WINDTUNNELSAND EXPERIMENTALFLUID DYNAMICSRESEARCH EditedbyJorgeColmanLerner andUlfilasBoldes Wind Tunnels and Experimental Fluid Dynamics Research Edited by Jorge Colman Lerner and Ulfilas Boldes Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Wind Tunnels and Experimental Fluid Dynamics Research, Edited by Jorge Colman Lerner and Ulfilas Boldes p. cm. 978-953-307-623-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface XI Part 1 Wind Tunnel Facilities and Experiments in Incompressible Flow 1 Chapter 1 Optimal Processing of Wind Tunnel Measurements in View of Stochastic Structural Design of Large Flexible Structures 3 Nicolas Blaise and Vincent Denoël Chapter 2 Wire Robot Suspension Systems for Wind Tunnels 29 Tobias Bruckmann, Christian Sturm and Wildan Lalo Chapter 3 Wind Tunnels for the Study of Particle Transport 51 Keld Rømer Rasmussen, Jonathan Peter Merrison and Per Nørnberg Chapter 4 Wind Tunnel Flutter Testing of Composite T-Tail Model of a Transport Aircraft with Fuselage Flexibility 75 Raja Samikkannu and A. R. Upadhya Chapter 5 Wind Tunnel: A Tool to Test the Flight Response to Semiochemicals 89 Yooichi Kainoh Chapter 6 Flow Visualization in Wind Tunnels 99 Muzafferuddin Mahmood Chapter 7 Components of a Wind Tunnel Balance: Design and Calibration 115 Miguel A. González, José Miguel Ezquerro, Victoria Lapuerta, Ana Laverón and Jacobo Rodríguez Chapter 8 Wind Tunnel ‘Concept of Proof’ Investigations in the Development of Novel Fluid Mechanical Methodologies and Devices 135 N. Findanis and N.A. Ahmed VI Contents Chapter 9 Air Speed Measurement Standards Using Wind Tunnels 173 Sejong Chun Chapter 10 Low Speed Turbulent Boundary Layer Wind Tunnels 197 U. Boldes, J. Colman, J. Marañón Di Leo and J.S. Delnero Chapter 11 Wind Tunnels in Engineering Education 235 Josué Njock Libii Chapter 12 The Importance of Turbulence in Assessment of Wind Tunnel Flow Quality 261 Mojtaba Dehghan Manshadi Part 2 Building Dynamics, Flow Control and Fluid Mechanics 279 Chapter 13 The Use of Wind Tunnel Measurements in Building Design 281 Dat Duthinh and Emil Simiu Chapter 14 Tall Buildings Under Multidirectional Winds: Response Prediction and Reduction 301 Aly Mousaad Aly, Alberto Zasso and Ferruccio Resta Chapter 15 Wind Tunnel Tests on the Horn-Shaped Membrane Roof 325 Yuki Nagai, Akira Okada, Naoya Miyasato and Masao Saitoh Chapter 16 Sport Aerodynamics: On the Relevance of Aerodynamic Force Modelling Versus Wind Tunnel Testing 349 Caroline Barelle Chapter 17 Active and Passive Control of Flow Past a Cavity 369 Seiichiro Izawa Chapter 18 Aerodynamic Parameters on a Multisided Cylinder for Fatigue Design 395 Byungik Chang Chapter 19 A New Methodology to Preliminary Design Structural Components of Re-Entry and Hypersonic Vehicles 409 Michele Ferraiuolo and Oronzio Manca Contents VII Part 3 Aerodynamic Field Measurements and Real Full Scale Analysis 427 Chapter 20 A Computer-assisted Wind Load Evaluation System for the Design of Cladding of Buildings: A Case Study of Spatial Structures 429 Yasushi Uematsu Chapter 21 Monitoring of Soil Surface under Wind and Water Erosion by Photogrammetry 447 Shigeoki Moritani, Tahei Yamamoto, Henintsoa Andry, Mitsuhiro Inoue, Taku Nishimura, Haruyuki Fujimaki, Reiji Kimura and Hirotaka Saito Chapter 22 Public Square Design with Snow and Wind Simulations Using Wind Tunnel 463 Tsuyoshi Setoguchi Part 4 Turbulent Structure Analysis 479 Chapter 23 The Study of Details Effects in Cycling Aerodynamics: Comparison Between Two Different Experimental Approaches 481 Giuseppe Gibertini, Gabriele Campanardi, Donato Grassi and Luca Guercilena Chapter 24 Relationships between Large-Scale Coherent Motions and Bursting Events in a Turbulent Boundary Layer 493 Yasuhiko Sakai, Kouji Nagata and Hiroki Suzuki Chapter 25 Wavelet Analysis to Detect Multi-Scale Coherent Eddy Structures and Intermittency in Turbulent Boundary Layer 509 Jiang Nan Part 5 Wind Tunnels in Compressible Flow 535 Chapter 26 Evaluation of Local Effects of Transitional Knudsen Number on Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interactions 537 R. Votta, G. Ranuzzi, M. Di Clemente, A. Schettino and M. Marini Chapter 27 Investigation on Oblique Shock Wave Control by Surface Arc Discharge in a Mach 2.2 Supersonic Wind Tunnel 553 Yinghong Li and Jian Wang Chapter 28 Investigations of Supersonic Flow around a Long Axisymmetric Body 569 M.R. Heidari, M. Farahani, M.R. Soltani and M. Taeibi-Rahni VIII Contents Chapter 29 SCIROCCO Plasma Wind Tunnel: Synergy between Numerical and Experimental Activities for Tests on Aerospace Structures 585 Rosario Borrelli and Adolfo Martucci Chapter 30 Study of Turbulent Supersonic Flow Based on the Optical and Acoustic Measurements 607 Viktor Banakh, Dmitri