Engineering the Future pot

Engineering the Future edited by Laszlo Dudas SCIYO Engineering the Future Edited by Laszlo Dudas Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 Sciyo All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by Sciyo, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Nikolic Technical Editor Martina Peric Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Aleksandar Zoric, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published November 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from publication@sciyo.com Engineering the Future, Edited by Laszlo Dudas p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-210-4 SCIYO.COM WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS FREE free online editions of Sciyo Books, Journals and Videos can be found at www.sciyo.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Preface VII Processing and laser micromachining of HAP based biocomposites 1 Gabriel Benga, Oana Gingu, Ion Ciupitu, Lucian Gruionu, Ileana Pascu and Jose Calderon Moreno Design multifunctional product by nanostructures 25 Agić Ante and Mijović Budimir Predicting, measuring and tailoring thermal properties of morphological and structural modified polymeric composite materials 47 Motoc Luca Dana and Ciofoaia Vasile Gradient-based approach for determination of oscillating flow fields in PIV 63 Atsushi Nomura, Koichi Okada, Hidetoshi Miike and Hidemi Yamada Developments in modelling positive displacement screw machines 89 Ahmed Kovacevic, Nikola Stosic, Elvedin Mujic and Ian K Smith New way for the innovation of gear types 111 László Dudás Active vibration control of journal bearings with the use of piezoactuators 141 Jiří Tůma, Jiří Šimek, Jaromír Škuta and Jaroslav Los Graph search techniques for mobile robot path planning 159 Radu Robotin, Gheorghe Lazea and Cosmin Marcu Simulation of cutting process – modeling and applications 179 Wojciech Jabłoński Evolutionary computation method for modeling of material properties 199 Leo GUSEL Effective implementation of SPC 217 Darja Noskievičová Contents VI Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Plant identification by relay method 241 Miluše Vítečková and Antonín Víteček Procedures and methods of quality planning and their use for forming process optimization 257 Jiří Plura RFID technology in product lifecycle management 281 Stevan Stankovski, Gordana Ostojić and Milovan Lazarević Intelligent integrated maintenance of manufacturing systems 297 Roubi A. Zaied, Kazem Abhary and Attia H. Gomaa Integration and optimisation of product design for ease of disassembly 317 Behzad Motevallian, Kazem Abhary, Lee Luong and Romeo M. Marian Knowledge-based mechanical and manufacturing engineering: the Basque Country experience 341 L.Norberto López de Lacalle, Aitzol Lamikiz, E. Amezua, J.A. Sánchez and E.Maidagan Digital factory – theory and practice 355 Milan Gregor and Stefan Medvecky Dependability of e-information sources 377 Jan Capek Energy and information 395 Borza Paul Nicolae, Sanduleac Mihai, Musat Ana Maria and Carp Marius Catalin Human prosperity is the result of the automated industry and services. The level and the quality of industry and services are determined notably by the applied results of science and innovation. Engineering research, the topic of this book, is one of the main sources of innovative novelties and their consequences. Advances in design and technology play a pivotal role in our lives and in our future, and this is why the publication of state-of-the-art ideas, conceptions, theories, technologies and their realizations is so important. This book, as the part of the Industrial Engineering Books Series of Sciyo, presents a full spectrum of the range of engineering activities, starting from the nanostructures of materials and ending at Digital Factories. The wide and rich palette of the introduced results covers almost all segments of industrial work from conceptual design through technology and planning, ranging from control and management to experiments and examples of realization, thus introducing various trends in engineering development. The variety of the themes collected in this book gives the interested reader the opportunity to get an impression of different research elds. Although the innovations and solutions come from different areas of the engineering sciences, they have one property in common: they not only bring the world of technology and engineering closer, but they show a small segment of the future. As the foundation of our future, engineering and technology plays a vital role. This book is the product of a virtual author collective of recognised researchers. Each chapter introduces an interesting area of the mechanical engineering eld. Chapter 1 introduces the problems of processing and laser micromachining of biocomposites. These very new materials are used for bone implants due to their nanostructure and titanium content. The importance of these innovative materials and machining processes is evident in the area of human bone reconstruction. Chapter 2 continues the discussion of applicability of special nanostructure materials. These materials are suitable not only for medical purposes but for producing special clothes, portable fuel cells and other new products. Nanostructures will change the world with nanomachines and nanorobots, resulting in a safer, more humane life. The chapter focuses mainly on the application of electrospinning nanobers. Chapter 3 broadens our knowledge concerning innovative materials for improving the thermal properties of plastic materials. This is done by the application of different types of llers into the polymer matrix in order to produce polymeric composites. These new materials, with their special thermal characteristics, will serve the needs of applications of the future. Chapter 4 introduces a new technology that injects small particles into uids. The goal is to measure