Basic Medical Endocrinology - Third edition doc

[...]... O O P O OH O Figure 16 Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) 30 Chapter 1 Introduction site of cleavage by Phospholipase C 2 3 O = - - - = - - 4 - O-P-O 1 O O O-P-O OH O Inositol Triphosphate 6 5 = - Diacylglycerol - OH OH - R 2 -C-O-C R 1 -C-O-C O C - O-P-O H2 O Figure 17 Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate When cleaved by phospholipase C, inositol 1,4,5triphosphate and diacylglycerol are formed... polyadenine (polyA) tail is added 10 Chapter 1 Introduction O O - P=O 5' O 5 C H2 O Deoxyribose O 4 1 3 2 O O O - P=O CH3 HN O CH2 O O N O Thymine O NH2 O - P=O O N N CH2 N N O O Adenine O O O - P=O O N HN H2N N N CH2 O O Guanine O NH 2 O - P=O O N O N CH2 O O Cytosine O O - P=O 3' O Figure 3 Composition of DNA DNA is a polymer of the five-carbon sugar, deoxyribose, in diester linkage, with phosphate... membrane α γ β cytosol GDP G-protein subunits Figure 14 G-Protein-coupled receptor.The seven transmembrane α-helices are connected by three extracellular and three intracellular loops of varying length.The extracellular loops may be glycosylated, and the intracellular loops and C-terminal tail may be phosphorylated The receptor is coupled to a G-protein consisting of a GDP-binding alpha subunit closely... Adrenocorticotropic hormone Triiodothyronine Cortisol Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyroxine Aldosterone Vitamin D Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Somatostatin Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Growth hormone Prolactin Corticotropin-releasing hormone Growth hormone-releasing hormone Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Chorionic gonadotropin... small to enter the blood and interfere with endocrine relationships Clearly, the boundaries between endocrinology and other fields of modern biology are both artificial and imprecisely drawn Endocrinology has benefitted enormously from recent advances in other fields, particularly immunology, biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology Early insights into endocrine function were gained from “experiments... signals transmitted by hormones G-Protein-coupled receptors receive signals carried by a wide range of neurotransmitters, immune modulators, and paracrine factors More than 1000 varieties of G-protein-coupled receptors may be expressed in humans, and about 30% of all effective pharmaceutical agents are said to target actions mediated by receptors in this superfamily.All G-protein-coupled receptors are composed... the loops and the carboxyl and amino-terminal tails vary in characteristic ways among the subgroups of these receptors Outward-facing components of the receptor, including parts of the α-helices, contribute to the hormone recognition and binding site.The cytosolic loops and carboxyl tail bind to specific G-proteins near the interface of the membrane and the cytosol G-Proteins are heterotrimers composed... hormonal response The G-Protein-Coupled Receptors The most frequently encountered cell surface receptors belong to a very large superfamily of proteins that couple with guanosine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins) to communicate with intracellular effector molecules This ancient superfamily of receptor molecules is widely expressed throughout eukaryotic phyla G-Protein-coupled receptors are crucial... function of the endocrine system and focus our discussion principally on that aspect of cellular communication that is carried out by the classical endocrine glands and their hormones (Table 1) Chapters 1 through 5 deal with basic information about various endocrine glands and their hormones In the remaining chapters we consider the interaction of hormones and the integration of endocrine function to... of about 65–70 amino acid residues that constitutes the DNA-binding domain This region contains two molecules of zinc, each coordinated with four cysteine residues so that two loops of about 12 amino acids each are formed.These so-called zinc fingers can insert in a half-turn of the DNA helix and grasp the DNA at the site of the HRE.The hormone-binding domain, which is near the carboxyl terminus, also . of the second and third editions of Basic Medical Endocrinology due in large part to the turmoil in the publishing industry brought on by massive consolidation.Although this edition is new and. Preface xix PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION This volume is the product of more than 25 years of teaching endocrine physiol- ogy to first-year medical students. Its focus is human endocrinology with an emphasis. these regards, endocrinology and immunology share common themes and have contributed to each other’s advancement. In revising the text for this second edition of Basic Medical Endocrinology, I