GLOBALIZATION – APPROACHES TO DIVERSITY potx

APPROACHES TO DIVERSITY Edited by Hector Cuadra-Montiel GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION – APPROACHES TO DIVERSITY Edited by Hector Cuadra-Montiel Globalization – Approaches to Diversity http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3332 Edited by Hector Cuadra-Montiel Contributors Abderrahman Hassi, Giovanna Storti, Metin Toprak, Berna Köseoğlu, Constantin Pehoiu, Gica Pehoiu, Dorina Tănăsescu, Felicia Dumitru, Georgiana Dincă, Maurizio Lanfranchi, Angela R. Payne, Bharat S. Thakkar, Hitesh Patel, Hector Cuadra-Montiel, Carlos J. Maya-Ambía, Ayako Sasaki, Hsiu-hui Lin, Weii Lee, Alexander Dawoody Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Durovic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published August, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Globalization – Approaches to Diversity, Edited by Hector Cuadra-Montiel p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0709-5 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Globalization Agendas 1 Chapter 1 Globalization and Culture: The Three H Scenarios 3 Abderrahman Hassi and Giovanna Storti Chapter 2 Captain Cook’s Voyage Around the World – The First Steps of Globalization and the First Problems 21 Metin Toprak and Berna Köseoğlu Chapter 3 Globalization, Olympism, Sport and Multiculturality – Reality or Necessity 41 Constantin Pehoiu and Gica Pehoiu Chapter 4 The Role of the International Organisms in the Globalization Process 77 Dorina Tănăsescu, Felicia Dumitru and Georgiana Dincă Section 2 Globalization Policies 103 Chapter 5 Economy of Globalization and Market Crisis: What Solution for the Agricultural Sector 105 Maurizio Lanfranchi Chapter 6 The Marshall Plan – Global Strategy and Foreign Humanitarian Aid 133 Angela R. Payne and Bharat S. Thakkar Chapter 7 Money Laundering Among Globalized World 163 Hitesh Patel and Bharat S. Thakkar Section 3 Globalization Experiences 183 Chapter 8 Globalization and Re-Commodification in Mexico 185 Hector Cuadra-Montiel VI Contents Chapter 9 Globalization of Uncertainties: Lessons from Fukushima 223 Carlos J. Maya-Ambía Chapter 10 Human Trafficking and Slavery: Current Anti-Trafficking Efforts in Japan 237 Ayako Sasaki Chapter 11 Place Identity for City Sustainability in a Traditional Settlement of Taiwan 253 Hsiu-hui Lin and Weii Lee Chapter 12 Observing Public Policy in a Global Context 275 Alexander Dawoody Preface Much has been written on globalization. The term has been widely used in academic and non-academic circles. Its sole mention triggers opinions and turns debates on. Everyone seems to have an idea what globalization is and how it affects our daily lives. Very few voices have been so widely used, yet unable to reach consensus on its profile and characteristics. There are as many ideas and perceptions on globalization as arguments to analyze it. This is exactly where the treasure of globalization lies: its diversity. Globalization plural and contingent character provides ample room for discussion to identify its elements, actors and dynamics. Originally, the hyperglobalist thesis portrayed the primacy of market driven processes, policy convergence, and the Western lifestyle as a model to be emulated throughout the world. Widely discredited now at the turn of the 21 st century, current scholarship on globalization approaches the phenomena associated with it differently. The logic of inevitability has been substituted by critical studies that asses processes and counter-tendencies in a multifactorial fashion. Economic determinism has given way to nuanced evaluations of the issues under scrutiny. The restoration of agency to the process and phenomena associated with globalization opens up the possibility of acknowledging their open-ended nature. This book contributes to the globalization debate from diverse approaches. Its authors represent international group of academics from four different continents. Their respective contributions highlight issues, policies and experiences that challenge mainstream theses on globalization. They show as many faces of globalization as chapters are in this collective enterprise, and they do it from their particular academic and disciplinary standing. Hence, they all give voice to diversity within globalization. The first section of this book focuses on key issues such as culture, history and international organizations. Authors explore their relevant interactions with globalization, at the same time that make propositions for theoretical scenarios and historical interpretations. Acknowledging interdependence among societies and people on multiple levels the role of values is present, even in contrasting forums such as international organizations and sports movements. The second section discusses the centrality of policies in globalization processes. Contrasting emphases shed light on public policy, local development, foreign policy X Preface and criminal activities. Either they benefit or pose a challenge to globalization, there is hardly any doubt on their socially constructed importance. International and national policies make use of diverse channels such as hierarchies and networks in order to have a deeper impact. It is in the final section that the strong links of the global level with the local and national ones are particularly stressed. Concerns such as social protection are approached from diverse angles, while analyzing ecological, socio-political and economic factors on local and national experiences. As these experiences are associated with globalization, they provide name, face and voice, evidence of diversity that that is vital and ever present in the globalization dynamics. As Editor of this book I would like to express my appreciation for the authors of all chapters, showpieces of globalization themselves. Likewise, I am grateful to InTech staff for their professionalism making my task easy throughout the way. This volume is dedicated to the loving memory of my grandparents Margarita and Ismael. Hector Cuadra-Montiel El Colegio de San Luis, México [...]