DEVELOPMENTS IN HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY RESEARCH doc

DEVELOPMENTS IN HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY RESEARCH Edited by Oagile Dikinya Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research Edited by Oagile Dikinya Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Chepko Danil Vitalevich, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published February, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research, Edited by Oagile Dikinya p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-470-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Part 2 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Part 3 Chapter 7 Preface IX Mechanistic and Geotechnical Modelling Approaches 1 Stress/Strain-Dependent Properties of Hydraulic Conductivity for Fractured Rocks 3 Yifeng Chen and Chuangbing Zhou Influence of Degree of Saturation in the Electric Resistivity-Hydraulic Conductivity Relationship 49 Mohamed Ahmed Khalil and Fernando A. Monterio Santos Hydraulic Conductivity and Water Retention Curve of Highly Compressible Materials- From a Mechanistic Approach through Phenomenological Models 71 Serge-Étienne Parent, Amir M. Abdolahzadeh, Mathieu Nuth and Alexandre R. Cabral Empirical Approaches to Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity 111 Correlations between Hydraulic Conductivity and Selected Hydrogeological Properties of Rocks 113 Stanisław Żak Rock Mass Hydraulic Conductivity Estimated by Two Empirical Models 133 Shih-Meng Hsu, Hung-Chieh Lo, Shue-Yeong Chi and Cheng-Yu Ku Hydraulic Conductivity of Layered Anisotropic Media 159 Stanisław Żak Laboratory Hydraulic Conductivity Assessment 175 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity for Evaporation in Heterogeneous Soils 177 Dongmin Sun and Jianting Zhu Contents Contents VI Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Undisturbed Soil Column: a Measurement Accomplished with the Gamma Ray Transmission Technique 195 Anderson Camargo Moreira, Otávio Portezan Filho, Fábio Henrique de Moraes Cavalcante and Carlos Roberto Appoloni Hydraulic Conductivity of Semi-Quasi Stable Soils: Effects of Particulate Mobility 213 Oagile Dikinya Implications of Hydraulic Conductivity on Land Management and Policy Development 223 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Land Use Change, New Insights to the Payments for Ecosystem Services Programs: a Case Study from a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Watershed in Eastern Central Mexico 225 Alberto Gómez-Tagle (Jr.) Ch., Daniel Geissert, Octavio M. Perez-Maqueo, Beatriz E. Marin-Castro and M. Beatriz Rendon-Lopez Hydraulic Conductivity and Landfill Construction 249 Witold Stępniewski, Marcin K. Widomski and Rainer Horn Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Part 4 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Pref ac e This book provides the state of the art of the investigation and the in-depth analysis of hydraulic conductivity from the theoretical to semi-empirical models to policy de- velopment associated with management of land resources emanating from drainage- problem soils. Many international experts contributed to the development of this book. It is envisaged that this thought provoking book of international repute will excite and appeal to academics, researchers and university students who seek to explore the breadth and in-depth knowledge about hydraulic conductivity. Investigations into hy- draulic conductivity is important to the understanding of the movement of solutes and water in the terrestrial environment and/or the hydrosphere-biosphere interface. Transport of these fl uids has various implications on the ecology and quality of envi- ronment and subsequently sustenance of livelihoods of the increasing world popu- lation. In particular, water fl ow in the vadose zone is of fundamental importance to geoscientists, soil scientists, hydrogeologists and hydrologists and is a critical element in assessing environmental implications of soil management. For example, free wa- ter at the soil-atmosphere interface is a source of great importance to man. Effi cient management of this water will require greater control of hydraulic conductivity in order to solve such wide ranging problems as upland fl ooding, pollution of surface and ground-waters, and ineffi cient irrigation of agricultural lands. It is generally recognized that progress of science depends increasingly on an advanced understanding diff erences in the methods of investigations and their applicability to solving real problems in the ecological fragile environment. In this book a number of approaches were employed in assessing hydraulic conductivity including theoretically and quasi-semi empirical models and conclude with applied policy considerations. Of particular importance is the analysis of hydraulic conductivity at the macro-scale to pore scale i.e theoretical conceptions from the geological structures (rock pore space) to broken rock mass or saprolite (soil-microscopic level) in order to understand the transport phenomena in underground aquifers and porous media in soils. Water fl ow and solute transport through soil are directly related to the geometry of the available pore space. The role of macroporosity in groundwater movement cannot be overem- phasized, for example, recharging the groundwater by the rapid movement of water through soil macropores may aff ect simultaneous movement of undesirable constitu- ents and resultant rapid contamination of the subsurface water resources. This has ac- centuated the need to come up with robust modeling approaches to analyzing the hy- draulic conductivity. For instance, in the last two decades, models have been explored in the fi eld of soil physics to study fl ow processes at the pore scale. X Preface While the measurements of hydraulic conductivity is usually tedious and a diffi cult, it is imperative that diff erent approaches be employed to derive or predict and accurately estimate hydraulic conductivity. For this reason, the book is covered in 4 sections in- cluding: Part 1- Mechanistic and Geotechnical Modelling Approaches; Part 2-Empirical Mod- eling Approaches to Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity; Part 3- Laboratory Hydraulic Conduc- tivity Measurements and Part 4- Implications of Hydraulic Conductivity on Land Management and Policy Development. Part 1 explores the robust mechanical and geotechnical theoretical methods to analyse hydraulic conductivity and includes topics such as i) Infl uence of degree of saturation in the electric resistivity-hydraulic conductivity relationship, ii) Stress/strain-dependent properties of hydraulic conductivity for fractured rocks and Hydraulic conductivity and water retention curve of highly comprehensible materials iii). On the other hand part 2 covers in-depth analysis of the empirical models to estimating hydraulic conductivity and covered salient topic features including i) Correlations between hydraulic conduc- tivity and selected hydrogeological properties of rocks, ii) Hydraulic Conductivity of layered anisotropic media, and iii) Rock mass hydraulic conductivity estimated by two empirical models. Use of measuring techniques and deterministic laboratory hydraulic conductivity measurements are covered in part 3 and includes topics such as i) Unsatu- rated hydraulic conductivity for evaporation in heterogeneous soils ii) Determination of hydraulic conductivity of undisturbed soil column: A measurement accomplished with the Gamma Ray Transmission Technique and iii) Hydraulic conductivity of semi- quasi stable soils: Eff ects of particulate mobility. Part 4 concludes the book with some applications of hydraulic conductivity implications on land management and policy development and covers interesting topics such as i) Saturated hydraulic conductivity and land use change, new insights to the payments for ecosystem services programs: a case study from a tropical montane cloud forest watershed in eastern central Mexico and ii) Hydraulic conductivity and landfi ll construction. In conclusion, this book is structured in a way as to overview the state of the art analy- ses of hydraulic conductivity and I hope it will serve the interests of the stakeholders involved in the applications of science of transport of water and solutes to understand- ing the dynamics of fl uids fl ow in porous media. In particular the development of poli- cies and strategies pertinent to water availability and management is critical to the im- proved livelihoods of the nations of the world. Thank you Dr. Oagile.Dikinya Senior Lecturer, University of Botswana, Botswana . DEVELOPMENTS IN HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY RESEARCH Edited by Oagile Dikinya Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research Edited by Oagile Dikinya Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9,. 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research, . 1. Introduction In the last two decades there has seen an increasing interest in the coupling analysis between fluid flow and stress/deformation in fractured rocks, mainly due to the modeling