the velocity vector elds by tracing these small particles. This study focuses on the determination of oscillating ow elds through sequential images, suggesting a gradient- based method for investigations. Preface VIII Chapter 5 continues analysing uid or gas ow, but the purpose of the research is to perform a three-dimensional numerical ow analysis in the inlet and outlet openings of screw machines. Moreover, the investigations cover the effect of pressure- and temperature-induced deformation of machine components on the performance of a screw compressor or vacuum pump. Chapter 6, while analysing machine parts with screw or helical surfaces, demonstrates the capabilities of the Surface Constructor 3D design tool intended for innovative kinematical surfaces, mainly gear surfaces. The exibility of the software tool for handling different gear types and kinematical arrangements is demonstrated by examples. Chapter 7 analyzes journal bearings, another situation in which oil lm quality and sliding properties are important. Moreover, vibration is also a factor requiring consideration. The chapter presents an innovative solution for preventing journal bearing instability, applying a continuous vibration control. This method for controlling the journal bearing vibration is based on piezo actuators. Chapter 8 deals with robot navigation and also emphasises the importance of sensorial systems. This system helps the Pioneer 2 mobile robot navigate. The chapter analyzes the path-nding capability of the robot while applying the A* search algorithm or the D* search algorithm. Unlike the well known heuristic A* algorithm, the D* algorithm used modied arcs during robot navigation. The comprehensive analysis presented here proves that the A* algorithm functions better, except in situations where path re-planning is inevitable because of inadequate information during planning. Chapter 9 directs our attention to manufacturing. This chapter introduces a dynamic model for turning operation, taking into account the deection of tool caused by dynamic cutting force. The realistic mathematical model of cutting makes it possible to optimize the parameters of the turning process. Chapter 10 shows the power of evolutionary computing. In the detailed example given in the chapter, one kind of evolutionary algorithm, genetic programming, was applied to the creation of a model for the calculation of material parameters of copper rods depending on the parameters of cold drawing. The best evolved expression predicts the parameters better than a regression model. Chapter 11 deals with statistical process control (SPC). SPC is used for providing a stable, well balanced manufacturing process that is capable of producing the required amount of products with perfect quality. The chapter uses a new approach: the SPC as a problem-solving instrument that can handle problems that occur and give quick and appropriate answers. The chapter gives an example of an SPC application in metallurgy. Chapter 12 discusses a relay method which is intended for plant control. The goal of the very theoretical chapter by the words of the authors is the following: ”… to describe and show the basic modications of the relay methods from the viewpoint of experimental plant identication and to bring out the computational formulas for simple plants. Two-position symmetric relays without and with hysteresis and with the integrator in front of the relay and behind the relay are considered.” Chapter 13 presents methods of quality planning and control. The quality planning of the product and process are equally in the focus. After the methodological introduction some important quality planning techniques are discussed: Quality Function Deployment, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, and Process Capability Analysis. A forming-process-based example demonstrates the usage of the methods. IX Chapter 14 examines the possible benets of the use of Radio Frequency Identication throughout the life of a product. It lists and analyzes possible emerging problems and suggests solutions. Among them are the recording of component data parallel with the product state, allowing data entry for authorised persons only, and allowing redundancy to provide a higher level of data reliability. The chapter emphasises the importance of the collected data at the end of product life, especially for hazardous components. Chapter 15 introduces the Neural Management Maintenance System (NMMS), which is a neural-network-based decision-making agent. After it has been trained it can act as an expert and will monitor the controlled system to provide maintenance-oriented interventions. Because the quality of maintenance has a direct impact on the life cycle of equipment and on maintenance costs, NMMS can indirectly improve the quality of production and of the product. Chapter 16 gives a comprehensive overview of potential advances in planned disassembly. This research direction is very important today, when sustainable growth and green environment are everyday watchwords. The chapter mentions all the benets of applying DFD (design for ease of disassembly) guidelines. This thinking needs to pervade all levels of design activity, from conception to the reuse of products and materials. Chapter 17 describes the “Basque Country experience” about collecting data on manufacturing processes and machine tools and the creation of a large knowledge base. Moreover, it reports on the dissemination of such information to new technicians and engineers. All these activities are concentrated in and coordinated by the High Performance Manufacturing Cooperative Research Centre. Chapter 18 presents the Digital Factory (DF) solution of University of Žilina, Slovakia. The chapter describes the collected information about DF, and adds its own results of theoretical research accomplished in this area. The developed DF model was implemented in Volkswagen