... (3):34 6– 363 Cohen, R (2007) Creolization and cultural globalization: the soft sounds of fugitive power, Globalizations, 4 (3):369-384 Cowen, T (2002) Creative Destruction: How Globalization is Changing the World's Cultures, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 18 Globalization – Approaches to Diversity Craig, C.S., Douglas, S P and Bennett, A (2009) Contextual and cultural factors underlying... controversial reactions For 4 Globalization – Approaches to Diversity instance, Cowen (2002) contends that while changes and potential losses imposed by globalization on local and traditional cultures, including those extending to cultural differences, may be damaging and destructive, they may also lead towards new prospective opportunities Given the above context, it is argued that globalization brings about... international economy to a world economy that supersedes nations, including their regulations This shift has been labeled globalization with the latter’s extended and evolving history yet to be traced to its origin (Acosta and Gonzalez, 2010) Despite its long history, globalization remains almost constant as its forces continually aim at transcending human differences around the world Globalization is one... conversely, cultures with values different than those of the United States are less likely to embrace products typical of the American culture (Craig, Douglas and Bennett, 2009) Therefore, the Americanization phenomena 10 Globalization – Approaches to Diversity seems to be contingent with the predisposition of local cultures to embrace artifacts reflective of the American culture, rather than with the simple... for workers and their families This flexibility is also extended to Russian customers that spend hours on end socializing and chatting over teas and coffees This would be unconceivable in a North American fast food outlet as these sorts of customer practices would be strongly discouraged by the business 12 Globalization – Approaches to Diversity Similarly, American adaptations of the fast food principles... been labeled globalization As a result, a great deal of debate and discussion, even controversy (Bird and Stevens, 2003) has taken place about globalization in various disciplines from different angles In fact, there seems to be a controversy in regards to globalization and the contradictory meanings associated with it This controversy refers, among others, to either “a dominant logic of globalization ... nationality in the context of globalization Communication Theory, 14 (1):7 8–9 6 Yan, Y (1997) McDonald's in Beijing: The Localization of Americana, in Watson (Eds.), Golden Arches East Publishing, pp 39-76, Stanford, Stanford University Press 20 Globalization – Approaches to Diversity Zelizer, V.A (1999) Multiple markets: multiple cultures, in N.J Smelser & J Alexander (Eds.), Diversity and its Discontents:... chapter is to provide a lens view of the interactions between globalization and culture as the latter positions itself on the spectrum of a theoretical perspective To look into the interactions between globalization and culture, a literature review of relevant theoretical contributions has been conducted followed up with a discussion on their main insights To do so, the key concepts of culture and globalization. .. through advanced technologies (Jaja, Globalization and Culture: The Three H Scenarios 5 2010) As is, globalization refers to both the aspiration and determination to make a way of life applicable throughout the world, hence contributing to uniformizing ideas and systems of ideas in every single part of the world (Jaja, 2010) Thus, some commentators contend that globalization emerged with the advent... that touches on interactions between globalization and culture According to the hybridization view, external and internal flows interact to create a unique cultural hybrid that encompasses components of the two (Ritzer, 2010) Barriers to external flows exist; however, although they are powerful enough to protect local cultures from being overwhelmed by external exchanges, they are not powerful enough to . APPROACHES TO DIVERSITY Edited by Hector Cuadra-Montiel GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION – APPROACHES TO DIVERSITY Edited by Hector Cuadra-Montiel Globalization – Approaches. Globalization – Approaches to Diversity, Edited by Hector Cuadra-Montiel p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0709-5 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Globalization Agendas 1 Chapter 1 Globalization. likely to embrace products typical of the American culture (Craig, Douglas and Bennett, 2009). Therefore, the Americanization phenomena Globalization – Approaches to Diversity 10 seems to be