The grammar of the english verb phrase part 122 pps

840 Index 128Ϫ129, 152Ϫ153, 156Ϫ157, 159, 178, 200, 367, 374, 392, 395, 402Ϫ 404, 420Ϫ421, 423Ϫ424, 438, 444Ϫ 448, 460, 501, 505, 507Ϫ516, 520Ϫ 523, 534, 569, 661Ϫ666, 689, 698, 704, 712Ϫ720, 724, 726Ϫ727, 731Ϫ 736, 744Ϫ748, 755 past represented speech 388, 390Ϫ392, 394, 395Ϫ397, 401, 413, 436, 451, 469, 471, 521, 542, 555, 698, 719 past subdomain 159, 435, 449, 491, 502, 666 past subjunctive 16 past temporal domain see past domain past tense 16, 22Ϫ25, 27, 64, 96Ϫ101, 109, 127Ϫ129, 148, 152Ϫ156, 163Ϫ 166, 193Ϫ208, 213, 242, 244, 249Ϫ 250, 275, 293Ϫ295, 301Ϫ302, 315Ϫ 333, 365, 372Ϫ374, 383Ϫ428, 437Ϫ 438, 444, 446Ϫ451, 454Ϫ456, 460Ϫ 471, 477, 479Ϫ480, 490Ϫ492, 501Ϫ 503, 505Ϫ506, 514, 520Ϫ521, 523, 533, 568, 573, 578Ϫ584, 586Ϫ587, 589Ϫ633, 655, 661, 665Ϫ670, 677Ϫ 678, 680Ϫ681, 692 Ϫ699, 707, 711Ϫ 716, 718Ϫ719, 722, 724Ϫ726, 730Ϫ 737, 745Ϫ749, 754Ϫ756 past time-sphere 147Ϫ148, 150Ϫ152, 200, 319, 370Ϫ372, 374, 444Ϫ457, 518, 580 past time-sphere domain see past do- main past time-sphere tenses 152, 166, 170, 200, 207, 421, 424, 438, 469, 568, 681, 704, 730 past time-zone 169Ϫ170, 178, 213, 295, 371, 382, 484, 525, 573, 598, 652, 721 (see also past time-sphere) past zone see past time-zone past zone adverbial 598 perfect see perfect tenses, present per- fect perfect aspect 37Ϫ38, 109 perfect gerund 18 perfect infinitive 17, 98 perfect of experience 245Ϫ250, 274Ϫ 275, 303, 463Ϫ464, 614, 713Ϫ714 perfect tense see perfect tenses, pres- ent perfect perfect tenses 24, 37Ϫ38, 143, 514 perfective aspect 28, 30Ϫ31, 38, 366 perfective meaning 28, 30, 34 performative sentence 74 performative speech act 174 periphrastic auxiliary 19Ϫ20 permanent habit 35, 52, 175, 227, 271Ϫ273, 277, 290, 477 phrase 12Ϫ13 pluperfect see double pluperfect, past perfect point of view 111, 452Ϫ453, 469, 511, 541, 557, 582Ϫ583, 717 possible world 78, 113, 122, 126, 235, 407, 541Ϫ543, 674 (see also inten- sional domain) posterior see posteriority posteriority 25, 124Ϫ126, 369, 450Ϫ 458, 462Ϫ465, 476, 482, 489Ϫ490, 499Ϫ500, 575, 655Ϫ659, 664, 666Ϫ 670, 681, 694, 707, 720, 727Ϫ728, 733, 739Ϫ740, 747Ϫ748, 751Ϫ753, 757 (see also T-posteriority, W-posteri- ority) post-present see post-present zone post-present domain 130, 153, 339, 345, 358, 380, 382, 384Ϫ385, 389, 408, 411, 482, 488Ϫ515, 518Ϫ520, 529Ϫ570, 646, 691, 699Ϫ703, 706, 713, 720, 725, 728, 730, 737, 740, 750, 756 post-present time-zone see post-pres- ent zone post-present zone 9Ϫ10, 148Ϫ150, 153, 181Ϫ188, 268Ϫ269, 335Ϫ360, 371Ϫ373, 377, 380Ϫ382, 387Ϫ389, 424, 488Ϫ515, 529Ϫ570, 581, 584Ϫ 585, 681, 700Ϫ702, 725Ϫ728, 739Ϫ 740, 743, 745Ϫ746, 749Ϫ750, 754Ϫ 756 potential full situation 144, 235, 364, 617 Index 841 predicate see predicate constituent predicate constituent 13, 15, 20, 41Ϫ 43, 47Ϫ49, 55Ϫ56, 66 