BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING – FRONTIERS AND CHALLENGES Edited by Reza Fazel-Rezai Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges Edited by Reza Fazel-Rezai Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Davor Vidic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Alfred Bondarenko, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges, Edited by Reza Fazel-Rezai p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-309-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Modern Synthesis and Thermoresponsivity of Polyphosphoesters 1 Yasuhiko Iwasaki Chapter 2 Inactivation of Bacteria by Non-Thermal Plasmas 25 R. Morent and N. De Geyter Chapter 3 Photocrosslinkable Polymers for Biomedical Applications 55 P. Ferreira, J. F. J. Coelho, J. F. Almeida and M. H. Gil Chapter 4 Hydroxyapatite-Based Materials: Synthesis and Characterization 75 Eric M. Rivera-Muñoz Chapter 5 Non Thermal Plasma Sources of Production of Active Species for Biomedical Uses: Analyses, Optimization and Prospect 99 M. Yousfi, N. Merbahi, J. P. Sarrette, O. Eichwald, A. Ricard, J.P. Gardou, O. Ducasse and M. Benhenni Chapter 6 Thermal Responsive Shape Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications 125 Jianwen Xu and Jie Song Chapter 7 Biocompatible Phosphorus Containing Photopolymers 143 Claudia Dworak Chapter 8 Coating Nanomagnetic Particles for Biomedical Applications 157 Ângela Andrade, Roberta Ferreira, José Fabris and Rosana Domingues Chapter 9 Effect of Texture on Success Rates of Implants 177 Abdelilah Benmarouane VI Contents Chapter 10 Magnetic Particle Induction and Its Importance in Biofilm Research 189 Amy M. Anderson, Bryan M. Spears, Helen V. Lubarsky, Irvine Davidson, Sabine U. Gerbersdorf and David M. Paterson Chapter 11 Biocompatible Polyamides and Polyurethanes Containing Phospholipid Moiety 217 Yu Nagase and Kenji Horiguchi Chapter 12 Scalable Functional Bone Substitutes: Strategic Integration of Key Structural Elements of Bone in Synthetic Biomaterials 233 Tera M. Filion and Jie Song Chapter 13 Bacterial Cellulose for Skin Repair Materials 249 Fu Lina, Zhang Yue, Zhang Jin and Yang Guang Chapter 14 Hydrogel Biomaterials 275 Alpesh Patel and Kibret Mequanint Chapter 15 On the Application of Gas Discharge Plasmas for the Immobilization of Bioactive Molecules for Biomedical and Bioengineering Applications 297 Frank Hempel, Hartmut Steffen, Benedikt Busse, Birgit Finke, J. Barbara Nebe, Antje Quade, Henrike Rebl, Claudia Bergemann, Klaus-Dieter Weltmann and Karsten Schröder Chapter 16 The Application of Biomolecules in the Preparation of Nanomaterials 319 Zhuang Li and Tao Yang Chapter 17 Dielectrophoresis for Manipulation of Bioparticles 335 Naga Siva K. Gunda and Sushanta K. Mitra Chapter 18 Role of Proteins on the Electrochemical Behavior of Implanted Metallic Alloys, Reproducibility and Time-Frequency Approach from EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) 355 Geringer Jean and Navarro Laurent Preface There have been different definitions for Biomedical Engineering. One of them is the application of engineering disciplines, technology, principles, and design concepts to medicine and biology. As this definition implies, biomedical engineering helps closing the gap between“engineering” and “medicine”. There are many different disciplines in engineering field such as aerospace, chemical, civil, computer, electrical, genetic, geological, industrial, mechanical. On the other hand, in the medical field, there are several fields of study such as anesthesiology, cardiology, dermatology, emergency medicine, gastroenterology, orthopedics, neuroscience, pathology, pediatrics, psychiatry, radiology, and surgery. Biomedical engineering can be considered as a bridge connecting field(s) in engineering to field(s) in medicine. Creating such a bridge requires understanding and major cross - disciplinary efforts by engineers, researchers, and physicians at health institutions, research institutes, and industry sectors. Depending on where this connection has happened, different areas of research in biomedical engineering have been shaped. In all different areas in biomedical engineering, the ultimate objectives in research and education are to improve the quality life, reduce the impact of disease on the everyday life of individuals, and provide an appropriate infrastructure to promote and enhance the interaction of biomedical engineering researchers. In general, biomedical engineering has several disciplines including, but not limited to, bioinstrumentation, biostatistics, and biomaterial, biomechanics, biosignal, biosystem, biotransportation, clinical, tissue, rehabilitation and cellular engineering. Experts in biomedical engineering, a young area for research and education, are working in various industry and government sectors, hospitals, research institutions, and academia. The U.S. Department of Labor estimates that the job market for biomedical engineering will increase by 72%, faster than the average of all occupations in engineering. Therefore, there is a need to extend the research in this area and train biomedical engineers of tomorrow. This book is prepared in two volumes to introduce a recent advances in different areas of biomedical engineering such as biomaterials, cellular engineering, biomedical devices, nanotechnology, and biomechanics. Different chapters in both X Preface volumes are stand-alone and readers can start from any chapter that they are interested in. It is hoped that this book brings more awareness about the biomedical engineering field and helps in completing or establishing new research areas in biomedical engineering. As the editor, I would like to thank all the authors of different chapters. Without your contributions, it would not be possible to have a quality book and help in the growth of biomedical engineering. Dr. Reza Fazel-Rezai University of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND, USA [...]