Thông tin tài liệu
H ha ha symbol hectare habit habit noun the characteristic way in which a specific plant grows ć a bush with an erect habit ć a plant with a creeping habit habitat habitat noun the type of environment in which a specific organism lives habitat action plan habitat action plan noun a detailed description of a specific habitat together with the detailed actions and targets proposed for conserving it. Abbr HAP habitat management habitat management noun same as nature management habitat restoration habitat restoration noun activity carried out to return an area to a former more favourable condition for wildlife HACCP HACCP /hsəp/ noun a process for identifying and controlling hazards within a process, e.g. in the food industry. Full form Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points hack hack noun 1. a riding horse 2. a horse let out to hire í verb to ride a horse, especially to ride a horse to a show, as opposed to taking the horse in a box hackles hackles plural noun the long feathers on the neck of a domestic cock hackney hackney /hkni/ noun a type of horse used both for riding and as a draught animal haemoglobin haemoglobin /himə | ləυbn/ noun a red protein in red blood cells that combines reversibly with oxygen and transports it round the body. Abbr Hb COMMENT: Haemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs and carries it in the blood to the tissues. Haemoglobin is also attracted to carbon monoxide and readily absorbs it instead of oxygen, causing carbon monoxide poisoning. Hagberg Hagberg /hb/, Hagberg test noun a test used to determine the milling quality of wheat COMMENT: The test measures the falling time of wheat, using ground wheat in suspension in water. A good milling wheat has a high falling time, and wheat with low falling times is not normally used in milling. Hagberg test kits are available for farmers to make their own tests on samples of wheat. Hagberg falling number Hagberg falling number noun the falling time in seconds in the Hagberg test ć a top quality wheat with a specific weight of 79–80, Hagberg 350 and protein of 12% hair balls hair balls noun balls of hair which collect in the stomach of animals making digestion difficult. They can cause fits and convulsions in very young calves, and sight may be slightly impaired. hairworm hairworm /heəwm/ noun a very thin worm of the species Capellaria, which infests poultry hake bar hake bar /hek bɑ/ noun an attachment which links a trailed plough to the tractor half-breed half-breed noun an animal of mixed breed, mainly applied to crossbred sheep half-hardy half-hardy adjective referring to a plant that is able to tolerate cold weather down to about 5C. ı hardy Half long Half long noun a sheep produced by crossing a Cheviot ram with a Blackface ewe half-standard half-standard noun a type of fruit tree with a trunk shorter than that of a full standard, about 1.2m from the ground to the first branches halo- halo- /hləυ/ prefix salt halo blight halo blight noun a disease which affects the pods of peas and beans, making them brown and withered halomorphic soil halomorphic soil /hləυmɔfk sɔl/ noun soil that contains large amounts of salt halophyte halophyte /hləfat/ noun a plant that is able to grow in salty soil, as in estuaries Agriculture.fm Page 120 Tuesday, July 11, 2006 12:33 PM 121 hatchery halothane gene halothane gene /hləυθen din/ noun a recessive gene found in some breeds of pigs which affects the animal’s susceptibility to stress and can lead to porcine stress syndrome (NOTE: The gene is called the halothane gene because it can be tested for by exposing the pigs to the anaesthetic halothane.) ‘Molecular biology has enable tremendous strides. Eliminating the halothane gene is one example and there will be more equally significant advances to come.’ [Pig Farming] halter halter /hɔltə/ noun a rope with a noose for holding and leading horses or cattle ham ham noun 1. the thigh of the back leg of a pig 2. meat from this part of the pig, usually cured in brine and dried in smoke hammer mill hammer mill noun a machine used in the preparation of animal feed by grinding cereals into meal COMMENT: A typical hammer mill has a high-speed shaft with a grinding rotor at one end and a fan at the other. Eight flails are attached to the rotor which beat the grain into meal. Hampshire Hampshire /hmpʃə/ noun an Amer- ican breed of black-haired pig with white markings. It is similar to the British Saddleback which has black skin and a white saddle. Hampshire Down Hampshire Down noun a short stocky early-maturing sheep, originating from Berkshire ewe flocks and Southdown rams hand hand noun a measure used to show the height of a horse. One hand is 10.16cm, and the measurement is taken from the ground to the withers of the horse. hand collection hand collection, hand picking noun the picking of fruit such as bananas or peaches by hand hand feeding hand feeding, hand rearing noun the process of bringing up orphaned animals by feeding them with a bottle hand hoe hand hoe noun a garden implement with a small sharp blade, used to break up the surface of the soil or to cut off weeds COMMENT: There are several types of hand hoe, including the Dutch hoe, where the blade is