ENERGY EFFICIENCY – THE INNOVATIVE WAYS FOR SMART ENERGY, THE FUTURE TOWARDS MODERN UTILITIES Edited by Moustafa Eissa Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2590 Edited by Moustafa Eissa Contributors M.M. Eissa, S.M. Wasfy, M.M. Sallam, Joana Carla Soares Gonçalves, Denise Duarte, Leonardo Marques Monteiro, Mônica Pereira Marcondes, Norberto Corrêa da Silva Moura, Dionysis Xenakis, Nikos Passas, Ayman Radwan, Jonathan Rodriguez, Christos Verikoukis, Soib Taib, Anwar Al-Mofleh, Tomas Gil-Lopez, Miguel A. Galvez-Huerta, Juan Castejon-Navas, Paul O’Donohoe, Bjørn R. Sørensen, Dragan Šešlija, Ivana Ignjatović, Slobodan Dudić, H.M. Ramos, Luís F. C. Duarte, Elnatan C. Ferreira, José A. Siqueira Dias, Chenchen Yang, Feng Yang, Liang Liang, Xiping Xu, Seong-woo Woo, Jungwan Park, Jongyun Yoon, HongGyu Jeon, Luo Xianxi, Yuan Mingzhe, Wang Hong, Li Yuezhong, Rafaa Mraihi, Teuvo Aro, Said Ben Alla, Abdellah Ezzati, Ahmed Mohsen, Rodrigo Pantoni, Cleber Fonseca, Dennis Brandão, Giuseppe Procaccianti, Luca Ardito, Antonio Vetro’, Maurizio Morisio, Glauber Brante, Marcos Tomio Kakitani, Richard Demo Souza Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dragana Manestar Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published October, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities, Edited by Moustafa Eissa p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0800-9 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Energy Efficiency – Load Management 1 Chapter 1 Load Management System Using Intelligent Monitoring and Control System for Commercial and Industrial Sectors 3 M.M. Eissa, S.M. Wasfy and M.M. Sallam Chapter 2 Environmental Design in Contemporary Brazilian Architecture: The Research Centre of the National Petroleum Company, CENPES, in Rio de Janeiro 19 Joana Carla Soares Gonçalves, Denise Duarte, Leonardo Marques Monteiro, Mônica Pereira Marcondes and Norberto Corrêa da Silva Moura Chapter 3 Energy Efficient Mobility Management for the Macrocell – Femtocell LTE Network 57 Dionysis Xenakis, Nikos Passas, Ayman Radwan, Jonathan Rodriguez and Christos Verikoukis Chapter 4 Tools and Solution for Energy Management 79 Soib Taib and Anwar Al-Mofleh Section 2 Energy Efficiency – Equipment 103 Chapter 5 High Efficiency Mix Energy System Design with Low Carbon Footprint for Wide-Open Workshops 105 Tomas Gil-Lopez, Miguel A. Galvez-Huerta, Juan Castejon-Navas and Paul O’Donohoe Chapter 6 Energy Efficient Control of Fans in Ventilation Systems 135 Bjørn R. Sørensen Chapter 7 Increasing the Energy Efficiency in Compressed Air Systems 151 Dragan Šešlija, Ivana Ignjatović and Slobodan Dudić VI Contents Chapter 8 Pumped-Storage and Hybrid Energy Solutions Towards the Improvement of Energy Efficiency in Water Systems 175 H.M. Ramos Section 3 Energy Efficiency – Measurement and Analysis 191 Chapter 9 Energy Measurement Techniques for Energy Efficiency Programs 193 Luís F. C. Duarte, Elnatan C. Ferreira and José A. Siqueira Dias Chapter 10 Comparing the Dynamic Analysis of Energy Efficiency in China with Other Countries 209 Chenchen Yang, Feng Yang, Liang Liang and Xiping Xu Chapter 11 The Reliability Design and Its Direct Effect on the Energy Efficiency 225 Seong-woo Woo, Jungwan Park, Jongyun Yoon and HongGyu Jeon Chapter 12 Data Processing Approaches for the Measurements of Steam Pipe Networks in Iron and Steel Enterprises 243 Luo Xianxi, Yuan Mingzhe, Wang Hong and Li Yuezhong Chapter 13 Transport Intensity and Energy Efficiency: Analysis of Policy Implications of Coupling and Decoupling 271 Rafaa Mraihi Chapter 14 Tools for Categorizing Industrial Energy Use and GHG Emissions 289 Teuvo Aro Section 4 Energy Efficiency – Software and Sensors 311 Chapter 15 Hierarchical Adaptive Balanced Routing Protocol for Energy Efficiency in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks 313 Said Ben Alla, Abdellah Ezzati and Ahmed Mohsen Chapter 16 Street Lighting System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks 337 Rodrigo Pantoni, Cleber Fonseca and Dennis Brandão Chapter 17 Energy Efficiency in the ICT - Profiling Power Consumption in Desktop Computer Systems 353 Giuseppe Procaccianti, Luca Ardito, Antonio Vetro’ and Maurizio Morisio Chapter 18 Energy Efficiency in Cooperative Wireless Sensor Networks 373 Glauber Brante, Marcos Tomio Kakitani and Richard Demo Souza Preface The objective of this book is to present different programs and practical applications for energy efficiency in sufficient depth. The approach is given to transfer the long academic and practical experiences from researchers in the field of energy engineering to readers. The book is enabling readers to reach a sound understanding of a broad range of different topics related to energy efficiency. The book is highly recommended for engineers, researchers and technical staff involved in energy efficiency programs. Energy efficiency is a relatively quick and effective way to minimize depletion of resources. It is the way for the future development of alternative resources. Effective energy efficiency programs can reduce a country's reliance on non-domestic