NANOCOMPOSITES - NEW TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS Edited by Farzad Ebrahimi Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3389 Edited by Farzad Ebrahimi Contributors Priscila Anadão, Alexander Pogrebnjak, Jeong Hyun Yeum, Kuldeep Singh, Anil Ohlan, Sundeep Dhawan, Jow-Lay Huang, Pramoda Kumar Nayak, Xiaoli Cui, Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi, Abbas Fahami, Reza Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi, Farzad Ebrahimi, Masoud Mozafari, Dongfang Yang, Vladimir Pimenovich Dzyuba, Davide Micheli, Roberto Pastore, Giorgio Giannini, Ramon Bueno Morles, Mario Marchetti, Dmitri Muraviev, Julio Bastos Arrieta, Maria Muñoz Tapia, Amanda Alonso, Tito Trindade, Ricardo J.B. Pinto, Carlos Pascoal Neto, Márcia Neves, Jun Young Kim, Seunghun Lee, Do-Geun Kim, Jong-Kuk Kim, Elangovan Thangavel, Majda Sfiligoj-Smole, Manja Kurecic, Hema Bhandari, Anoop Kumar S, Nelcy Della Santina Mohallem, Rosendo Sanjines, Cosmin Sandu Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Skomersic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published October, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments, Edited by Farzad Ebrahimi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0762-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Polymer/ Clay Nanocomposites: Concepts, Researches, Applications and Trends for The Future 1 Priscila Anadão Chapter 2 Carbon Nanotube Embedded Multi-Functional Polymer Nanocomposites 17 Jeong Hyun Yeum, Sung Min Park, Il Jun Kwon, Jong Won Kim, Young Hwa Kim, Mohammad Mahbub Rabbani, Jae Min Hyun, Ketack Kim and Weontae Oh Chapter 3 Polymer-Graphene Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties, and Applications 37 Kuldeep Singh, Anil Ohlan and S.K. Dhawan Chapter 4 Composites of Cellulose and Metal Nanoparticles 73 Ricardo J. B. Pinto, Márcia C. Neves, Carlos Pascoal Neto and Tito Trindade Chapter 5 High Performance PET/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties and Applications 97 Jun Young Kim and Seong Hun Kim Chapter 6 Hard Nanocomposite Coatings, Their Structure and Properties 123 A. D. Pogrebnjak and V. M. Beresnev Chapter 7 Polymer Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Water Purification 161 Manja Kurecic and Majda Sfiligoj Smole Chapter 8 Ecologically Friendly Polymer-Metal and Polymer-Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Complex Water Treatment 187 Amanda Alonso, Julio Bastos-Arrieta, Gemma.L. Davies, Yurii.K. Gun’ko, Núria Vigués, Xavier Muñoz-Berbel, Jorge Macanás, Jordi Mas, Maria Muñoz and Dmitri N. Muraviev Chapter 9 Impact Response of Nanofluid-Reinforced Antiballistic Kevlar Fabrics 215 Roberto Pastore, Giorgio Giannini, Ramon Bueno Morles, Mario Marchetti and Davide Micheli Chapter 10 Graphene/Semiconductor Nanocomposites: Preparation and Application for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution 239 Xiaoyan Zhang and Xiaoli Cui Chapter 11 New Frontiers in Mechanosynthesis: Hydroxyapatite – and Fluorapatite – Based Nanocomposite Powders 259 Bahman Nasiri–Tabrizi, Abbas Fahami, Reza Ebrahimi–Kahrizsangi and Farzad Ebrahimi Chapter 12 Application of Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors: Characteristics and Properties 299 Dongfang Yang Chapter 13 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Anticorrosive and Antistatic Applications 329 Hema Bhandari, S. Anoop Kumar and S. K. Dhawan Chapter 14 Electroconductive Nanocomposite Scaffolds: A New Strategy Into Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 369 Masoud Mozafari, Mehrnoush Mehraien, Daryoosh Vashaee and Lobat Tayebi Chapter 15 Photonics of Heterogeneous Dielectric Nanostructures 393 Vladimir Dzyuba, Yurii Kulchin and Valentin Milichko Chapter 16 Effect of Nano-TiN on Mechanical Behavior of Si3N4 Based Nanocomposites by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) 421 Jow-Lay Huang and Pramoda K. Nayak ContentsVI Chapter 17 Synthesis and Characterization of Ti-Si-C-N Nanocomposite Coatings Prepared by a Filtered Vacuum Arc with Organosilane Precursors 437 Seunghun Lee, P. Vijai Bharathy, T. Elangovan, Do-Geun Kim and Jong-Kuk Kim Chapter 18 Study of Multifunctional Nanocomposites Formed by Cobalt Ferrite Dispersed in a Silica Matrix Prepared by Sol-Gel Process 457 Nelcy Della Santina Mohallem, Juliana Batista Silva, Gabriel L. Tacchi Nascimento and Victor L. Guimarães Chapter 19 Interfacial Electron Scattering in Nanocomposite Materials: Electrical Measurements to Reveal The Nc-MeN/a-SiNx Nanostructure in Order to Tune Macroscopic Properties 483 R. Sanjinés and C. S. Sandu Contents VII Preface Nanoscience, nanotechnology and nanomaterials have become a central field of scientific and technical activity. Over the last years the interest in nanostructures and their applications in various electronic devices, effective optoelectronic devices, bio-sensors, photodetectors, solar cells, nanodevices, plasmonic structures has been