Capstone project major mechatronics engineering topic stablize conveyor belt speed system based on load changes

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAPSTONE PROJECT MAJOR: MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING TOPIC: STABLIZE CONVEYOR BELT SPEED SY

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CAPSTONE PROJECT

MAJOR: MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

TOPIC: STABLIZE CONVEYOR BELT SPEED SYSTEM

BASED ON LOAD CHANGES

Co-Supervisor: Mr Phuc Van Tran Company: CONG TY TNHH SHIZEN TECH

SUMMARY

Topic: Stabilize a conveyor belt speed system based on load changes

Students: Thang Nhat Tran Students ID: 101190359

pruning system was inevitable

The system of stabilizing the conveyor speed when the load changes is that

when we set the conveyor belt speed well to suit the working line, the load applied

changes and the speed will still not change Depending on different materials and

goods, each speed will be different The above system is often used for transporting

goods for packaging, transporting materials to boilers, incinerators, etc

2 Scope of research topic

- Research and design a system to stabilize conveyor speed

- Research and application of PLC programming for automatic control systems

- Applying the knowledge learned and learned outside to the design and

manufacture of the system

- Research and apply mechanical, electrical, and design software to design and manufacture models with practical applicability

- Building a system can allow the selection of parameters according to practical

requirements with the accuracy allowed

3 The content of the topic has been done

- Number of explanation pages: 2

- Number of drawings: 4

- Thesis: 1

4 Results

The theory part:

- System mechanical design by software Fusion 360

- Program control system by software TIA Portal

- Theory of PLC controller, 3 phase motor, inverter, encoder sensor, HMI Calculation and design part:

- Mechanical design and fabrication

- Successfully built a relatively stable operating model

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM University of Science and Technology Independent — Freedom - Happiness Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

GRADUATION PROJECT TASK

Topic: Stablize conveyor belt speed based on load change

2 Topics covered by: LO Having signed an intellectual property agreement for the implementation results

3 Initial figures and data: Refer to actual documents

4, Contents of explanations and calculations:

a General part:

No Student's name Contents

- Analysis and selection of system design

1 Thang Nhat Tran options

- Determine the basic parameters

- Set up the whole system connection diagram

- Calculation and engine selection

- Electrical diagram drawing: 1 AO

- Algorithm flowchart drawing: 1 AO

1 Thang Nhat Tran j

- Dynamic diagram drawing: 1 AO

- General drawing: 1 AO

2 Vu The Hoang Le | - Assembly drawing: 1 AO

- Algorithm flowchart: 1A0

6 Supervisor: Dr Nam Hoai Le

7 Project assignment date:

8 Project completion date:

Da Nang, December ,2023

Head of section Supervisor

Dr Nam Hoai Le

PREFACE

In the process of industrialization and modernization, automation 1s a factor that plays an important role Thanks to industrial automation, factories have become more efficient in using energy, materials, and human resources Industrial automation is the

use of management systems such as computers, robotics, and information technology

to control various machines and production processes in industry After mechanization, automation is the second step in the industrialization process

In the current economic context, the world in general, and our country in particular, 1s gradually developing

In the process of implementing the project with our efforts and applying the

knowledge equipped at school, we have made a lot of efforts to complete this project

However, due to limited knowledge and ability, it 1s difficult to avoid shortcomings Therefore, we look forward to recetving sincere suggestions and help from the teachers of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering as well as from the students to make the project more complete

We would like to thank Dr Hoai Nam Le has guiding and helping us during the

completion of this project

Topic: Stablize conveyor belt speed system based on load changes

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY

GRADUATION PROJECT TASK

PREFACE

ASSURE

TABLE OE CONTTEN TYS 5 HH it nh LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES

PREAMBLE

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC

1.1 General introduction to the automation system - .- c5 2227222222222 s+2 2 LLL OVOrVIOW 2

II b0 bo on e 3 1.1.3 Characteristics and cÏassIficatIon ác S2 2 1212111111121 111119212 ke 3 1.1.4 Controllers used In autOmafIOT - 22211211 121111 1211212111211 1 211 1 ray 5 1.2 Overview of the stabilized conveyor belt speed system: ‹- c2 cc c2 6 1.2.1 C rcip con 6 1.2.2 (29 v2 ha 7 1.2.3 The urgency of the †OpIC 2 2 1211121 12211111111112112Ẹ1 1121101111111 7 1.2.4 ì0)i-v0iivììì(-HaiiiiididŸỶŸẮŸẮŸÄẰẮẲẰẲẰỶ 8 1.2.5 Technical requ1reimefiS: - - c2 2 1221221221 1121 1121151111112 1118111811811 11 te 9 CHAPTER 2 CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 2.1 Structure of the systeim L1 120112201121 1121 1112111101112 1 120121111 01k gà 10 PÄ@®U0n (220: na 11 2.3 Motor — Conveyor belt mecharnsm -¿- ¿+ 22 22 2212221222121 2E+2xcsxs 17 2.4 Encoder working mechanISI - 22 22212211223 153 115111212 1118111111811 11 255 18

II

2.4.1 Rotary Encod€T: - c1 12 1110111121111 11111112 11101111 1111011101221 gà 19 2.4.2 Linear Encoder n 20 2.4.3 Key Components and Feafures: - - 0 121121112112 1111111158111 1 re 20 2.5 Mechanical systeim - L2 0201111211 122111211 1111110111101 11110 1111111 r ki 22

CHAPTER 3 CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM

3.1 Diapram of the sysftem OperatIOH - 0 1211211121 12211 12111211181 111 11118111 xe 25

3.1.1 Encoder E38S6G5 200B C24N Q2 2121011111111 111 11111 1e, 26

3.1.2 Alternate operation swItch -c-c 2111211111121 111111 1110111211011 181 ke 27 3.2 PLC prosrammable controlÏer ¿+ 2 2222221121121 1223 1112131111115 5311 8211 ce2 27 Nhu nh ẽ 27

cu 00 27 3.2.3 Selection of PUC proprammable controlÏer -.-+ 222 322222 ‡czz+sss2 28

3.2.4 PLC Simens S7-1200 CPU 1214 DC/DC/DC - 5:5 cc+2c2cccccsxse2 30 3.2.5 CB1241 RS485 CB1241 RS485 Siemens 6ES7241-1CH30-1XB0 34

3.2.6 HSC (Hieph-speed counter) ác 2c 122111211111 111112212 1118111111011 2 xe 36 3.3 PID controller (PID_ Compaet) 0 2012112211221 12 112212011 1111111 111gr 37 3.4 Electrical diapram of controÏ system - - c2 202211122111 1221111111 155111112 xe 39 3.5 Computer interface 6e da 40 3.6 Algorithm flowchart 0 12102211211 111 122111011181 11111011 1111111111111 1 2011821 42

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION

4.1 Results achieved e 44

"P0 co 45 4.3 Direction of developmenit c2 212221121 11211121 1111111111112 111111112011 1kg 45 REFERENCES

APPENDIX

IV

Topic: Stablize conveyor belt speed system based on load changes

LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES

Table 2.1 5IK40GN-SW2 motor paraIn€ters - : c2 2221112221222 2sk2 13 Table 2.2 Indirect drive pros and c0ñ5 - 2 212112111211 1251 111811182211 xe 15 Table 2.3 Encoder paraimef€rs c1 2112111211211 12 112 11111201111 11111 211 kg 18 Table 3.1 Compare PLC Mitsubishi and Siemens : 52: 22s 22s csss2 25 Table 3.2 CB1241 RS485 specIficatIons - c c0 2211211111222 22121 11g 31

Table 3.3 Input & Output descriptions of PID Compact v2 bloek 34

Figure 1.1 Automation in production [2] - 2: 2: 2221222112211 1321 1115512 22x se 2 Figure 1.2 KUKA Inc microelectronics pick & place working system 4

Figure 1.3 The block diagram of the PID controller [5] 0c eerie 5

Figure 1.4 Coal mining process on an automatic conveyor system [6] 6 Figure 2.1 Functional block diagram of the SWSI€IH à SH ưe 10 Figure 2.2 Small weight varies from 10g — 100g [8] cccccceccceecttettntenteee 11 EIipure 2.3 PVC Conveyor [9 ] - c1 211211211111 112112 111011151101 112111 112211 kg 12 Figure 2.4 Profiled aluminum [ LŨ] - 22 2222222122112 512511253255e2 13 Fieure 2.5 AC Motor combined with belt transmission [11] [12] 13 Fieure 2.6 Motor 5IK40GN-SW2 AC|[13]L 52c 2212212111222 re 15