Marakasov, Ruvim Tsvyk and Valeri Zapryagaev Chapter 31 Guidance of a Supersonic Projectile by Plasma-Actuation Concept 629 Patrick Gnemmi and Christian Rey Chapter 32 Wind Tunnel Experiments for Supersonic Optical-electrical Seeker’s Dome Design 661 Qun Wei, Hongguang Jia, Ming Xuan and Zhenhai Jiang Chapter 33 Design, Execution and Rebuilding of a Plasma Wind Tunnel Test Compared with an Advanced Infrared Measurement Technique 685 Marco Di Clemente, Giuseppe Rufolo, Francesco Battista and Adolfo Martucci [...].. . Preface The most important fact related with fluid motion is to understand the fluid patterns , and the flow structure vortices , recirculation zones , high mix regions , poor mix re‐ gions, calm regions, to name a few. Moreover , most of the flows have turbulent char‐ acteristics and turbulence remains one of the unsolved problems in physics . No one knows how to obtain ... tems , balances , etc. At those occasions when performing “in‐situ experiments is not possible, researchers must employ the wind tunnels. But in any case, the experimental part of the work is always essential . The Editors of this book wish to present the lecturers and researchers worldwide with a set of chapters dealing with realistic and representative experiments in fluids and ... tures. These computational models are very dependent upon the quality and amount of experimental data obtained in real flow processes or at least in representative wind tunnel experiments . Typically , flows exhibit time dependent distinctive flow structures which can be de‐ scribed by an acceptable amount of pattern related simple relations . The experimentally detected flow patterns of these structures can facilitate the identifi‐... ous Reynolds stresses without significant changes in the lift forces . In the range of high velocity flow, i.e. for Mach number equal or greater than 0.5, the complex phenomena associated with compressible subsonic and transonic flows often requires experimentation . The same holds true for supersonic and hypersonic flows , including the interaction between shocks and compressible boundary layer and boundary layer transition, to mention only a part of the huge compressible phenome‐... detection algorithms are used to recognize and describe the main flow patterns and its evolution . Due to all of the reasons exposed, performing experiments becomes necessary in stud‐ ying fluid flows . Such experiments can be “in situ” , that is , in real situations of the flow and in laboratories, using wind tunnels and any other scientific instrument asso‐ ciated with it , like constant temperature anemometers , PIV equipment pressure ... approaching individual turbulent structures immersed in the oncoming wind . It is a complex problem associated with various space and time scales involved in the flow . For a wing in some cases, a particular vortex structure embedded in the approaching wind producing intense turbulent velocity fluctuations may only enhance instantane‐ ous Reynolds stresses without significant changes in the lift forces . ... obtain stochastic solutions to the well‐posed set of partial differential equations that govern turbulent flows . Averaging those non linear equations to obtain statistical quantities always leads to more unknowns than equations , and ad‐hoc modeling is then necessary to solve the problem. So, except for a few rare cases, first‐principle analytical solutions to the tur‐... given time record, numerous turbulent structures may go by . XII Preface In particular aerodynamic problems, the most representative turbulent structures im‐ mersed in the oncoming wind must be previously identified in order to reproduce them in wind tunnel experiments. A main objective in unsteady boundary layer wind tunnel aerodynamics is the realistic reproduction of the dynamic response of a body to approaching ... bulence phenomena are not possible . During the last years , the trend for describing unsteady turbulent flow problems by means of numerical simulation methodologies, based on basic building blocks like el‐ emental eddies and vortices , has increased . The objective is to achieve more realistic representations of key aspects of the dynamic pattern of the oncoming turbulent struc‐... boundary layer transition, to mention only a part of the huge compressible phenome‐ na. Researchers developed very good CFD codes in this area of knowledge, but the ne‐ cessity to perform experiments to validate the numerical results, particularly those re‐ lated with compression waves, shock waves, isentropic waves, compressible boundary layers , laminar‐turbulent transition , hypersonic phenomena remains high and the main tool is the compressible flow wind tunnel, either, transonic, supersonic or hyper‐