more or less straight and is pushed by the operator, the draw hoe has the blade set at right angles to the handle and is used for drawing drills at seed-sowing time. The Canterbury hoe does not have a blade, but is like a three-pronged fork, with the prongs set a right angles to the handle. handle handle noun a term used to describe the texture or feel of wool hand pulling hand pulling noun the act of pulling weeds or plants out of the ground by hand hank hank /hŋk/ noun wool which has been spun into a thread and coiled into a loop for convenience. A hank is 560 yards long. HAP HAP abbreviation habitat action plan harden off harden off verb to make plants which have been raised in a greenhouse become gradually more used to the natural temper- ature outdoors ć After seedlings have been grown in the greenhouse, they need to be hardened off before planting outside in the open ground. hardjo hardjo /hɑdjəυ/ Leptospira hardjo hardpan hardpan /hɑdpn/ noun a hard cement-like layer in the soil or subsoil, which can be very harmful as it prevents good drainage and stops root development hard wheat hard wheat noun wheat with a hard grain rich in gluten hardwood hardwood noun a slow-growing broad- leaved tree, e.g. oak, teak or mahogany hardy hardy adjective referring to a plant able to tolerate cold weather, especially below 5 °C. ı half-hardy hare hare noun a long-eared furry animal, similar to but larger than a rabbit, with hind legs longer than forelegs haricot bean haricot bean /hrkəυ bin/ noun the dry ripe seed of the French bean harrow harrow /hrəυ/ noun a piece of equip- ment with teeth or discs, used for breaking up soil or levelling the surface of ploughed soil í verb to level the surface of ploughed soil with a harrow, covering seeds that have been sown in furrows harvest harvest noun 1. the time when a crop is gathered 2. a crop that is gathered ć We think this year’s wheat harvest will be a good one. í verb 1. to gather a crop that is ripe ć They are harvesting the barley. 2. to gather a natural resource harvester harvester /hɑvstə/ noun a machine which harvests a crop ć Most crops are now harvested by machines such as combine harvesters or sugar beet harvesters. HASSOP HASSOP /hsəp/ noun HACCP ( NOTE: HACCP is pronounced as if it were spelt HASSOP.) hatch hatch verb to become mature and break out of the egg í noun a brood of chicks hatchery hatchery /htʃəri/ noun a place where eggs are kept warm artificially until the Agriculture.fm Page 121 Tuesday, July 11, 2006 12:33 PM hatchery waste 122 animal inside becomes mature enough to break out hatchery waste hatchery waste noun surplus chicks or embryos produced in a hatchery (NOTE: The animal welfare code lays down rules for the humane slaughter of hatchery waste, and there are also strict rules governing how this waste may be disposed of.) haulm haulm /hɔm/ noun the stalks and stems of peas, beans and potatoes haulm roller haulm roller noun a roller found on potato harvesters and grading machinery haulm silage haulm silage noun silage made from the stems and leaves of peas and beans left after harvest haunch haunch /hɔnʃ/ noun the hind leg of an animal, especially a deer hawthorn hawthorn /hɔθɔn/ noun a small tree (Crataegus monogyna) with spiny shoots, used for hedges round grazing areas hay hay noun grass mowed and dried before it has flowered, used for feeding animals COMMENT: Hay is cut before the grass flowers and at this stage in its growth it is a nutritious fodder. If it is mowed after it has flowered it is called straw, and is of less use as a food and so is used for bedding. hay bale hay bale noun hay which has been compressed into a square, rectangular or round bale, so that it can be handled and stored more easily hay baler hay baler noun a machine which gathers cut hay and makes it into bales haycock haycock /heikɒk/ noun formerly, a conical heap of raked hay hay fever hay fever noun same as pollinosis haylage haylage /heilid/ noun hay for silage, cut and compressed in plastic bags so that it stays green without any fungus being able to spread hayloader hayloader /heiləυdə/ noun an imple- ment for loading hay from the field into a trailer haymaking haymaking /heimeikiŋ/ noun the cutting of grass in fields to make hay COMMENT: Haymaking normally needs three to four days of fine weather in early season and two to three days when the humidity falls as temperatures rise. The critical period for hay occurs when the crop is partly dried in the field. The object should be to dry the crop as much as possible without too much exposure to sun, and the least possible movement after the crop is partially dry. Field-dried hay is normally baled, and further barn drying is common. hay net hay net noun a coarse meshed net bag which is filled with hay and hung up for horses to feed from hay quality hay quality noun the nutritional value of hay, which can depend on the weather conditions and the time taken to dry ‘The farm is now mainly permanent pasture, or grass and legumes for grazing and hay. Some of this pasture has been renovated with clover, and rye is direct drilled into hay fields in the autumn for late season grazing and to improve hay quality.’ [Farmers Weekly] hay rack hay rack noun a wooden frame containing hay, which is placed where live- stock can feed from it hay rake hay rake noun an implement used for raking hay prior to collection or baling hay seed hay seed noun grass seed obtained from hay haystack haystack /heistk/ noun a heap of hay, built in the open air and protected by thatching; not used very often nowadays hay-sweep hay-sweep noun an implement used to collect hay from swaths and carry it to a stack hazard hazard noun something with the poten- tial to cause injury, damage or loss ć a fire hazard ć a health hazard Compare risk Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points noun full form of HACCP hazel hazel /heiz(ə)l/ noun a nut-bearing tree (Corylus avellana) Hb Hb abbreviation haemoglobin HCC HCC abbreviation Hybu Cig Cymru (NOTE: The English name is ‘Meat Promo- tion Wales’.) HDC HDC abbreviation Horticultural Develop- ment Council headage headage /hedid/ noun the number of animals of a specified type, such as cattle, used as a basis for calculating subsidy payments head corn head corn noun the largest grains in a sample of cereal header header noun a machine which removes the seed heads from plants. ı stripper- header headfly headfly /hedflai/, head fly noun a para- sitic insect Hydrotaea irritans which mainly affects sheep and can transmit summer mastitis heading date heading date noun the average date by which a certain percentage of a crop has Agriculture.fm Page 122 Tuesday, July 11, 2006 12:33 PM 123 hedge formed seedheads. This is used by farmers to make decisions on which variety of a crop is more suitable for the environment in which they are planning to grow it. headland headland /hedlənd/ noun an unculti- vated area of soil at the edge of a field, where a tractor turns when ploughing. ı conservation headland headrail headrail /hedrel/ noun a rail across the front of a cubicle, to which a halter can be attached Health and Safety Executive Health and Safety Executive noun a UK government organisation responsible for checking people’s working environ- ment. Abbr HSE health and welfare plan health and welfare plan noun a written report made by a farmer in consul- tation with a vet, describing how livestock will be cared for ‘The guidance suggested that farmers should prepare a herd health and welfare plan with their vet which should include measures to control the disease such as early removal of diseased cattle, not breeding from their offspring and making sure that calves only receive colostrum from their own mother where possible. This culminated in last September’s launch of the Johne’s Initiative with backing from various industry bodies.’ [Dairy Farmer] heart heart noun 1. a muscular organ that pumps blood round an animal’s body 2. the compact central part of a vegetable such as lettuce, cabbage or celery, where new leaves or stalks form 3. the innermost part of something ć This tree grows only in the heart of the forest. 4. ˽ soil which is in good heart soil which is fertile and produces large yields of crops heart rot heart rot noun a disease of sugar beet and mangolds, caused by boron deficiency. A dry rot spreads from the crown downwards and attacks the roots. The growing point is killed, and replaced by a mass of small deformed leaves. heartwood heartwood /hɑtwυd/ noun the hard dead wood in the centre of a tree trunk which helps support the tree. Compare sapwood. Also called duramen heat heat noun 1. ˽ to sow lettuces under heat to sow lettuce seed in a heated green- house 2. the period when a female animal will allow mating. Technical name oestrus ˽ an animal on heat a female animal in the period when she will accept a mate heath heath noun an area of acid soil where low shrubs such as heather and gorse grow and which are treeless as a result of grazing by animals COMMENT: Lowland heaths are found on dry sandy soils or gravel below 300 m. Upland heaths are found on mineral soils or shallow peat and may be dry or wet, with mosses growing in wetter condi- tions. heather heather noun a plant (Calluna vulgaris) found on acid soils, common in upland areas. It is used by game birds such as grouse for cover and food. COMMENT: The main competing uses for heather moorland in the UK are grouse shooting, sheep grazing, afforestation, recreational use and landscape conser- vation. heathland heathland /hiθlnd/ noun a wide area of heath heat stress heat stress noun distress and discom- fort suffered by an animal because it is too hot heat treatment heat treatment noun the use of high temperatures, typically 45°C, to disinfest storage areas or containers heaves heaves /hivz/ noun a condition of horses, where spores from mouldy hay block the animals’ lungs, making breathing difficult heavy cropper heavy cropper noun a tree or plant that produces a large crop of fruit heavy grains heavy grains plural noun cereal crops such as maize, rye and wheat. Abbr HG. Compare light grains heavy soils heavy soils plural noun soils with a high clay content, which need more tractor power when ploughing and cultivating Hebridean sheep Hebridean sheep /hebr | diən ʃip/ noun a rare breed of small black sheep of Scandinavian origin. The fleece is jet- black in colour, and the animals have one pair of horns curling downwards and another pair