predicated situation 113Ϫ118, 138, 142, 164, 174, 196, 364Ϫ368 predicational {clause / meaning / sentence} 260Ϫ262 predictability 103Ϫ105, 342, 350Ϫ351 prediction 103Ϫ105, 182Ϫ183, 337Ϫ 340, 342, 350, 355, 358Ϫ359, 388, 511, 539, 541Ϫ542, 544, 560, 737, 748, 750 preparatory phase 58Ϫ60 pre-present see pre-present zone pre-present domain 378, 397Ϫ398, 459Ϫ485, 490, 493Ϫ494, 504, 519, 524Ϫ526, 698 pre-present situation 180Ϫ181, 254, 256, 271, 278, 281, 291, 460, 463Ϫ 464, 475, 524Ϫ525, 600, 620, 632 pre-present time-zone see pre-present zone pre-present zone 109Ϫ110, 148Ϫ153, 195Ϫ196, 200, 207, 212Ϫ216, 219Ϫ 229, 232Ϫ234, 238Ϫ247, 252Ϫ271, 277Ϫ292, 295, 302Ϫ305, 319, 323Ϫ 326, 370Ϫ372, 397Ϫ398, 424, 435, 459Ϫ485, 491, 493Ϫ494, 501 Ϫ502, 525Ϫ526, 576, 593, 597, 599Ϫ602, 608, 612Ϫ613, 624, 626, 677Ϫ678, 681Ϫ682, 704, 730, 745 pre-present-zone adverbial 593, 599Ϫ 603, 606, 630 present continuous (form) see pro- gressive form present domain 130, 173Ϫ175, 380, 485Ϫ486, 519 present gerund 18 present infinitive 17 present participle 17, 98, 162, 497 present perfect (tense) 24Ϫ25, 38, 97, 108Ϫ110, 143Ϫ144, 149Ϫ150, 188Ϫ 191, 200Ϫ201, 204Ϫ206, 209Ϫ332, 417Ϫ418, 444Ϫ445, 459Ϫ462, 464Ϫ 474, 476Ϫ482, 491, 493Ϫ494, 501, 503, 508Ϫ516, 526, 533, 536Ϫ537, 558, 589Ϫ633, 659, 677Ϫ678, 681Ϫ 682, 698, 703Ϫ706, 713, 730, 745, 749Ϫ750 present perfect continuous form see progressive form present subjunctive 16 present tense 22Ϫ25, 27Ϫ28, 96, 109Ϫ 112, 128, 130Ϫ131, 138Ϫ139, 147Ϫ 149, 152Ϫ153, 171Ϫ191, 240, 263, 267Ϫ 269, 297Ϫ298, 337, 357, 364, 380, 382, 384Ϫ385, 389, 396, 398, 408, 412Ϫ414, 423Ϫ425, 466Ϫ467, 470Ϫ471, 478, 480Ϫ490, 494Ϫ498, 500Ϫ502, 505Ϫ507, 512Ϫ514, 533, 535, 541, 550Ϫ552, 557Ϫ558, 561, 568Ϫ569, 577Ϫ578, 584, 609Ϫ611, 619, 621, 626, 645Ϫ646, 675Ϫ677, 680Ϫ682, 700Ϫ702, 705Ϫ706, 713, 720, 729Ϫ730, 749Ϫ750 present tenses see present time-sphere tenses present time-sphere 147Ϫ148, 150, 152, 159, 190, 195, 214Ϫ216, 250, 370Ϫ372, 423Ϫ425, 555 present time-sphere tenses 101, 152, 157, 176, 178, 190, 424, 555, 704 present time-zone see present zone present zone 109, 148, 151Ϫ152, 371, 525, 583, 593, 629 presupposition 70Ϫ71, 143, 202, 247, 254, 258Ϫ263, 265, 267, 278, 282, 292, 294, 321Ϫ326, 328Ϫ329, 331Ϫ 332, 344, 352, 473, 543Ϫ546, 560, 673 preterite see past tense Principle of Unmarked Temporal Inter- pretation 427Ϫ 433 prior (to) see anteriority process 66Ϫ69, 186 process verb 68 progressive {aspect / form / meaning} 28Ϫ38, 46, 49Ϫ50, 56Ϫ61, 64Ϫ65, 68Ϫ69, 72, 76Ϫ78, 80Ϫ82, 96, 99, 108Ϫ109, 113, 115, 131, 135Ϫ136, 138, 162Ϫ163, 173Ϫ174, 183Ϫ186, 199, 220Ϫ221, 225, 231Ϫ232, 237Ϫ 240, 245, 250, 254, 267Ϫ269, 271Ϫ 842 Index 285, 288, 290, 343Ϫ344, 355Ϫ358, 412Ϫ414, 454, 615, 744 proposition 38Ϫ39, 74, 272, 322, 398, 541, 544Ϫ545, 553Ϫ554, 560 prospective meaning 564, 658Ϫ659, 668, 670, 727 