Slovakia, Thyssen-Krupp–PSL, and Whirlpool, and these experiences are described in the chapter. Chapter 19 analyses very important elds: the exploration of errors that appear in the course of integration of services distributed on the network, and the probability of building failure- tolerant network systems. Web services and distributed resources of networks can aid almost all tasks and elds mentioned in the previous chapters. The evolution and possibilities of this area represent some aspects of future technologies. Chapter 20 closes the volume thanks to its interdisciplinary and widely inuential nature. It covers many interesting questions: the evolution of mobile energy sources, the integration of stationary power plants into distribution grids and the Green IT domain that needs modelling of energy consumption, for instance by server virtualization. A liberal idea, the concept of a virtual power plant, closes the book. The editor would like to thank the authors of the published chapters that have made this book a valuable collection of new ideas, conceptions and results, enriching and continuing the exemplary knowledge disseminative activity of Sciyo – where the science is yours. Editor László Dudás University of Miskolc Hungary [...]... (d) In the same 18 Engineering the Future time, the distance between the longitudinal tracks is smaller in b) and d) cases than in a) respectively c) cases Since the pulse duration is the same, 0.35 ms, in the case of samples a), b) and c), it means that the distances between the longitudinal tracks and, by consequence, the morphological aspect of the entire micromachined surface depends on the laser... 12 Engineering the Future When R3 cutting regime was used the surface finish presented the highest value comparing with the other two regimes employed However it should be pointed out that the difference between the three regimes in terms of surface roughness is not so high from 4.6 m to 7.8 m Therefore it can be considered that pulse frequency in the range 40-60 Hz does not affect significantly the. .. Analyzing the three photos a high amount of melted material can be observed when the material was machined with the R6 regime The melted material is spread all along the width of the machined surface There was a combined effect of evaporation and melt expulsion leading to a material loss at the beginning of cutting process On the contrary when the R8 regime was used the melted material is present just in the. .. follows: the first step: in order to initiate the diffusion processes between the compacted powder particles (no matter the compaction route), the samples are heated (around 100/min) up to T1-TSS which is higher than TCS The first dwell time is very short (few minutes) just to allow the ignition of the diffusion phenomena; the second step: it consists in the densification of the compacts that develops at the. .. be one of the most suitable techniques for attaining high material removal rates as well as good surface finish The efficiency of laser micromachining depends on the thermal properties of the workpiece material Therefore hard or brittle materials such as ceramics known having low thermal conductivity are appropriate for laser micromachining On the other hand the quality and efficiency of the laser... these materials are isotropic which represents a major disadvantage in comparison with the bone tissue that has an anisotropic structured texture, fig 2 The anisotropic feature arise from the two different substrates of the bone: the cortical shell (the outer surface, which is a compact one) respectively the trabecular bone (the inner structure, highly porous) These two types are classified as on the. .. by the microscope photos presented below The photos of the machined surface confirm the fact that increasing the voltage from 250 to 310 a significant improvement in surface roughness is obtained Pulse frequency and pulse duration were maintained constant at 50 Hz and respectively 0.35 ms When the first cutting regime was employed a sever dross occurred at the beginning of 10 Engineering the Future the. .. regimes (R2, R3, R6, R8), the localized heat - generated by the laser beam (under the corresponding technological parameters) – determines the thermal expansion of the ceramic matrix to the metallic reinforcement’s detriment Thus local cracks occur on the processed surface, along the laser beam motion direction, figure 21 20 Engineering the Future laser beam motion direction cracks Fig 21 Macroscopically... thermal cracking are phenomena that should be very carefully analyzed to determine their impact on the machined surface 22 Engineering the Future 5 Acknowledgements The authors gratefully thank to the Materials Science and Engineering Department from the University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain, for the electronic imaging of the processed biocomposites 6 References Antuna, S et al (2002) Reimplantation... T2=7000C and the dwell time 600 min The micromachining of the HAP/Ti biocomposites was performed on a LASAG KLS 246 pulsed Nd:YAG laser for industrial materials processing The principal applications are cutting, drilling and welding Characteristic for the whole type range is the excellent beam quality and the flexibility in the possibilities of adaptation to the different applications Of the multitude . areas of the engineering sciences, they have one property in common: they not only bring the world of technology and engineering closer, but they show a small segment of the future. As the foundation. Engineering the Future4 CO 2 lasers are molecular lasers that use gas molecules as the lasing medium and the excitation of the dioxide is achieved by increasing the vibrational energy of the. molecules as the lasing medium and the excitation of the dioxide is achieved by increasing the vibrational energy of the molecule. The wavelength of CO 2 lasers is 10.6 m in the region of the electromagnetic