almost upright. hectare hectare noun an area of land measuring 100 by 100 metres, i.e. 10000 square metres or 2.47 acres. Symbol ha hecto- hecto- /hektəυ/ prefix one hundred, 10 2 . Symbol H hedge hedge noun a row of bushes planted to provide a barrier around a field or garden COMMENT: It is said that you can judge the age of a hedge by counting the woody plant species in it and multiplying by 100; the more species there are, the older the hedge is. About three-quarters Agriculture.fm Page 123 Tuesday, July 11, 2006 12:33 PM hedgebank 124 of the farms in England and Wales have hedges, with an estimated total length of 500,000km. Since 1997, there have been regulations in place to restrict the removal of hedges and it is illegal to remove a hedge without permission from the local planning authority. hedgebank hedgebank /hedbŋk/ noun a raised strip of earth on which a hedge is planted ć primroses growing on the hedgebank hedgecutter hedgecutter /hed | ktə/, hedget- rimmer noun an implement attached to a tractor, used to trim hedges. Smaller hand- held units are available. hedgelaying hedgelaying /hedleŋ/ noun a tradi- tional method of cultivating hedges, where tall saplings are cut through halfway and then bent over so that they lie horizontally and make a thick barrier hedgerow hedgerow noun a line of bushes forming a hedge (NOTE: Under the Hedgerow Regu- lations, it is now forbidden to remove a hedgerow without permission from the local planning authority.) hedging hedging /hedŋ/ noun the skill of culti- vating hedges heel in heel in verb to place plants in a trench and cover with soil until needed for permanent planting heft heft /heft/ noun a group of mountain sheep which graze the same area in which they were born, although not kept in by fences heifer heifer noun a female cow which has not calved or has calved for the first time hemlock hemlock /hemlɒk/ noun a poisonous plant. Latin name: Conium maculatum. hemlock poisoning hemlock poisoning noun poisoning of young cattle by eating fresh shoots of the hemlock. Sheep and goats are believed to be resistant to the poison. hemp hemp noun a plant used to make rope and that also produces an addictive drug. Latin name: Cannabis sativa. hemp nettle hemp nettle noun a common weed (Galeopsis tetrahit) which affects spring cereals and vegetables. Also called glide- wort, holyrope hen hen noun 1. a female of the common domestic fowl 2. any female bird, e.g. a hen pheasant. ı fat hen henhouse henhouse /henhaυs/ noun a small wooden building for keeping hens hen in lay hen in lay noun a bird which is laying eggs herb herb noun 1. a plant that is used to add flavour in cooking 2. a plant that has medicinal properties 3. a non-woody flow- ering plant that has no perennial stem above the ground in winter herb- herb- /hb/ prefix referring to plants or vegetation herbaceous herbaceous /hə | beʃəs/ adjective refer- ring to plants with soft non-woody tissue that die down above ground to survive through the winter herbage herbage /hbd/ noun the green plants, especially grass, eaten by grazing animals herbage allowance herbage allowance noun the weight of herbage per unit of live weight at a point in time herbage consumed herbage consumed noun the mass of herbage once it has been consumed by grazing animals herbage mass herbage mass noun the weight of herbage produced in a specified area herbage residual herbage residual noun herbage remaining after defoliation herbarium herbarium /h | beəriəm/ noun a collec- tion of preserved plant or fungal speci- mens, especially one that is used for scien- tific study and classification herbicide herbicide noun a chemical that kills plants, especially used to control weeds herbivore herbivore noun an animal that feeds only on plants. ı carnivore, detritivore, frugi- vore, omnivore herbivorous herbivorous /h | bvərəs/ adjective referring to an animal that feeds only on plants herd herd noun a number of animals such as cattle kept together on a farm or looked after by a farmer ć They have a herd of beef cattle. ć Dairy herds have been reduced since the introduction of the milk quota system. (NOTE: The word ‘herd’ is usually used with cattle; for sheep, goats, and birds such as hens or geese, the word to use is ‘flock’.) í verb 1. to tend a herd of animals 2. to gather animals together ć herding the cows into the yard herd book herd book noun the record of animals kept by breeding societies in which only the offspring of registered animals can be recorded herd health herd health noun the welfare of a herd of cattle taken as a whole, particularly regarding the spread of infectious diseases herdmark herdmark noun a unique marker assigned to each herd of pigs by Defra and Agriculture.fm Page 124 Tuesday, July 11, 2006 1:39 PM 125 highlands used to identify the animals when being moved from the farm herd register herd register noun an official record of a herd’s movements, medical history and birth and death figures ‘The bovine herd register is available as a printed report and all subsidy claims are catered for, while all programs record movements, calvings and drying off as a standard.’ [Farmers Guardian] herdsman herdsman /hdzmən/ noun someone who looks after a herd of animals herdsperson herdsperson /hdzpsən/ noun a farm worker who looks after a herd of live- stock herd tester herd tester noun a person who tests a dairy herd for butterfat content Herdwick Herdwick /hdwk/ noun a mountain breed of sheep, native to the Lake District, which are able to survive in bitter winter conditions. The rams have horns. hereditary hereditary adjective referring to a genet- ically controlled characteristic that is passed from parent to offspring heredity heredity noun the transfer of genetically controlled characteristics from parent to offspring Hereford Hereford /herfəd/ noun a breed of large, hardy cattle that are deep red in colour, with a white head and chest. Here- fords are an early-maturing breed, and are important for beef production. herringbone parlour herringbone parlour /herŋbəυn pɑlə / noun a type of milking parlour with no stalls and where the operator works from a central pit. The cattle stand side by side at an angle on each side of the central pit. heterologous heterologous /hetə | rɒləəs/ adjective differing in structural features or origin heterosis heterosis /hetə | rəυss/ noun an increase in size or rate of growth, fertility or resistance to disease found in offspring of a cross between organisms with different genotypes. Also called hybrid vigour . Compare inbreeding depression heterotroph heterotroph /hetərəυtrɒf/ noun an organism that requires carbon in organic form and cannot manufacture it (NOTE: Animals, fungi and some algae and bacteria are heterotrophs.) heterotrophic heterotrophic /hetərəυ | trɒfk/ adjec- tive referring to a heterotroph ć a hetero- trophic organism heterozygous heterozygous /hetərəυ | zaəs/ adjec- tive relating to a cell or organism that has two or more variant forms (alleles) of at least one of its genes (NOTE: The offspring of such an organism may differ with regard to the characteristics determined by the gene or genes involved, depending on which version of the gene they inherit.) Hevea Hevea /hiviə/ noun the Latin name for the rubber tree HFA HFA abbreviation Hill Farm Allowance HFCS HFCS abbreviation high fructose corn syrup Hg Hg symbol mercury HG HG abbreviation heavy grains HGCA HGCA noun an organisation established to improve the production and marketing of UK cereal crops and oilseeds, and to promote research. Full form Home Grown Cereals Authority hide hide noun the skin of an animal, which is important commercially both in its raw state and as leather hide-bound hide-bound noun a condition where dehydration makes it difficult for the animal’s skin to move over the underlying tissues HIE HIE abbreviation Highlands and Islands Enterprise Higher Level Stewardship Higher Level Stewardship noun one of the categories under the Environmental Stewardship scheme, where farmers can apply for funding in return for imple- menting complex environmental manage- ment schemes on their land. Abbr HLS high fructose corn syrup high fructose corn syrup noun a sweetener used in the soft drinks industry, extracted from maize. Abbr HFCS. Also called isoglucose high-input farming high-input farming noun intensive agriculture which uses fertiliser, pesticides and modern machinery to guarantee a large crop output. Compare low-input farming highland highland /halənd/ adjective referring to a hilly or mountainous area ć Highland vegetation is mainly grass, heather and herbs. Highland Highland noun a hardy breed of beef cattle, with long shaggy hair hiding a dense undercoat. The breed is small, has very long horns, matures slowly and is native to the Highlands and Western Isles of Scot- land. highlands highlands noun an area of mountains ć Farmers in the highlands mostly raise sheep. highlands Highlands and Islands Enterprise noun a business and community develop- Agriculture.fm Page 125 Tuesday, July 11, 2006 12:33 PM high mortality rate 126 ment association for the Scottish High- lands. Abbr HIE high mortality rate high mortality rate noun a high percentage of animals in a group which die high-performance high-performance adjective designed to operate very efficiently high-tech high-tech adjective technologically advanced (informal) high temperature short time method high temperature short time method noun the usual method of pasteurising milk, where the milk is heated to 72°C for 15 seconds and then rapidly cooled. Abbr HTST high-yielding high-yielding adjective producing a large crop ć They have started to grow high-yielding varieties of wheat. hill hill noun an area of ground higher than the surrounding areas but not as high as a mountain hill drainage hill drainage noun a small open chan- nels about ten to sixty metres apart, dug to drain hilly grazing areas hill farm hill farm noun a farm in mountainous country, with 95% or more of its land clas- sified as rough grazing, mainly for breeding ewe flocks Hill Farm Allowance Hill Farm Allowance noun a support payment available for owners of hill farms to help with running costs. Abbr HFA hill grazing hill grazing noun grassland used for sheep and cattle grazing in hilly and moun- tainous areas hill land hill land noun land on hills, mountains or moors (NOTE: The Hill Livestock Compen- satory allowance order classifies such marginal land in upland and hilly areas and makes payments