... distribution of PIPP was narrow and stable during polymerization The mechanism of ROP with organocatalysts was characterized using 1H NMR by Hedrick and co-workers (Nederberg et al., 2007; Pratt et al., 2006) They indicated that DBU and TBD form hydrogen bonds to the alcohol of an initiator ROP of IPP with DBU then occurs through a quasi- 4 Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges anionic polymerization... Copyright (2004), with permission from the American Chemical Society) 6 Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges The transition point of the surface tension increased with an increase in the molecular weight and density of PMPC Typical examples for the concentrations of PIBr3-g-PMPC711 and PIBr5-g-PMPC115 were 8.6 x 10-3 g/dL and 2.3 x 10-3 g/dL, respectively A decrease in surface tensions was... conditions is 12 Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges effective for drug delivery or tissue engineering applications (Okuyama et al., 1993; Nishida et al., 2004) The thermoresponsivity of polyphosphoesters can also be observed under physiological temperatures Thus, the polymers are applicable in the biomedical field The effect of NaCl concentration on the cloud point on PEP and PI24E76 is... Poly(Phosphoester) Nerve Guides by Immersion Precipitation and the Control of Porosity Biomaterials, Vol 22, No 10, (May 2001), pp 1147-1156, ISSN 1878-5905 24 Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges Wang, D.A.; Williams, C.G.; Yang, F.; Cher, N.; Lee, H.; Elisseeff, J.H (2005) Bioresponsive phosphoester hydrogels for bone tissue engineering Tissue Engineering, Vol 11, No 1-2, (January-February 2005),... cell proliferation When the bFGF was incorporated into a hydrogel, the rate of cell proliferation relatively increased with an 10 Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges increase in the concentration of PIOP (p = 0.017 and p = 0.107 G1A vs G3A after culture for 96 h and 168 h, respectively) While MPC polymer provides a suitable condition for maintaining cell viability, this polymer is not effective... 92.7±0.6 96.4±0.3 96.5±0.1 96.7±0.2 86.0±1.3 96.2±0.1 95.8±0.1 94.8±0.2 Table 3 Synthetic condition and properties of hydrogels (Reproduced from Wachiralarpphaithoon et al., (2007) Biomaterials, Vol 28, No 6, pp 984-993, Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier) 8 Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges The synthetic route of the macrocrosslinker, PIOP, was also synthesized using TIBA as... remained above the cloud point Then, the polymers might loosely associate and their mobility was not reduced with an increase in temperature While the mobility of the polymers in the coacervate phase was clarified, further study will be needed to show the molecular mechanism of coacervation 14 Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges We demonstrated the separation of hydrophobic molecules with... polyphosphoesters and poly(ethylene glycol) form a micelle structure above phase separation temperature (Wang et al., 2009), PEHA will work as building blocks for making enzyme-responsive micelles Fig 16 Change in number-averaged molecular weight (Mn) of PEHA in contact with porcine liver esterase () in PBS, () in esterase solution [Esterase] = 40 U/mL 18 Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges. .. 2Alkoxy-2-Oxo-1,3,2-Dioxaphospholans and Structure of Polymers Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol 16, No 6, (June 1978), pp 1275-1283, ISSN 1099-0518 Lin, A.S.P.; Barrows, T.H ; Cartmell, S.H.; Guldberg, R.E (2003) Microarchitectural and Mechanical Characterization of Oriented Porous Polymer Scaffolds Biomaterials, Vol 24, No 3, (February 2003), pp 481-489, ISSN 0142-9612 22 Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and. .. a relatively long history, well-defined synthesis of the polymers has not been well explained For use in medical applications such as drug delivery systems, understanding the synthetic process of 2 Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution may be quite important to obtain reproducibility The first part of this chapter discusses the controlled . BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING – FRONTIERS AND CHALLENGES Edited by Reza Fazel-Rezai Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges Edited by. orders@intechweb.org Biomedical Engineering – Frontiers and Challenges, Edited by Reza Fazel-Rezai p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-309-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be. of biomedical engineering such as biomaterials, cellular engineering, biomedical devices, nanotechnology, and biomechanics. Different chapters in both X Preface volumes are stand-alone and