increasing tremendously. This is caused by the unique properties of nanostructures and the outstanding performance of nanoscale devices. At the nanoscale, a material’s property can change dramatically. With only a reduction in size and no change in the substance itself, materials can exhibit new properties such as electrical conductivity, insulating behavior, elasticity, greater strength, different color, and greater reactivity-characteristics that the very same substances do not exhibit at the micro- or macroscale. Additionally, as dimensions reach the nanometer level, interactions at interfaces of phases become largely improved, and this is important to enhance materials properties. Composite materials are multi-phased combinations of two or several components, which acquire new characteristic properties that the individual constituents, by themselves, cannot obtain. A composite material typically consists of a certain matrix containing one or more fillers which can be made up of particles, sheets or fibers. When at least one of these phases has dimensions less than 100 nm, the material is named a nanocomposite and offers in addition a higher surface to volume ratio. These are high performance materials that exhibit unusual property combinations and unique design possibilities and are thought of as the materials of the 21st century. Nowadays, nanocomposites offer new technology and business opportunities for all sectors of industry, in addition to being environmental- friendly. A glance through the pages of science and engineering literature shows that the use of nanocomposites for emerging technologies represents one of the most active areas of research and development throughout the fields of chemistry, physics, life sciences, and related technologies. In addition to being of technological importance, the subject of nanocomposites is a fascinating area of interdisciplinary research and a major source of inspiration and motivation in its own right for exploitation to help humanity. Based on the simple premise that by using a wide range of building blocks with dimensions in the nonosize region, it is possible to design and create new materials with unprecedented flexibility and improvements in their physical properties. Nanocomposites are attractive to researchers both from practical and theoretical point of view because of combination of special properties. Many efforts have been made in the last two decades using novel nanotechnology and nanoscience knowledge in order to get nanomaterials with determined functionality. This book reports on the state of the art research and development findings on this very broad matter through original and innovative research studies exhibiting various investigation directions. The book “Nanocomposites- New Trends and Developments“ meant to provide a small but valuable sample of contemporary research activities around the world in this field and it is expected to be useful to a large number of researchers. Through its 19 chapters the reader will have access to works related to the theory, preparation, and characterization of various types of nanocomposites such as composites of cellulose and metal nanoparticles, polymer/ clay, polymer/Carbon and polymer-graphene nanocomposites and several other exciting topics while it introduces the various applications of nanocomposites in water treatment, supercapacitors, green energy generation, anticorrosive and antistatic applications, hard coatings, antiballistic and electroconductive scaffolds. Besides it reviews multifunctional nanocomposites, photonics of dielectric nanostructures and electron scattering in nanocomposite materials. The present book is a result of contributions of experts from international scientific community working in different aspects of nanocomposite science and applications. The introductions, data, and references in this book will help the readers know more about this topic and help them explore this exciting and fast-evolving field. The text is addressed not only to researchers, but also to professional engineers, students and other experts in a variety of disciplines, both academic and industrial seeking to gain a better understanding of what has been done in the field recently, and what kind of open problems are in this area. I am pleased to have had the opportunity to have served as editor of this book which contains a wide variety of studies from authors from all around the world. I would like to thank all the authors for their efforts in sending their best papers to the attention of audiences including students, scientists and engineers throughout the world. The world will benefit from their studies and insights. I also wish to acknowledge the help given by InTech Open Access Publisher, in particular Ms. Skomersic for her assistance, guidance, patience and support. Dr. Farzad Ebrahimi Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, International University of Imam Khomeini Qazvin, I.R.IRAN PrefaceX [...]