Figure 2.7 Conveyor belt system tn Fusion360 cc c s2 Hye 16 Figure 2.8 40 teeth GT2 Pulley — lŨmm (S2 S2 1212211211211 xe 18 Figure 2.9 20 teeth ŒT2 Pulley — 8mm eee ee 2112112112 1211211211111 xe 18 Figure 2.10 Motor shaft connected with roller shaft cc eee eeeeeee 18

Figure 2.11 Rotary encoder typ€s -.- c2 2012211221121 1192112111112 1 ng rườ 19

Figure 2.12 Linear encoder tyJD©s - có 1 S2 11121111 111111111 111111111111 2 1c 20 Figure 2.13 Encoder beIng connected to the roller shaft with a flexible shaft

11800105 NHH£cCBẦẢẢ 21 Figure 2.14 Fusion 360 [19] .- 2c 2c 12111211121 111 1111112112011 181 1111101111111 11xx6 23

PREAMBLE

The purpose of the thesis: Design and manufacture a system to stabilize

conveyor speed when load changes, it will increase productivity, reduce labor, stabilize and avoid errors that may occur during the production process

Topic objective: To practice the knowledge of mechanical design, mechanical

processing, PLC control programming, etc learned in the past time into practice, to

consolidate knowledge to support employment

Scope and object of research topic:

Scope: Research, calculate, design, and manufacture a system to stabilize conveyor speed when volume changes The system consists of the following main parts: conveyor, encoder, inverter, 3-phase motor

Research object: Automatic transport system, PLC control programmer

Theory of design: Calculation, design of mechanical structures,

Research methods: Apply specialized knowledge, refer to technical documents

of actual models, study documents, and search for information online

Theme structure:

The graduation thesis is presented with the following main contents:

Chapter 1: Overview of the topic

Chapter 2: Calculation and design of mechanical systems

Chapter 3: Calculation and design of control system

Chapter 4: Conclusions

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC

1.1 General introduction to the automation system

I.I.I Overview

Automation or automatic control is the application of modern and advanced technologies to the industrial production process to transfer all or most human activities to machines to help reduce personnel costs for the company [1]

Modern techniques are used in automation such as control engineering, current

mechanical engineering, computer engineering, etc

Figure 1.1 Automation in production [2]

Automation includes the use of various control systems to operate equipment such as machines, plant processes, boilers and heat treatment furnaces, telephone

switching, steering and stabilizing ships, aircraft, and other applications and vehicles

that have humans in intervention [3]

The term "automation", inspired by automatic machines, was not widely used before 1947 when Ford established an automation division During this time the industry was rapidly adopting feedback control, which was introduced in the 1930s 1.1.2 The role of automation

Automation of production processes contributes to increased labor productivity and enables cost reduction In all ages, production has always been governed by

economic laws It can be said that cost is an important factor determining the need for

automation development No product can compete if the price of that product 1s higher than that of similar products and similar features

Automation of production processes allows to improve production conditions

Automating production processes helps meet the intensity of modem

- Improve product quality

- Improve process or product consistency

- Increase consistency of output

- Reduce labor costs

The following methods are commonly used to improve productivity and quality:

- Automatic installation with a high degree of accuracy is required

- Install automation in operations to reduce cycle times

- Substitute human mining for physically involved or hard monotonous

High initial cost: The automation of a new product often requires a very large initial investment compared to the unit cost of the product

An automated system may have a limited level of intelligence and is therefore susceptible to errors outside the scope of this resulting in security threats

The complex operation requires expertise and extensive knowledge of the equipment

The research and development costs of automating a process can exceed

the cost savings by automating itself

b) Classification

Automated lines with the appearance of robots, AGV self-propelled vehicles, industrial conveyors, and automatic billet feeding systems create flexible options with many options for factories Since then applied to many different stages in the process

of creating products It can be temporarily divided into production lines according to each use purpose as follows:

Automatic inspection line (product quality inspection, QC, )

Automated production lines (confectionery production, electronic components, )

Automatic packaging line (packing products, packine cartons, ) Automated assembly lines (car assembly, phone assembly, )

Figure 1.2 KUKA Inc microelectronics pick & place working system

1.1.4 Controllers used in automation

a) Intermittent controller (on/off)

One of the simplest controllers is the on/off control Sequence control, in which

a programmed sequence of separate operations is performed, is usually based on system logic related to the state of the system This type of control can be one of two types open-loop control and closed-loop control [5]

b) PID controller

Figure 1.3 The block diagram of the PID controller [5]

A Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is a generalized control loop feedback mechanism (controller) that is widely used in industrial control systems PID controller 1s the most used controller in feedback controllers The PID controller calculates the "error" value as the difference between the variable parameter measured value and the desired set value The controller will minimize the error by adjusting the input control value In the absence of basic knowledge (mathematical model) of the control system, the PID controller will be the best However, to achieve the best

results, the PID parameters used in the calculation must be adjusted according to the

nature of the system, while the control type is the same, the parameters must depend

on the characteristics of the system

c) Logic Sequential automatic controller and logical sequence control

Sequential control can be a fixed sequence or logic that will perform different

actions depending on different system states [5]

d) Controller using computer

Computers can perform both continuous control and feedback control, and often a single computer will do both in an industrial application [

Figure 1.4 Coal mining process on an automatic conveyor system [6] 1.2 Overview of the stabilized conveyor belt speed system:

1.2.1 General introduction

Nowadays, with modern technology, many industrial processes are automated

Among them, the speed stabilization system is one of the most popular and widely

used systems The conveyor speed stabilization system ensures that the conveyor belt speed remains constant when the mass on the conveyor belt changes This system 1s widely used in many industries such as packaging, food, healthcare, and transportation B2B E-commerce industries require high productivity, stability, and accuracy Depending on the goods and materials on the conveyor belt, it will operate at

different speeds A closed process can be described as follows:

- The project aims to stabilize the speed of a conveyor belt system in response to changes in load using a PID (Proportional-Integral- Derivative) control mechanism By implementing this system, the goal is

to ensure consistent and efficient operation of the conveyor belt

regardless of fluctuations in the load This involves integrating encoder

sensors to monitor the load and employing control algorithms to adjust the speed, thereby optimizing performance and increasing overall system reliability

Furthermore, the project includes the design and implementation of feedback control loops that will enable real-time monitoring and adjustment of the conveyor belt speed By incorporating PID control, the system will effectively respond to varying loads, maintaining a steady speed to prevent disruptions in material handling processes This project seeks to enhance industrial conveyor belt operations, offering improved efficiency, reduced wear and tear, and ultimately contributing to a more reliable and stable industrial production environment

Thus, the entire process 1s fully automated

1.2.2 System characteristics

The conveyor system with a closed-loop control process shows that the role of

the filling industry is not small:

Improve labor productivity and reduce costs: The total output 1s more

productive than the corresponding manual operation since the speed given was the same

Reduced quantity and labor costs: The system has operated automatically resulting im less work and is simpler allowing fewer workers to be needed, depending on the workload given

Improve product quality: The system not only produces at a faster rate

than manual work but also produces with greater consistency and precision to the demanding requirements of the determined product

Bringing safety to those directly involved in production

However, the system has a high investment cost due to the complexity of sensor feedback, sensor mechanism, etc The transition from using human labor to an automatic production line requires a very high initial investment cost

1.2.3 The urgency of the topic

Nowadays, with the development of society, people's living standards are improving day by day Therefore, as people's dietary needs are focused and enhanced,

in recent years, the demand for manufactured refreshments (such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi, green tea, juices, ) is increasing significantly, not only that other fields of industry, like mining, logistics, etc also products contained in plastic wrap, jars, so the birth and development of the more sophisticated transporting industry are inevitable

The increasing demand for efficient and flexible material handling solutions in

various industries Achieving consistent conveyor belt speeds regardless of load variations 1s critical for maintaining operational efficiency, reducing product damage, and ensuring worker safety With the rise of automation and _ streamlined

manufacturing processes, the need for reliable, adaptable conveyor systems has

become increasingly pressing, making the implementation of such control mechanisms

an urgent priority in many industrial settings Many retail systems rate food and beverage as the two product lines with the most stable growth in supermarkets today These are all daily necessities and direct-to-consumer items For every 10 people

going to the supermarket, 5 people will choose bottled water

According to a survey since the pandemic in 2019, consumers have increased about 53% - 60% when it comes to online shopping[7] Therefore, beverage enterprises in the future should aim to produce products of natural origin that are beneficial to health

