Group assignment topic general cargo – rolled steel coil

VIETNAM MARITIME UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF EDUCATION GROUP ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: GENERAL CARGO – ROLLED STEEL COIL Tran Hoai Phuong Do Hoang Long Pham Hung Thinh Dong Xuan Tun

VIETNAM MARITIME UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC:

GENERAL CARGO – ROLLED STEEL COIL

Tran Hoai Phuong

Do Hoang Long Pham Hung Thinh Dong Xuan Tung

Haiphong, 06/2023

Table of content

1

1 Cargo 3

1.1 General cargo 3

2 Rolled steel 3

2.1 Overview 3

a) Definition 3

b) Steel coil classification 3

c) The characteristics of steel coil 4

d) Uses of steel coil 4

2.2 Ships or vessels 5

a) Characteristic 5

b) Principles of stowage 7

c) Ship husbandry and steel cargo 9

d) Routes 10

2.3 Port 10

a) Loading and unloading 10

b) Cargo handling equipment 11

c) Warehouse 12

d) Receiving procedures 14

2.4 Principles of securing 15

2.5 Cargo officer’s duties during steel cargo loading/discharge 15

3 Conclusion 16

4 References 16

Rolled steel coil

1 Cargo

1.1 General cargo

General cargo is a term used in the shipping industry to describe any goods or commodities that are not shipped in bulk or liquid form, but rather in smaller quantities packed into boxes, crates, drums, or other types of containers Examples of general cargo include consumer goods, machinery, electronics, textiles, and food products.Steel cargo is a type of general cargo that consists

of steel products such as pipes, sheets, bars, coils, and plates Steel cargo is often shipped

in large quantities and is transported using various shipping methods, including container ships, bulk carriers, and flat rack carriers.Steel cargo is a critical component of many industries, including construction, automotive, and manufacturing Steel products are essential to infrastructure projects such as bridges, buildings, and roads and are also used in the production of vehicles and machinery

2 Rolled steel

2.1 Overview

a) Definition

Many sources offer various perspectives and

definitions of steel coil cargo as used in different

industries and contexts such as :

The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

defines steel coil as "metal sheet or strip wound into

rolls, generally of uniform width and thickness, with the

tightest diameter coil being limited by the capabilities of

the equipment to handle and transport the material" [Source: AISC, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, 2016 edition, p 126]

b) Steel coil classification

Steel coils are classified into two main categories:

Hot rolled coils are manufactured in hot-rolling mills Hot-rolling is the metal-treatment process that takes place at high temperatures approximately more than 2000 degrees

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Cold rolled steel coil is an output of hot rolled steel Hot rolled steel that is cooled completely is re-rolled at room temperature to produce cold re-rolled steel coil This helps achieve exact dimensions and better surface qualities

c) The characteristics of steel coil

d) Uses of steel coil

Steel coils can be formed into any shape and are often used along with other materials to create specific shapes These coils are used for a variety of applications including building components, machinery and electrical equipment, kitchen appliances, etc

Some of the widely known steel coil uses include:

Manufacture of automotive parts

Automotive parts including the shell of the vehicle, chassis, suspension, rims, exhaust system, etc., are made of steel Durability, heat resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio and non-combustibility of steel coils make them the ideal choice for an automobile engine Electronic components

Computers, smartphones, circuit boards, etc., are made of steel coils Since steel has a high melting point it is apt for use in making electronic goods Steel also contributes to electrical devices being cost effective

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Pipe manufacturing

Steel rolling machines have allowed pipes to be continuously rolled into long pipelines without the need of welding pipes together to form a long pipeline These are used as gas pipelines and in the construction of houses for heating, plumbing, etc

2.2 Ships or vessels

a) Characteristic

Stowage of steel coils in the cargo hold of a general dry cargo ship or bulk carrier

• GENERAL DRY CARGO SHIP s

• Every cargo onboard this type of ship was stuffed in 20- or 40-ft steel containers Both types of these boxes had a cross section of 8×8ft Over the years, the dimensions of these boxes have changed to accommodate different trades; however, these changes have not been drastic

• Versions of these ships were outfitted with heavy lift derricks, in addition to lighter duty derricks Tween decks provided a good arrangement for the carriage of general cargoes, with heavier consignments loaded in the lower holds The hatch covers of these ships were provided with fittings so that they could carry containers The derricks of these ships, in the late seventies, were replaced by cranes This modification resulted in cargo gear capable of facilitating faster cargo operations

• Container framework has been modified so that pressurized gases can be carried in tanks fitted within a 20-ft container base Today’s largest container vessels are designed to be capable of carrying on deck and under deck, a total of 18,000 units

•

• B

K

CARRIER

• A bulk carrier is a single deck cargo ship designed to transport dry bulk cargos Today, about 40% of the world's cargo fleet is bulk carriers Bulk carriers are designed either with single skin or with double skin Most existing bulk carriers are of the single skin type

• The top wing tanks, hopper tanks and the double bottom tanks are used as ballast tanks The angle of the sloping plate of the top wing tanks should be less than the angle of repose of the anticipated cargoes to be transported This greatly reduces shifting of cargo which can endanger the ship G Shifting boards are used to reduce the free surface effects The cargo carrying length of the ship is divided into a number of holds depending upon the types of cargoes to be carried Bulk carriers are usually constructed of mild steel However, high-tensile steel is used to reduce the vessels light weight by using thinner thicknesses for the plates and stiffening members The use of high tensile steel can reduce the rigidity of the ship hulls and may develop earlier fatigue cracks Transverse bulkheads are constructed of corrugated steel plates, reinforced at the bottom and top connections with bottom and top stools

• The weight of the steel coils is transferred by the dunnage onto the bottom structure

of the vessel, which consists of the inner bottom plating, the longitudinal elements, the double bottom girders and the hull girder structure

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b) Principles of stowage

• When coils are loaded horizontally in athwartship rows, locking the tier is essential This is done by placing a coil to force those beneath it into a tighter stow This coil is known as a key or locking coil A key coil is most effective when placed at the centre of a row However, it is important to avoid a continuous line of weight on the ship’s tank top and, consequently, key coils placed in subsequent rows are staggered Great care needs to

be exercised when placing key coils Figures 15 and 16 demonstrate how key coils should be placed

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c) Ship husbandry and steel cargo

• Stability

• The ship’s stability will need to be calculated for the proposed loading to make sure the GM is acceptable Large quantities of steel stowed in the bottom of a hold will cause the ship’s centre of gravity (KG) to reduce considerably, resulting in a high GM This can make the ship ‘stiff’ and cause violent rolling in bad weather, something that can cause cargo to shift

• Corrosion and relative humidity

• Atmospheric corrosion of steel starts when the relative humidity (RH) of air reaches 40% The corrosion rate increases slowly until the RH reaches 60% and, thereafter, it increases rapidly Other elements will cause corrosion such as salt, funnel gases, dust or other oxidising agents These need to be removed from the hold by cleaning before loading

• Hatch covers

• Hatches leak for a variety of reasons, but mainly because of poor maintenance or failure to close them properly Hatch covers are designed to a weathertight rather than to a watertight standard This means water that passes the sealing gasket should not enter the hold Drainage channels are arranged to prevent water from entering the hold by allowing it

to drain away Steel is easily damaged if it comes into contact with salt water Prior to loading steel, close and seal hatch covers and test them for weathertightness

d) Routes

• China along with the European Union (EU), Japan, India and the US are the world's top 5 steel producers, in which China leads the world in steel production with 1,013 million tons, accounting for 53, 9% of total production The main sources of steel billet imported into China are from Vietnam, Indonesia, India, Oman and Iran, whereby the import volume of each country exceeds one million tons For coils and bars, Malaysia is the largest source of imports This could be the supply from China's steel investment in Malaysia Hot rolled coil exports nearly doubled in volume to 10.8 million tons in 2021 China exports HRC to various countries, mainly Vietnam, Korea, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia

• The United States is the world's largest steel importer with the total value of its steel imports in 2017 reaching over $29 billion According to S&P Global Platts, nearly 17%

of steel imports into the US come from Canada Besides, Korea, Mexico, Brazil and China are also major steel exporters to the US

2.3 Port

a) Loading and unloading

• Loading, unloading and stowage are permitted only under dry weather conditions Work activities must be discontinued during rainy or snowy conditions, and the ship hatches must be closed immediately Any coils on the quay must be protected from wetness, e.g by covering them with tarpaulins