pseudo-absolute-relative tense form 519, 532 pseudo-absolute subdomain 490, 501 pseudo-absolute tense 26Ϫ27, 408, 411Ϫ412, 490Ϫ491, 493, 495Ϫ496, 498Ϫ499, 501Ϫ502, 519, 533Ϫ534, 750 pseudo-absolute time-zones see pseudo-absolute zones pseudo-absolute zones 489, 499 pseudo-cleft 260 pseudo-past subdomain 386, 435, 449, 461, 491Ϫ493, 502, 504, 506Ϫ507, 534 pseudo-past zone 159, 490, 526 pseudo-post-present subdomain 499 pseudo-post-present zone 499 pseudo-pre-present subdomain 490, 493Ϫ494, 507, 526, 534 pseudo-pre-present zone 472Ϫ473, 491, 493, 502, 504, 526 pseudo-present subdomain 534 pseudo-present time 474 (see also pseudo-t 0 ) pseudo-sloppy simultaneity 648Ϫ649, 667Ϫ672 pseudo-t 0 26, 147, 411Ϫ412, 472, 489Ϫ495, 498Ϫ503, 506Ϫ510, 514, 526, 532Ϫ534, 537Ϫ538, 541 (see also Pseudo-t 0 -System) Pseudo-t 0 -System 519, 527, 533Ϫ570, 638, 646, 656, 675Ϫ676, 681, 689, 691Ϫ692, 700Ϫ702, 706, 709, 720, 725Ϫ526, 528, 737, 740, 743, 746, 749, 755Ϫ757 pseudo-zero-point see pseudo-t 0 punctual Adv-time 132, 135, 138, 140Ϫ141, 145, 167, 173, 197, 368, 398, 640 (see also punctual time- specifying adverbial) punctual situation 36, 45Ϫ47, 51, 55, 58Ϫ59, 65, 67, 127, 131, 138, 168, 173Ϫ175, 637 (see also punctual situ- ation type) punctual situation time 125, 131Ϫ133, 135Ϫ136, 138Ϫ142, 165Ϫ168, 175, 197, 378, 392, 394, 413Ϫ414, 508, 639Ϫ640, 646, 654 punctual situation type 50, 57Ϫ59, 70 punctual situation verb (phrase) 45Ϫ 47, 57Ϫ59, 61, 273 punctual time-specifying adverbial 132, 135Ϫ136, 140, 167, 398Ϫ401, 436, 616 punctual transition 59Ϫ60, 65, 70 punctual verb see punctual situation verb pure duration adverbial 133, 142Ϫ144, 167Ϫ168, 612, 614, 616, 618, 620, 631 pure future 103Ϫ105, 107, 337, 339Ϫ 340, 342Ϫ345, 352, 359Ϫ360 Q quantificational constitution read- ing 229, 232, 238, 246, 248, 252Ϫ 268, 282Ϫ286, 288, 290Ϫ293, 303, 317, 322, 326, 329, 331Ϫ332, 473, 478, 599Ϫ600, 613, 618Ϫ620, 627, 630 R recency interpretation see recency reading recency reading 221, 231, 244, 249Ϫ 250, 265, 276, 297, 463, 467Ϫ469, 475, 477, 484, 524Ϫ525, 632 recent indefinite bygone time 623Ϫ625 recursivity 159, 170, 489, 502Ϫ503 referent 40 referential definite noun phrase 574 regular verb 23 relative-absolute deictic Adv-time 592 relative-absolute deictic time-specifying adverbial 592 Index 843 relative deictic Adv-time 592 relative deictic time-specifying adver- bial 591Ϫ592 relative past tense 124, 155Ϫ156, 372Ϫ374, 380, 383Ϫ424, 448Ϫ449, 461Ϫ467, 491Ϫ492, 501Ϫ502, 505Ϫ 506, 520, 523, 534, 579, 596, 655, 661, 677Ϫ678, 681, 689, 692Ϫ698, 722, 732Ϫ733, 735, 748 relative tense 25Ϫ27, 120Ϫ121, 153Ϫ 154, 156Ϫ158, 199, 372, 232, 372Ϫ 374, 377, 380, 383Ϫ424, 428, 432, 446Ϫ499, 467Ϫ468, 485Ϫ486, 490Ϫ 491, 501Ϫ502, 534, 575, 485Ϫ486, 652, 654, 656, 689Ϫ692, 695, 697Ϫ 699, 707Ϫ725, 737, 744, 747 (see also