to compensate for farming in these more difficult conditions.) Hill Radnor Hill Radnor noun Radnor hilum hilum /haləm/ noun the point where a seed is attached to a pod. When the seed is ripe and has been separated from the pod, a black scar can be seen on the seed. hind hind /hand/ adjective referring to the back part of an animal í noun a female deer hind legs hind legs plural noun the back legs of an animal hindquarters hindquarters /handkwɔtəz/ noun the back part of an animal, including the haunches and hind legs hinge hinge noun soil which is left uncut by a plough when it has failed to cut a full furrow hirsel hirsel /hsəl/ noun 1. a heft of sheep 2. a piece of ground and flock looked after by one shepherd Hisex Brown Hisex Brown /haseks braυn/, Hisex White noun a hybrid breed of laying fowl histidine histidine /hstədin/ noun an amino acid which is considered essential in infants and children hitch hitch noun the mechanism for connecting implements to tractors. Also called drawbar í verb to attach an implement or trailer to a tractor hive hive noun a box in which bees are kept hive-bee hive-bee noun the domesticated bee (Apis mellifera) hl hl abbreviation hectolitre HLS HLS abbreviation Higher Level Steward- ship hock hock /hɒk/ noun the hind leg joint of mammals, between the knee and the fetlock hoe hoe noun an implement pulled by a tractor to turn the soil between rows of crops, and so to control weeds í verb to cultivate land with a hoe hog hog noun 1. a castrated male pig 2. US any pig hog cholera hog cholera noun same as swine fever hogg hogg /hɒ/ noun a young sheep before the first shearing hogget hogget /hɒt/ noun a sheep roughly six to twelve months old hold hold verb to conceive after artificial insemination ć Thirty ewes were AI’d and nineteen of them held. holding holding noun land and buildings held by a freehold or leasehold occupier holdover holdover /həυldəυvə/ noun a situation where a tenant farmer uses buildings and crops on a farm, after leaving the farm at the end of a tenancy. It may, e.g., involve harvesting crops later in the year after the tenancy has expired. holly holly noun an evergreen tree (Ilex aquifo- lium) producing hard white timber Holstein Holstein /hɒlsten/ noun a Friesian cattle imported into Canada from Holland at the end of the 19th century, now a breed of dairy cattle, black and white in colour. Also called Canadian Holstein, Holstein- Friesian holyrope holyrope /həυlrəυp/ noun same as hemp nettle home farm home farm noun a farm on a large estate, usually farmed by the owner Agriculture.fm Page 126 Tuesday, July 11, 2006 12:33 PM 127 horticultural Home Grown Cereals Authority Home Grown Cereals Authority noun full form of HGCA home-saved seed home-saved seed noun same as farm- saved seed homestead homestead noun a farmhouse with dependent buildings and the land which surrounds it homogenised milk homogenised milk /hə | mɒdənazd mlk / noun milk which is made more digestible by breaking up the fat droplets into smaller particles which are evenly distributed through the liquid homograft homograft /hɒmərɑft/ noun same as allograft homologous pair homologous pair /hɒ | mɒləəs peə/ noun a pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism that are structurally similar and have the same arrangement of genes, although they may carry different alleles (NOTE: One member of each pair is inher- ited from each parent.) honey honey noun a sweet yellow fluid collected by bees from nectar in flowers, and stored in a beehive honey bee honey bee noun a common hive-bee honeycomb honeycomb /hnikəυm/ noun a construction of wax, made by bees for storing honey honey fungus honey fungus noun a fungus which primarily attacks trees and shrubs. Roots become infected by rhizomorphs. In the spring the foliage wilts and turns yellow. hoof hoof noun a horny casing of the foot of a horse, a cow or other animals (NOTE: The plural is either hoofs or hooves.) hoof and horn meal hoof and horn meal noun a fertiliser made from animal hooves and horns hookworm hookworm /hυkwm/ noun a parasitic worm in the intestine which holds onto the wall of the intestine with its teeth and lives on the blood and protein of the carrier hoose hoose /hus/ noun a popular name for a lungworm hop hop noun a climbing plant that has long thin groups of green flowers which are used dried in brewing to add flavour to beer. Latin name: Humulus lupulus. hop bine hop bine noun the new shoot of a hop plant, which has to be made to coil round climbing strings hop mildew hop mildew noun a fungal disease of hops hopper hopper /hɒpə/ noun a container with a hole at the bottom, for holding seed or fertiliser granules. The seed drops from the hole onto the ground or into channels taking it to drills. Hordeum Hordeum /hɔdiəm/ noun the Latin name for barley horizon horizon noun a layer of soil which is of a different colour or texture from the rest COMMENT: In general, the topsoil is called the ‘A’ horizon, the subsoil the ‘B’ hori- zon, and the underlying rock the ‘C’ hori- zon. hormonal hormonal /hɔ | məυn(ə)l/ adjective referring to hormones hormone hormone noun 1. a substance produced in animals in one part of the body which has a particular effect in another part of the body 