1.24 Project structure

The system report has 4 chapters, including:

Chapter 1: Overview of the topic

- Introduction to the topic

- The urgency of the topic

Chapter 2: Calculation and design of mechanical systems

- Mechanical design for each structure of the system such as:

+ Conveyor system

+ System working characteristics

+ Arrange the structures to get a complete system

- Calculation and design of the transmission system for each mechanism: + Selection of transmission options for each structure

+ Engine selection

Chapter 3: Calculation and design of control system

- Calculation, design control circuit diagram

- Controller selection

- Selection of sensors, inverter

- Build algorithmic flowchart

- System control programming

» Speed: speed levels 0.10 m/s to 0.20 m/s

> Conveyor belt: length 0.8 m/s

> Weight: from 0Kg to 0.8 Kg

CHAPTER 2 CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF MECHANICAL

- The machine speed is about 20 seconds for one batch of products

- The product line has a length of 4 meters with 5 workers on each side of

the conveyor belt

Ideal: Doing a mini version of the conveyor belt system with the following

parameters

- Produced with varying weights from 0.4 to 1.5 kg

- Machine speed depends on user input value, if there is no input, the default

speed 1s 0.2m/s

> HMI screen supports entering speed, frequency, etc, and viewing output characteristics like PID parameters, conveyor belt speed, running

frequency, etc

- The production line has a length of 0.8 meters and 0.12 meters

>Result in a smaller load for the system working conditions as the system is an example of the design requirements

Functional block diagram of the system:

Figure 2.5 Functional block diagram of the system

The system includes:

- Flat Conveyor: Bring objects from one to another in a straight line

- Encoder: Bring bottles to positions to perform functions of pumping water, feeding cap, screwing bottle cap

- Indirect conveyor-motor mechanism: Transmission from the motor to the roller shaft of the conveyor

- HMI: User interface with the system

The loads are weight in the range of 0.4 — 1.0 kg

Figure 2.6 Small weight varies from 10g — 100g [8]

2.2 Conveyor Belt

The conveyor belt is a device that conveys products and materials from one

location to another with fast, efficient, and accurate speed The purpose of introducing

conveyors into production processes 1s to increase automation, increase productivity, and save time and labor

Some types of conveyor belts are widely used today:

Transmission mechanisms:

- DC Motor Combined Coupling

- DC motor with chain drive

- DC motor incorporating belt drive

With the scale of the project, the team chose the following design option:

- PVC Conveyor

- Profiled aluminum

- AC motor combined with belt transmission

Characteristics of materials selected to design conveyors:

- PVC Conveyor: Because the product to be transported is a load with a small load and requires the coplanarity of the working surface

+ High resilience, heat resistant

+ Easy to disassemble

+ Good oil resistance and tensile strength

Figure 2.7 PVC Conveyor [9]

- Profiled aluminum: Meet the load of the product

+ Easy to disassemble, can be adjusted and relocated

+ Anti-rust

Figure 2.8 Profiled aluminum [10]

- AC motor combined with belt transmission: Because the conveyor does work with VFD and on the same 220VAC transmission line with the power source

+ Affordable

+ Easy to control

+ Can change direction

+ High torque

Figure 2.9 AC Motor combined with belt transmission [11] [12]

Conveyor size requirements:

Maximum load of a conveyor belt

Q= px AxV

Topic: Stablize conveyor belt speed system based on load changes

Knowing:

p— Density of the transported material (kg/m3)

A - [the cross-sectional area of the bulk solid on the belt (1m)

V — conveyor belt speed (1n/s)

Belt power transmission and efficiency:

The torque available at the driven wheel or pulley:

T=(F,—-F,) xrq

Knowing:

T — Torque on the drive roller (Nm)

F — Force apply on the drive roller (N)

r—radius of roller or pulley (m)

Motor speed: N = V/D.z (rel/min) D: Roller diameter

N = 10000/20.3,14 = 159,24 (rel/min)

Minimum torque of the motor: T = F.D/2.T] (=0.9)