absolute-relative tense, complex rela- tive tense, conditional tense, condi- tional perfect tense, past perfect tense, pseudo-absolute-relative tense form, relative past tense) repetitive 28, 35Ϫ37, 46, 53Ϫ54, 58, 79Ϫ80, 238, 259, 271, 273, 462, 466Ϫ476, 483, 487, 595, 597Ϫ598, 613, 676Ϫ678, 681Ϫ682 replay comment 179 represented speech 388, 390Ϫ392, 394, 395Ϫ397, 401, 413, 436, 451, 469, 471, 521, 542, 555, 698, 719 restrictive when-clause 672 result see direct result, indirect result resultative reading 248, 305Ϫ306, 510, 713, 724 ( see also direct result, indi- rect result) rhetorical question 181 root modality 39 S scope 187Ϫ188, 244, 294, 616, 695 semantics of a tense 26Ϫ27, 119Ϫ121, 155, 176, 195, 202, 212Ϫ219, 222Ϫ 224, 228, 233, 295, 304, 369Ϫ370, 386, 396, 409, 420, 423, 449, 541 semelfactive aspect 28, 36, 277, 597 sentence 13Ϫ14 shift of domain 381Ϫ382, 393, 396, 574, 427, 432, 446, 464Ϫ465, 467Ϫ 468, 470, 475Ϫ485, 490, 495, 516, 518, 524Ϫ525, 695, 706, 720 shift of temporal domain see shift of domain shift of temporal focus 105, 466, 574, 577, 581Ϫ583, 585 shift of temporal perspective 129Ϫ130, 176, 180Ϫ181, 199, 337, 382, 424Ϫ 425, 461, 484, 489, 491, 501Ϫ502, 524Ϫ526, 533, 535, 551 shift the domain see shift of domain simple situation-template 40Ϫ43, 47, 58 simultaneity 25, 123Ϫ125, 496 (see also Adv-time-simultaneity, pseudo- sloppy simultaneity, sloppy simulta- neity, T-simultaneity, W-simultane- ity) since-adverbial 189, 191, 266, 600, 605Ϫ611 (see also since-clause) since-clause 289, 447Ϫ448, 523, 600, 608Ϫ611 since-cleft 263, 447 single-zone adverbial 593 situation kind see situation type situation-template 40Ϫ44, 47Ϫ48, 51, 55Ϫ56, 58, 60Ϫ61, 63Ϫ64, 66, 77Ϫ 78 situation time 95, 116Ϫ117, 365 situation-time adverbial 136Ϫ137, 638Ϫ641, 644, 649, 658, 662Ϫ667, 687Ϫ690, 698Ϫ699, 707, 716Ϫ723, 727, 745Ϫ750, 754 situation time of the after-clause 742Ϫ 751 situation time of the before-clause 687Ϫ692, 694, 696, 706Ϫ709, 713, 715, 718, 722, 725Ϫ728, 731, 733Ϫ 734 situation time of the until-clause 407, 739Ϫ741 situation time of the when-clause 122, 143, 393, 638, 641, 643Ϫ661, 664Ϫ 667, 670Ϫ672, 675, 677Ϫ678, 681 844 Index situation time of the while-clause 294 situation type 12, 28Ϫ29, 41Ϫ45, 47Ϫ 51, 55Ϫ57, 59Ϫ61, 63Ϫ71, 77Ϫ78, 201, 229, 279 situation-unbounding adverbial constitu- ent 600 (see also unbounding con- stituent) sloppy simultaneity 496Ϫ497, 560Ϫ 561, 647Ϫ648 (see also pseudo- sloppy simultaneity) Special Present Time-sphere Sys- tem 176Ϫ188, 619, 675, 704Ϫ706, 729 specificational {clause / meaning / sentence} 259Ϫ267, 312, 447, 544 state 45, 51Ϫ53, 66, 68 state verb 51 static situation see state static situation verb see state verb stem 23 strict coincidence 123Ϫ124, 369 strong intensional verb 554, 569 strong verb 23Ϫ24 subclause 14 subdomain 158Ϫ159, 383, 