2. a plant growth factor horn horn noun a hard growth which is formed on the tops of the heads of animals such as cattle, deer, goats and sheep hornbeam hornbeam /hɔnbim/ noun a tree which produces a very hard wood, formerly used in making wheels for farm carts horned horned /hɔnd/ adjective with horns ć a horned variety of sheep hornless hornless /hɔnləs/ adjective without horns ć a hornless breed of cattle horse horse noun a hoofed animal with a flowing mane and tail, used on farms as a working animal, now mainly replaced by tractors COMMENT: The main groups of horses are: the Heavy Draught Class, such as the shire horse; the Light Draught Class, such as the Cleveland Bay; the Saddle and Harness Class, such as the hackney; and the Pony Class, such as the Shetland. horse bean horse bean noun a broad bean used as a fodder horsebox horsebox /hɔsbɒks/ noun a closed vehicle used for transporting horses horsebreaker horsebreaker /hɔsbrekə/ noun a person who trains a horse horsefly horsefly /hɔsfla/ noun a general name for many bloodsucking Tabanid flies. Also called cleg horseshoe horseshoe noun an iron shoe nailed to the hard part of a horse’s hoof horsetail horsetail /hɔstel/ noun a poisonous weed found in grassland horticultural horticultural /hɔt | kltʃərəl/ adjec- tive referring to horticulture horticultural Horticultural Development Council noun a non-departmental government body providing information Agriculture.fm Page 127 Tuesday, July 11, 2006 12:33 PM horticulture 128 and support to people in the horticulture industry, including producers of soft fruit, mushrooms and tree fruit. Abbr HDC horticulture Horticultural Trades Association noun a body which represents the interests of growers, workers and suppliers in the garden industry. Abbr HTA horticulture horticulture noun the cultivation of flowers, fruit and vegetables in gardens, nurseries or glasshouses, as a science, occupation or leisure activity. ı botanical horticulture Horticulture Research International Horticulture Research Interna- tional noun the horticultural research department of the University of Warwick. Abbr HRI horticulturist horticulturist /hɔt | kltʃərst/ noun a person who specialises in horticulture Hosier system Hosier system /həυziə sstəm/ noun a system of dairy cattle management, where the milking of cows is done in the field using a milking pail host host noun a plant or animal on which a parasite lives í adjective referring to a plant or animal on which a parasite lives hothouse hothouse /hɒthaυs/ noun a heated greenhouse house house noun a structure where animals or machinery are kept ć the reptile house ć the engine house í verb to keep livestock in a building ć The animals are housed in clean cubicles. housing housing noun a series of buildings for livestock HRI HRI abbreviation Horticulture Research International HSA HSA abbreviation Humane Slaughter Association HSE HSE abbreviation Health and Safety Executive HTA HTA abbreviation Horticultural Trades Association HTST method HTST method abbreviation high temperature short time method hull hull noun 1. the outer covering of a cereal seed. Hulls form bran. 2. the pod of peas or beans huller huller /hlə/ noun a kind of threshing machine which removes seeds from their husks human-caused human-caused adjective referring to a disaster or event which has been brought about by human beings Humane Slaughter Association Humane Slaughter Association noun a charity which campaigns for animal suffering to be minimised during the slaughter process. Abbr HSA humate humate /hjumet/ noun a salt that is derived from humus humid humid adjective relating to air that contains moisture vapour ć Decomposition of organic matter is rapid in hot and humid conditions. humidify humidify /hju | mdfa/ noun to add water vapour to air to make it more humid humidity humidity noun a measurement of how much water vapour is contained in the air humification humification /hjumf | keʃ(ə)n/ noun the breakdown of rotting organic waste to form humus humify humify /hjumfa/ verb to break down rotting organic waste to form humus hump hump noun the rounded flesh on the back or shoulders of an animal, such as a camel, or certain breeds of cattle humus humus /hjuməs/ noun the fibrous organic matter in soil, formed from decom- posed plants and animal remains, which makes the soil dark and binds it together hundredweight hundredweight noun a measure of weight of dry goods such as grain (NOTE: Abbreviated after numbers to cwt: 5cwt. The British hundredweight is equivalent to 50.8kg, and the US hundredweight is equivalent to 45.4kg.) hungry soil hungry soil noun soil which lacks nutri- ents, and so needs large amounts of ferti- liser to produce good crops hurdle hurdle noun a portable rectangular wooden frame used for temporary fencing for sheep husband husband verb to use a resource carefully husbanding husbanding /hzbəndŋ/ noun the activity of using a resource carefully ć a policy of husbanding scarce natural resources husbandry husbandry /hzbəndri/ noun the activity of looking after farm animals and crops ć a new system of intensive cattle husbandry husbandry system husbandry system noun a written plan for looking after a group of farm animals, looking at considerations