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• LOADING AND UNLOAD Coils produced by voestalpine must be individually loaded, unloaded and transported Hoisting more than one coil simultaneously with any equipment is strictly prohibited

b) Cargo handling equipment

• Depending on the local circumstances and the type of logistics services, several different hoisting devices can be used Only proper equipment is permitted when hoisting steel coils The Quality Control department of LogServ must be contacted when an investment in replacement equipment is being planned that would lead to a change in the current standard

c) Warehouse

• STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

Any required interim storage is permitted only in covered storage areas The material may not be placed directly onto the ground or floor (concrete, asphalt, etc.) Boards or rubber mats

of sufficient thickness must be placed under the material Coil wedges made by Lankhorst or similar systems are the most optimum solution

• Wedges must be used to prevent the coils from rolling

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Squared wooden stabilizers are not permitted because they may cause dents on the material

Figure 1 Principle of dunnaging and wedging coils Figure 2 Inserting of locking coils When stacking coils, care must be taken to place lighter coils on heavier ones Compliance with top stowage provisions when meeting dispatch requests is mandatory Coils labeled with the following stickers may not be stacked Stowage of these coils must be either on once level or at least on the top level When stowed on ships, these coils must not be placed under any other coils or other freight

d) Receiving procedures

• The process of receiving rolled steel at a port typically involves several steps to ensure the efficient and safe handling of the cargo Here's a general overview of the process:

• -Pre-arrival planning: Before the arrival of the steel shipment, the port authorities, shipping agents, and relevant stakeholders engage in pre-arrival planning This includes coordinating with the shipping company, preparing necessary documentation, and ensuring the availability of appropriate equipment and personnel for unloading and handling the steel

• -Ship arrival and berthing: Once the ship carrying the rolled steel arrives at the port,

it is assigned a berth where it will be moored The port authorities communicate with the ship's captain or representative to coordinate the berthing process and obtain necessary clearance and documentation

• -Customs clearance: The rolled steel shipment goes through customs clearance procedures to ensure compliance with import/export regulations, payment of duties, and verification of accompanying documents, such as bills of lading and commercial invoices

• -Unloading operations: After customs clearance, unloading operations begin Depending on the size of the shipment and the port's facilities, different methods may be employed Common techniques include using cranes, forklifts, or specialized heavy machinery to unload the rolled steel from the ship's cargo holds onto the port's docks or designated storage areas

• -Quality and quantity inspection: Once the rolled steel is unloaded, it undergoes quality and quantity inspections Port authorities or appointed inspectors examine the rolled steel for any damage, discrepancies, or non-compliance with agreed-upon specifications The quantity is also verified against the accompanying documents

• -Storage and handling: After passing inspection, the rolled steel is moved to designated storage areas within the port The rolled steel may be stacked, sorted, and secured to prevent damage or shifting

• -Documentation and records: Throughout the process, documentation plays a crucial role Records are maintained at various stages, including during customs clearance, inspection, and storage This documentation ensures transparency, traceability, and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements

• -Further transportation: Once the steel is stored, it may undergo additional processing or be transported to its final destination This can involve loading the rolled steel onto trucks, trains, or barges for inland transportation or transshipment to other ports

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It's important to note that the specific procedures and practices

may vary depending on the port, country, and applicable

regulations Different ports may have their own rules and

infrastructure, and specialized steel-handling terminals may have

additional facilities to accommodate the specific requirements of

steel cargo.

2.4 Principles of securing

• A variety of methods are used to secure steel Here is some general guidance:

• Always consult the ship’s cargo securing manual before applying lashings

• Lashings are not designed for the most violent storms encountered at sea

• The purpose of lashing cargo is to prevent initial movement The majority of restraint comes from frictional resistance between the steel and dunnage

• Smooth-surfaced steel and wet steel have almost no frictional resistance

• It is only slabs stowed using the method known as California block stowage or steel coils that are secured to themselves; otherwise lashings should be secured to the ship’s structure

• Friction

• Friction Friction is important as it prevents cargo movement during ship rolling The table below shows the coefficient of friction for smooth plate It is interesting to note that wet steel-to- steel surfaces are considered to have no friction at all Steel with a rough finish will have a higher value than the materials listed below

2.5 Cargo officer’s duties during steel cargo loading/discharge

A diligent cargo watch is important for the prevention of cargo damage and shortage

claims, and structural damage to the ship

• Watch officers should ensure that

• the hold is ready to receive cargo and stevedores understand the loading plan