502Ϫ503 subject complement 21 subjunctive see present subjunctive, past subjunctive subordinate clause see subclause subordinating conjunction 14 subsituation 34Ϫ36, 258Ϫ259 T t 0 see temporal zero-point t 0 -factual see factual at t 0 t 0 -nonfactual see not-yet-factual at t 0 T-anteriority 123Ϫ125, 369 T-binding see temporal binding T-bygone 196 T-concept 368 (see also T-interpreta- tion, T-relation) telic 60Ϫ65, 68, 70Ϫ72, 75Ϫ82, 238, 254, 272Ϫ273, 278Ϫ279 telicizing constituent 63Ϫ64 telos 63 temporal adverbial 132Ϫ134 (see also bifunctional adverbial, pure duration adverbial, temporal clause, time-spec- ifying adverbial) temporal anchor see Anchor time temporal binding 157Ϫ158, 374Ϫ375, 380, 516Ϫ522, 660Ϫ666 temporal clause see after-clause, be- fore-clause, since-clause, until- clause, when-clause, while-clause temporal domain 119Ϫ121, 123Ϫ125, 153Ϫ159, 372Ϫ373, 376Ϫ382 temporal focus 511, 546, 571Ϫ573Ϫ 587 (see also actualization focus) temporal interpretation see temporal W-interpretation, T-interpretation temporal subdomain see subdomain temporal subordination see temporal binding temporal W-interpretation 122, 126Ϫ 127, 216Ϫ224, 252, 369 temporal zero-point 97Ϫ98, 110Ϫ112, 117, 138, 148, 173 temporary habit 35, 37, 271 Ϫ273 tense 22, 96 tense auxiliary 24Ϫ25 tense form 96 tense relation 122, 369 (see also T-ante- riority, T-posteriority, T-simultane- ity) tense structure 96, 120, 214, 386 tensed verb form 15 tenseless see untensed tentative 128Ϫ129, 568, 673Ϫ674 terminative 28, 32, 140Ϫ141, 168, 401, 744 time adverbial see temporal adverbial time clause see temporal clause time line 149, 154, 377 time of evaluation see evaluation time time of orientation see orientation time time of the full situation 116, 365 (see also full situation) time of the predicated situation see sit- uation time time of the situation see situation time Index 845 time-specifying adverbial 132Ϫ138, 591Ϫ595, 603Ϫ605, 612, 619, 637, 650Ϫ651, 687, 750 time-sphere 147Ϫ152 time-zone 148Ϫ151, 370Ϫ372 T-interpretation 214Ϫ218, 369 T-posteriority 125, 369, 387Ϫ388, 450Ϫ458, 462Ϫ464, 499 transition reading 58Ϫ59, 68, 70Ϫ71 transitional event verb 45 transitional situation verb 46, 59 transitive verb 21 transparent interpretation 407, 469, 541, 554Ϫ555, 567, 695, 712, 717 T-relation 122, 369 (see also T-anteri- ority, T-posteriority, T-simultaneity) T-simultaneity 122Ϫ125, 377Ϫ378, 380, 383, 409, 414Ϫ416, 448Ϫ449, 486, 494Ϫ498 type of situation see situation type U unanchored time-specifying adver- bial 398Ϫ401 (see also nondeictic time-specifying adverbial) unbounding constituent 80, 600 unembedded clause see independent clause unexpanded domain 155, 158, 373 unidirectional relation 378, 414Ϫ416 universal sentence 130Ϫ131 unmarked interpretation 259, 287, 342, 423, 514, 520, 576, 614Ϫ615, 647, 