energy sources, which can in turn improve national security and stabilize energy prices. Smart Energy is the philosophy of using the most cost effective long term approach to meeting the energy needs maintaining the lowest environmental impact and maximum efficiency. The electric power delivery system is almost entirely a system with only modest use of sensors, minimal electronic communication and almost no electronic control. In the last 30 years almost all other industries in the world have modernized themselves with the use of sensors, communications, electrical and mechanical equipment and computational ability. For industries, many enormous improvements are produced in productivity, efficiency, quality of products and services, and environmental performance. Smart grid is the way to achieve smart energy with optimized and high performance use of electrical and mechanical equipment, sensors, communications, computational capabilities, demand / load management and control in different forms, which enhances the overall functionality of the electric power delivery system. Traditional system becomes smart by sensing, communicating, applying intelligence, exercising control and through feedback, continually adjusting. This permits several functions in the power system and allows optimization of the use of generation and storage, transmission, distribution, distributed resources and consumer end uses. This is the way to ensure reliability and optimize or minimize the use of energy, mitigate environmental impact, manage assets, and reduce cost. X Preface Improving energy efficiency will require concerted and effective policies and programs at the international and local levels in addition to extensive improvements in technology. This book provides some studies and specific sets of policies and programs that are implemented in order to maximize the potential for energy efficiency improvement. It contains unique studies that provide a multi-disciplinary forum for the discussion of critical issues in energy policy, science and technology, and their impact on society and the environment. Moreover the book provides innovative ways of energy research by addressing key topics in this wide-ranging field; from different expert programs in the field related to electrical and mechanical equipment, load management and quality, to energy efficiency in sensors and software, measurement and auditing. The book contains four main sections; Energy Efficiency with Load Management, Energy Efficiency-Equipment, Energy Efficiency-Measurement and Analysis, and Energy Efficiency Software and Sensors. Every section contains several chapters related to the topic of the section. More than 30 Scientists with academic and industrial expertise in the field of the energy efficiency have contributed to this book which aim was to provide sufficient innovative knowledge and present different energy efficiency policies from multi-disciplinary point of view. Section 1: Energy Efficiency – Load Management This section describes modified Intelligent Monitoring and Controlling System to high voltage customers. It also assembles the complete work of environmental design developed for the new research centre of Petroleum Companies. Energy Efficient Mobility Management for the Macrocell–Femtocell LTE Network is also presented. Finally this section defines the concept and the need for energy efficiency as a solution for energy management. Section 2: Energy Efficiency – Equipment This section describes high efficiency mix energy system design with low carbon footprint for wide-open Workshops. Ventilation fans are energy-demanding equipment that stands for a significant share of a building's total energy consumption. Improving energy efficiency of ventilation fans is thus important. In addition, different approach of controlling the static pressure difference of a fan is suggested. One of the important industry utilities that has to be encompassed by this energy policy are compressed air systems. The section is also concerned with the identification of the current state of energy efficiency in the production and usage of compressed air and possibilities for improvements that would yield the corresponding energy saving. Moreover, it presents an optimization model that determines the best hourly operation for one day, according to the electricity tariff, for a pumped storage system with water consumption and inlet discharge with wind turbines. Finally energy dissipation due to gas-liquid mixing as a function of different physical, geometric and dynamic variables of the system is enunciated in this section. . ENERGY EFFICIENCY – THE INNOVATIVE WAYS FOR SMART ENERGY, THE FUTURE TOWARDS MODERN UTILITIES Edited by Moustafa Eissa Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, . Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities 8 3.5. Alarms, recommendation and event reporting The main feature of the IMCS is producing the alarms,. applications in process automation) Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities 6 • Data communication (PROFIBUS FMS) (for data communication between