F= m.s.(sIe(ø)+u.cos(ø)) (u: coefficIent of friction)

F =1,5.10=15

T= 15.20/2.0,9 = 1,667 (mN.m)

Power motor: P = (T x N)/9.55 (Kw)

P = (1,667.159,24)/9,55 = 2,7 (Kw)

Calculation to choose the AC motor:

- Requirements: Choosing a motor to help the conveyor operate stably and meet the speed achieved, the team selected a motor with parameters as in

Table 2.1 SIK40GN-SW2 motor parameters Operatin Motor Output Motor Power supply Number of poles RoHS

g voltage type Power _ shaft voltage compliant

type

220VAC Induction 40W GN: S: Three phase SW: Three-phase 2

shaft

Figure 2.10 Motor SIK40GN-SW2 AC[13]

Conveyor structure includes:

Figure 2.11 Conveyor belt system in Fusion360

Working principle: When products go into the conveyor belt which 1s running

at a constant speed, while the products directly go on the conveyor belt if the product's total weight exceeds the maximum weight the conveyor belt can handle The system

comes with auto and manual PID control, ensuring productivity & efficiency reach

quota While auto mode auto fixed the current speed of the conveyor belt, manual mode ensure to reach the desired output with or without the K,, Ka, and K, values 2.3 Motor — Conveyor belt mechanism

There are 4 types of connection between the motor and the conveyor roller:

direct drive, indirect drive, chain drive, and gearbox drive

Due to the small size of the conveyor belt and small workload, we chose an indirect drive type connection by:

Table 2.2 Indirect drive pros and cons Indirect drive Pros

Energy efficiency

allows better control over the space of the conveyor belt

Can be quieter than direct drive

Less prone to wear and tear, as the motor 1s not directly connected

to the conveyor belt

Complex and

expensive to

maintain

May not be suitable

for all types of

motors

Required more

space since the motor resides by the conveyor

So, we using indirect drive, which means connecting the motor shaft through a GT2 6mm with a diameter of 280mm band through 2 pulleys, 1 @ of 10 mm connected the the roller shaft; and another @ of 8 connected to the roller shaft shaft

Figure 2.13 20 teeth GT2 Pulley — 8mm Figure 2.12 40 teeth GT2 Pulley — 10mm

Figure 2.14 Motor shaft connected with roller shaft

2.4 Encoder working mechanism

An encoder is a device or sensor that 1s used to convert mechanical motion into

an electrical signal It is commonly employed in various engineering and control

systems to provide feedback on the position, speed, or direction of a rotating or linearly moving object Encoders play a crucial role in numerous applications,

including robotics, industrial automation, and motion control systems

There are two primary types of encoders:

2.4.1 Rotary Encoder:

Figure 2.15 Rotary encoder types Functionality: Converts the angular position or rotation of a shaft into an electrical signal

Types:

® Incremental Rotary Encoder: Generates pulses as the shaft rotates,

indicating changes in position It requires a reference point for absolute

position determination

® Absolute Rotary Encoder: Provides a unique digital code for each

position of the shaft, allowing direct determination of the absolute

position without the need for a reference point

Encoders are entitled into the roller shaft to calculate conveyor speed

2.4.2 Linear Encoder:

Figure 2.16 Linear encoder types

Functionality: Measures the linear displacement of an object and converts it into an electrical signal

Types:

Incremental Linear Encoder: Similar to incremental rotary encoders, it generates pulses to indicate changes in position along a linear path Absolute Linear Encoder: Provides an absolute position value along a linear path, eliminating the need for a reference position

Key Components and Features:

Code Disk or Strip: Contains patterns or marks that the encoder reads to determine position or displacement

Sensors: Optical, magnetic, or capacitive sensors are used to read the

code and generate electrical signals

Output Signals: Typically, encoders provide digital signals in the form of pulses or a digital code Analog signals may also be used in some applications

® Resolution: The smallest incremental movement or change in position that the encoder can detect

e Accuracy and Precision: The ability of the encoder to provide accurate

and repeatable position information

¢ Applications: Widely used in robotics, CNC machines, motor control

systems, conveyor systems, and various industrial automation applications

Figure 2.17 Encoder being connected to the roller shaft with a flexible

shaft coupling