649Ϫ650, 660Ϫ661, 667, 714 unmarked orientation time 117 unmarked temporal focus 576Ϫ581, 583Ϫ585 unmarked temporal interpretation see Principle of Unmarked Temporal In- terpretation unmarked tense 176, 179Ϫ180, 450, 502, 552, 561, 600, 668 unmarked up-to-now interpretation see unmarked up-to-now reading unmarked up-to-now reading 229, 232, 236Ϫ237, 240, 252Ϫ255, 277Ϫ281, 292Ϫ293, 478, 613, 618, 621 unreality see irrealis unspecified orientation time 118, 368 untensed 15Ϫ17, 98Ϫ99 until-adverbial 80, 616Ϫ618, 740Ϫ741 (see also until-clause) until-clause 406Ϫ407, 738Ϫ741 up-to-now interpretation see up-to- now reading up-to-now perfect 226, 460 up-to-now reading (of clause in the pres- ent perfect) 216, 219, 222Ϫ223, 228Ϫ233, 251Ϫ270, 277Ϫ286, 289Ϫ 294, 445, 474Ϫ478, 613 utterance-explaining because- clause 552Ϫ 253 V value (of specificational sentence) 259Ϫ266 (see also specificational) value constituent see value vantage time 29, 33, 285, 344 variable (of specificational sentence) 259Ϫ263 variable constituent see variable verb complement see complement verb form 15Ϫ17, 19 verb of creation 298Ϫ300 verb of state see state verb verb phrase 12Ϫ13, 15, 20, 41Ϫ45, 47Ϫ52, 57Ϫ68, 77Ϫ78, 81 W W-anteriority 122, 126, 369Ϫ370, 479 W-bounded 73, 198, 224Ϫ226 W-bygone 196 W-concept 368 (see also W-interpreta- tion, W-relation) weak intensional verb 555 weak verb 23 wh-question 181, 254, 260Ϫ261, 322, 331Ϫ332 846 Index when-clause 78, 122, 137, 143, 221, 275, 393, 635Ϫ681 while-clause 293Ϫ294, 477Ϫ478 W-interpretation see temporal W-inter- pretation W-nonbounded 235, 238 world relation see W-relation W-posteriority 126, 385Ϫ389, 482, 517Ϫ518, 669, 720, 751Ϫ752 W-reading see temporal W-interpreta- tion W-relation 122, 126, 369Ϫ370, 378 (see also W-anteriority, W-posterior- ity, W-simultaneity) W-simultaneity 122, 126Ϫ127, 370, 377Ϫ379, 392Ϫ393, 395Ϫ397, 409, 427, 429Ϫ432, 462, 464Ϫ468, 471Ϫ 472, 480Ϫ481, 517Ϫ522, 579, 648Ϫ 649, 663Ϫ665 W-simultaneous domains 378, 429, 466, 471 Z zero-conjunction 14 zero-point see temporal zero-point zero-time see temporal zero-point zone see time-zone zone-independent adverbial 593Ϫ594, 596 zone-independent time-specifying adver- bial see zone-independent adver- bial . variable verb complement see complement verb form 15Ϫ17, 19 verb of creation 298Ϫ300 verb of state see state verb verb phrase 12Ϫ13, 15, 20, 41Ϫ45, 47Ϫ52, 57Ϫ68, 77Ϫ78, 81 W W-anteriority 122, 126,. 733Ϫ 734 situation time of the until-clause 407, 739Ϫ741 situation time of the when-clause 122, 143, 393, 638, 641, 643Ϫ661, 664Ϫ 667, 670Ϫ672, 675, 677Ϫ678, 681 844 Index situation time of the while-clause. line 149, 154, 377 time of evaluation see evaluation time time of orientation see orientation time time of the full situation 116, 365 (see also full situation) time of the predicated situation