such as their habitat, diet, medical care, production rates and general welfare husk husk /hsk/ noun 1. the dry outer covering of cereal grains, which has little food value, and which is removed during threshing 2. a parasitic form of bronchitis which is caused by lungworms and is Agriculture.fm Page 128 Tuesday, July 11, 2006 12:33 PM 129 HYV found mainly in cattle í verb to remove the husk from seeds hybrid hybrid noun a new form of plant or animal resulting from a cross between organisms that have different genotypes ć high-yielding maize hybrids í adjective being the result of a cross between organ- isms that have different genotypes hybridisation hybridisation /habrda | zeʃ(ə)n/, hybridization noun the production of hybrids ‘Another area of interest was the hybridisation of Italian and perennial ryegrass varieties. Italian ryegrasses were valued for their fast growth and bulk, but Italian ryegrass swards tended to last only two years. By cross-breeding perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass, it was expected to produce hybrid varieties retaining many of the advantages of Italian ryegrass but lasting for four or five years, said Mr Johnston.’ [Dairy Farmer] hybridise hybridise /habrdaz/, hybridize verb to produce hybrids by crossing varieties of plants or animals hybrid vigour hybrid vigour noun same as heterosis Hybu Cig Cymru Hybu Cig Cymru noun the red meat promotion board for Wales. Abbr HCC hydrated hydrated /ha | dretd/ adjective refer- ring to a chemical compound in which water is bound hydrated lime hydrated lime noun a substance produced when burnt lime is wetted. It is a mixture of calcium oxide and water, used to improve soil quality. The lime is in powder form, having been burnt to break it down from large lumps. Also called slaked lime (NOTE: The chemical formula is Ca(OH) 2 .) hydraulic conductivity hydraulic conductivity /ha | drɒlk kɒndk | tvti/ noun the rate at which water can move through soil, used as a factor in soil management hydrocarbon hydrocarbon noun a compound formed of hydrogen and carbon hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid /hadrəklɒrk sd / noun an inorganic acid which forms in the stomach and is part of the gastric juices hydrocool hydrocool /hadrə | kul/ verb to cool fresh fruit to prevent it from deteriorating during transport to the retail shop or market hydroelectricity hydroelectricity /hadrəυlek | trsti/ noun the electricity produced by water power hydroelectric power hydroelectric power /hadrəυlektrk paυə/ noun the elec- tricity produced by using a flow of water to drive turbines. Also called hydropower hydrogen hydrogen noun a gaseous chemical element that combines with oxygen to form water, with other elements to form acids, and is present in all animal tissue hydrology hydrology noun the study of water, its composition and properties and in partic- ular the place of water in the environment hydromorphic soil hydromorphic soil noun waterlogged soil found in bogs and marshes hydrophobia hydrophobia /hadrə | fəυbiə/ noun same as rabies hydrophyte hydrophyte /hadrəfat/ noun a plant that lives in water or in marshy conditions hydroponics hydroponics /hadrəυ | pɒnks/ noun the practice of growing plants in a nutrient liquid with or without sand, vermiculite or other granular material hydropower hydropower /hadrəυpaυə/ noun same as hydroelectric power hydrops uteri hydrops uteri /hadrɒps jut(ə)ri/ noun a disease of livestock caused by excessive amount of fluid in the pregnant womb. The womb may need to be drained. hydrostatic pressure hydrostatic pressure /hadrəυ | sttk preʃə/ noun the pressure of water that is not moving hygiene hygiene noun the state or practice of being clean and keeping healthy conditions hygrometer hygrometer /ha | rɒmtə/ noun an instrument used for the measurement of humidity ć The most common type of hygrometer is the wet and dry bulb ther- mometer arrangement. hyperphosphate hyperphosphate /hapə | fɒsfet/ noun a soft rock phosphate obtained from North America hyphae hyphae /hafi/ plural noun long thin filaments which make up a typical fungus hypocalcaemia hypocalcaemia /hapəυkl | simiə/ noun same as milk fever hypomagnesaemia hypomagnesaemia /hapəυmn | zimiə/ noun a condition caused by lack of magnesium in the bloodstream that makes animals shiver and stagger. Cattle may be affected shortly after being turned out onto spring pastures after having wintered indoors. Also called grass stag- gers HYV HYV abbreviation high-yielding variety Agriculture.fm Page 129 Tuesday, July 11, 2006 1:31 PM . HIE high mortality rate high mortality rate noun a high percentage of animals in a group which die high-performance high-performance adjective designed to operate very efficiently high-tech high-tech. typical hammer mill has a high-speed shaft with a grinding rotor at one end and a fan at the other. Eight flails are attached to the rotor which beat the grain into meal. Hampshire Hampshire / h mpʃə/. tractor hive hive noun a box in which bees are kept hive-bee hive-bee noun the domesticated bee (Apis mellifera) hl hl abbreviation hectolitre HLS HLS abbreviation Higher Level Steward- ship hock hock
Ngày đăng: 01/07/2014, 19:20
Xem thêm: Dictionary of Agriculture - H doc
