Table 5. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores—Other Students* Scale Score Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total Scale Score Percentile Rank 30 98 98 100 99 120 100 29 89 89 99 96 116 99 28 82 80 97 92 112 97 27 77 73 94 86 108 93 26 72 67 91 ** 104 87 25 67 62 ** 79 100 80 24 63 57 84 70 96 73 23 59 53 75 ** 92 67 22 55 49 66 60 88 61 21 52 45 ** 51 84 54 20 49 42 56 42 80 49 19 46 39 47 ** 76 44 18 42 35 37 34 72 39 17 40 33 28 27 68 35 16 37 31 ** ** 64 31 15 34 28 19 21 60 27 14 32 26 14 14 56 24 13 29 24 11 ** 52 20 12 26 22 ** 10 48 17 11 24 19 8 5 44 14 10 22 18 6 3 40 11 9 19 16 4 ** 36 8 8171431 32 6 71512**1 28 4 612102 24 3 51081 20 1 4861 16 1 3541 12 231 8 11 4 0 0 Mean 18.1 19.4 18.6 19.7 Mean 76 S.D. 8.8 8.5 5.2 5.7 S.D. 25 * Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to schools other than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary schools. ** Indicates a nonexistent scale score for Speaking and Writing. 425 Appendix 1 Table 6. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores—Applicants for Professional License* Scale Score Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total Scale Score Percentile Rank 30 98 99 99 98 120 100 29 89 90 98 96 116 99 28 80 79 96 91 112 97 27 74 69 93 85 108 92 26 66 61 86 ** 104 85 25 60 53 ** 75 100 76 24 55 47 75 64 96 66 23 50 41 60 ** 92 56 22 45 36 45 51 88 47 21 41 32 ** 40 84 40 20 37 28 34 30 80 33 19 33 25 25 ** 76 27 18 29 22 17 22 72 23 17 26 19 11 16 68 19 16 24 17 ** ** 64 15 15 21 15 6 11 60 12 14 19 13 4 7 56 10 13 16 11 3 ** 52 8 12 14 10 ** 4 48 6 11 13 9 2 2 44 5 10 11 8 1 1 40 4 9 9 7 1 ** 36 2 8861132 2 775**128 1 654 24 1 543 20 432 16 321 12 21 8 11 4 0 0 Mean 20.6 21.9 21.0 21.0 Mean 84 S.D. 7.5 6.8 4.1 5.0 S.D. 20 * Based on examinees who indicated that they were taking TOEFL to become licensed to practice their professions in the United States or Canada. ** Indicates a nonexistent scale score for Speaking and Writing. 426 Appendix 1 Tables 7 and 8 present means and standard deviations of section and total scores separately for male and female examinees tested between January and December 2007. Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL iBT Section and Total Scores, Males* Group Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total Total Group* 19.5 19.8 18.9 20.2 78 8.77 8.3 4.7 5.5 24 Graduate Level** 21.1 21.1 19.6 21.1 83 8.1 7.8 4.6 5.3 23 Undergraduate Level** 17.5 19.4 19.0 19.6 76 9.1 8.4 5.0 5.7 25 Other Students** 18.6 19.4 18.4 19.7 76 8.9 8.6 5.1 5.7 25 Applicants for Professional License** 21.2 22.2 20.8 21.1 85 7.1 6.5 3.9 4.9 19 * Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership. ** Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership and also indicated a main reason for taking the TOEFL Table 8. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL iBT Section and Total Scores, Females* Group Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total Total Group* 19.0 20.0 19.8 20.4 79 8.6 8.0 4.8 5.3 24 Graduate Level** 20.2 21.2 20.5 21.2 83 8.2 7.6 4.7 5.2 23 Undergraduate Level** 17.2 19.6 19.6 19.9 76 8.8 8.2 5.2 5.5 24 Other Students** 17.8 19.6 19.1 19.8 76 8.7 8.4 5.3 5.6 25 Applicants for Professional License** 20.2 21.8 21.3 21.0 84 7.6 6.9 4.2 5.0 20 * Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership. ** Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership and also indicated a main reason for taking the TOEFL test. 427 Appendix 1 Tables 9 and 10 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL iBT of a particular student with that of other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. It is important to point out that the data do not permit the generalization that there are fundamental dif- ferences in the ability of the various national and language groups to learn Eng- lish or in the level of English proficiency they can attain. The tables are based simply on the performance of those examinees native to particular countries and languages who happened to take TOEFL iBT. Table 9. TOEFL iBT Total and Section Score Means 1 —All Examinees Classified by Native Language 2 Native Language Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total Afrikaans 18 21 21 21 81 Akan 17 19 20 20 76 Albanian 17 20 21 19 77 Amharic 15 18 19 18 71 Arabic 13 17 19 17 66 Armenian 17 20 21 20 78 Assamese 24 24 23 25 96 Aymara 16 17 19 18 71 Bashkir * * * * * Basque 24 25 21 22 92 Belorussian 20 23 23 22 88 Bemba 13 15 21 17 67 Bengali 22 23 22 24 91 Berber 17 17 18 18 71 Bikol 20 21 22 22 85 Bosnian 17 20 21 19 77 Bulgarian 21 24 21 22 89 Burmese 18 18 19 21 76 Catalan 24 24 21 22 92 Cebuano 22 23 22 22 89 Chichewa (Nyanja) 16 18 19 19 72 Chinese 20 19 18 20 77 Chuvash * * * * * Croatian 21 25 22 22 91 Czech 21 24 22 22 89 Danish 24 27 26 24 101 Dutch 25 27 25 25 102 Efik 20 19 20 21 79 English 20 22 22 22 86 Estonian 23 26 23 24 97 Ewe 16 17 19 19 71 Farsi 18 19 20 19 76 Fijian * * * * * Finnish 23 27 23 24 97 428 Appendix 1 Native Language Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total French 22 22 21 21 85 Fula (Peul) 12 13 18 17 60 Ga 19 20 20 21 80 Gallegan (Galician) * * * * * Ganda 17 19 21 22 79 Georgian 18 21 21 20 79 German 23 26 24 24 97 Greek 21 23 20 22 87 Guarani * * * * * Gujarati 16 17 19 19 71 Gwichin * * * * * Hausa 16 17 19 19 71 Hebrew 22 26 24 23 95 Hindi 23 24 23 24 93 Hungarian 21 24 22 22 89 Icelandic 22 26 23 24 95 Igbo 18 19 20 20 78 Iloko 20 21 20 21 83 Indonesian 19 20 19 20 78 Inupiaq * * * * * Italian 22 19 18 19 78 Japanese 16 16 15 18 65 Javanese 18 17 16 19 71 Kannada 24 25 23 25 96 Kanuri * * * * * Kashmiri 21 23 23 23 90 Kazakh 17 19 20 19 76 Khmer 13 15 17 18 63 Kikuyu 16 19 20 20 74 Konkani 25 26 24 26 101 Korean 20 20 18 20 77 Kurdish 16 20 19 19 74 Kurukh * * * * * Lao 12 14 18 18 63 Latvian 19 23 22 22 86 Lingala * * * * * Lithuanian 19 23 22 21 85 Luba-Lulua * * * * * Luo 18 20 21 21 80 Macedonian 18 22 21 21 82 Madurese 13 17 18 18 66 Malagasy * * * * * Malay 22 23 20 23 88 Malayalam 23 24 23 24 95 Maltese * * * * * Marathi 24 24 23 24 95 429 Appendix 1 Table 9 (cont.) Native Language Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total Marshallese * * * * * Mende * * * * * Mongolian 14 16 18 17 65 Mossi 11 13 17 17 58 Nepali 16 18 19 20 74 Norwegian 21 26 24 23 94 Oriya 24 24 23 25 96 Oromo 17 20 19 18 73 Palauan * * * * * Pohnapeian * * * * * Polish 20 23 22 21 86 Portuguese 22 23 21 21 86 Punjabi 20 21 22 22 84 Pushtu 16 19 21 20 77 Romanian 23 24 22 23 92 Russian 19 22 21 21 83 Samoan * * * * * Santali * * * * * Serbian 20 23 21 20 84 Shona 22 23 23 23 91 Sindhi 22 24 23 24 93 Sinhalese 19 22 21 22 84 Slovak 21 24 22 22 89 Slovene 23 25 23 24 96 Somali 13 17 20 17 67 Spanish 21 22 21 21 84 Sundanese * * * * * Swahili 16 18 19 19 72 Swedish 20 25 24 23 91 Tagalog 21 22 22 22 88 Tamil 24 24 23 24 96 Tatar * * * * * Telugu 17 18 20 20 74 Thai 17 18 17 19 71 Tibetan 16 19 20 21 76 Tigrinya 17 19 19 19 74 Tongan * * * * * Turkish 19 20 19 20 77 Turkmen 15 19 19 19 72 Twi 18 20 20 20 78 Uighur 15 16 18 17 66 Ukrainian 19 22 22 21 84 Urdu 19 21 22 22 86 Uzbek 16 18 19 18 71 Vietnamese 17 16 17 19 70 430 Appendix 1 Native Language Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total Wolof 12 14 17 16 59 Xhosa * * * * * Yapese * * * * * Yiddish * * * * * Yoruba 19 20 20 20 79 Zulu 18 21 23 23 84 1. Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30. An asterisk (*) indicates no report because of the small size of the sample. 2. Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain languages may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published. Table 10. TOEFL iBT Total and Section Score Means 1 —Nonnative English-Speaking Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country 2 Geographic Region and Native Country Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total AFRICA Angola 13 17 19 18 67 Benin 12 13 16 16 57 Botswana 16 18 21 21 77 Burkina Faso 13 15 17 17 62 Burundi 15 16 19 18 69 Cameroon 15 16 18 19 68 Cape Verde * * * * * Central African Republic * * * * * Chad * * * * * Comoros * * * * * Congo 13 15 19 17 64 Congo, The Democratic Republic of 13 16 19 18 66 Cote d’Ivoire 13 13 16 16 59 Djibouti * * * * * Equatorial Guinea * * * * * Eritrea 17 20 19 19 75 Ethiopia 16 19 19 18 72 Gabon 15 18 19 18 70 Gambia 10 15 20 17 62 Ghana 18 19 20 21 78 Guinea 12 15 18 16 61 Guinea-Bissau * * * * * Kenya 17 18 20 20 75 Lesotho * * * * * Liberia 9 15 19 16 58 Madagascar 20 19 20 21 79 Malawi * * * * * Mali 11 13 16 15 56 Mauritania 13 15 19 18 65 Mauritius 24 24 21 25 94 431 Appendix 1 . they can attain. The tables are based simply on the performance of those examinees native to particular countries and languages who happened to take TOEFL iBT. Table 9. TOEFL iBT Total and Section. responded to a question about gender group membership and also indicated a main reason for taking the TOEFL test. 427 Appendix 1 Tables 9 and 10 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL. the TOEFL iBT of a particular student with that of other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. It is important to point out that the data