Thorsten An- dersson and Karl. Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Sutherland, Patricia D. The Norse and Native North Americans.” In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, edited by William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, 238–47. Washington