... studies of simulation of the thermody‐ namics of the polymer/ clay nanocomposites These models consider the nanocomposite thermodynamics and architecture, the interaction between clay and polymer to the free en‐ ergy and the polymer and clay conformation 5 6 Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments Specifically for polyamide 6 and 66/ clay nanocomposites, the study of the molecular dy‐ namics was employed,... Honeywell Polymer, RTP Company, Toyota Motors, UBE and Uni‐ tika In the packaging industry, the superior oxygen and dioxide carbon barrier properties of the nylon nanocomposites have been used to produce PET multilayer bottles and films for food and beverage packaging In Europe and USA, nanocomposites are used in soft drink and alcoholic beverage bottles and meat and cheese packaging since these materials... to the automotive, aer‐ onautical and packaging industry Polymer/ Clay Nanocomposites: Concepts, Researches, Applications and Trends for The Future http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50407 The car part industry pioneered in the use of polymer/ clay nanocomposites, since these nanocomposites present stiffness and thermal and mechanical resistances able to replaceme‐ tals, and its use in car reduces powerconsumption... medical materials such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechani‐ cal properties For this reason and forthe fact of being finely modulated by adding different 11 12 Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments clay contents, they can be applied in tissue engineering – the hydrogel form, in bone replace‐ ment and repair, in dental applications and in medicine control release Moreover, there is the... 117-2972 15 16 Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments [32] Alian, A M., & Abu-Zahra, M H Mechanical properties of rigid foam PVC-clay nanocomposites Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering (20094) ., 48-1014 [33] Mano, E B (2000) Polímeros como materiais de engenharia [34] Timmaraju, M V., Gnanamoorthy, R., & Kannan, K (2011) Influence of imbibed moisture and organoclay on tensile and indentation... employed in polymer/ clay nanocomposites In this item, examples of studies about the most important polymers that are currently em‐ ployed in the polymer/ clay nanocomposite preparation will be presented Fora better un‐ 7 8 Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments derstanding, polymers are divided into general-purpose polymers, engineering plastics, conductive polymers and biodegradable polymers... cables due to the slow burning and low released heat rate; the replacementof PE tubes withpolyamide 12 nanocomposites (commercial name SETTM), produced by Foster Corporation and in furniture and domestic appliances withthe nanocomposite with brand name ForteTM produced by Noble Polymer Table 1 presents a summary of the application areas and products in which polymer/ clay nanocomposites are used The consumption... Polymer/ Clay Nanocomposites: Concepts, Researches, Applications and Trends for The Future http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50407 [18] Ke, Y C., & Stroeve, P (2005) Polymer-Layered Silicate and Silica Nanocomposites, Amsterdam, Elsevier B.V [19] [19], Mittal V (1992) Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites : A Review Materi‐ als , 2, 992-1057 [20] Ray, S S (2005) Bousmina M Biodegradable polymers and their layered... are stiffness, fragility and low thermal stability and because of this, improvements should be performed One of the ways to improve these properties is by pre‐ paring nanocomposites PHB nanocomposites were prepared with the sodium montmorillonite and Cloisite 30B by fusion intercalation A better compatibility between clay and polymer was established by using Cloisite 30 B and an exfoliated/ intercalated... PVAc/PVA/ MWNT nanocomposites microspheres was determined by the ratio of methyl and methyl‐ ene proton peaks in the 1H-NMR spectrometer (Varian, Sun Unity 300) [21] The antibacteri‐ al performance was investigated to examine the biological function of PVA/MWNT/Au nanofibers by KSM 0146 (shake flask method) using ATCC 6538 (S aureus) [38] 21 22 Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments 4 Results and discussion . NANOCOMPOSITES - NEW TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS Edited by Farzad Ebrahimi Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments http://dx.doi.org /10 .5772/3389 Edited by Farzad. market and future directons Approximately 80% of the polymer/ clay nanocomposites is destined to the automotive, aer‐ onautical and packaging industry. Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments1 0 . Davide Micheli Chapter 10 Graphene/Semiconductor Nanocomposites: Preparation and Application for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution 239 Xiaoyan Zhang and Xiaoli Cui Chapter 11 New Frontiers in Mechanosynthesis: