Color Atlas of Ophthamology pot

[...]... of a squint and to test the ability of the patient to see with both eyes together (binocular single vision) • Binocular slit-lamp microscopy The binocular slit-lamp microscope enables accurate observation of the eye up to a magnification of 40 times It consists of two parts, an oblique light which can be adjusted to a slit and a binocular microscope Other uses of the slit-lamp include examination of. .. Treatment for other types of ptosis depends on the cause Lid retraction Instead of covering the upper edge of the cornea, the upper lid is retracted several millimetres The usual cause is overactivity of the levator muscle from hyperthyroidism In severe cases, a recession of the levator muscle may be done Control of hyperthyroidism may be helpful In severe cases, a plastic bridging of the lids (tarsorrhaphy)... drainage system which results in tearing The most common condition of the orbit is exophthalmos, indicating the possibility of thyroid disease or a space-occupying lesion It may require the care of several specialists EYELID INFLAMMATION Blepharitis (inflammation of the lid margin) Squamous blepharitis is the more common of the two main types of blepharitis It is frequently associated with dandruff or seborrheic... dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis and presents with small white scales at the roots of the eyelashes The patient often has chronically irritable eyes Ulcerative blepharitis is due to staphylococcal infection of the follicles at the lid margin It is accompanied by falling of the lashes and, later, by deformity of the lashes, some of which may turn inwards (trichiasis) Treatment is frequently difficult and... is due to allergy to cosmetics or a variety of ophthalmic medication, especially sulphonamides Treatment consists of identifying and stopping the offending cosmetics or medication The application of local steroid cream to the skin of the eyelids helps Herpes zoster ophthalmicus Herpes zoster ophthalmicus affects the skin supplied by the ophthalmic division of the fifth cranial nerve It presents with... lid of the eye being examined It is best to approach the eye from the temporal side so that a good view of the disc can be seen before the pupil contracts when light is shone on the macula The nasal retinal vessels and the temporal retinal vessels are examined before the macula Because of the extreme sensitivity of the macula to light which results in rapid constriction of the pupil, examination of. .. surgically Ectropion (eversion of lid margin) The patient usually complains of tearing (epiphora) due to failure of the tears to gain access to the lacrimal drainage apparatus This is sometimes accompanied by exposure conjunctivitis or keratitis The cause of ectropion is weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscles associated with seventh nerve lesion or senile weakness from loss of muscle tone Occasionally,... to be performed In acute dacryocystitis, systemic antibiotics and surgical drainage of the pus are required ORBIT Orbital cellulitis This condition is unilateral It presents with intense lid oedema, chemosis and restriction of eye movements It often occurs as a result of the spread of infection to the orbit from one of the surrounding paranasal sinuses Sometimes there is disc oedema The infection may... Inflammation of Eyelid Fig 2.5 Stye (abscess of eyelash follicle) Fig 2.6 Inflamed chalazion of left upper lid Fig 2.7 Infected chalazion ruptured through conjunctiva and appearing as granulomatous lesion 29 Malposition of Eyelid Fig 2.8 Left congenital ptosis (drooping of eyelid) Fig 2.9 Right ptosis from third nerve paralysis Pupil dilated and eye displaced (turned down and out) Fig 2.10 Ectropion of left... extraocular muscles The cover-uncover test is done by covering one of the patient’s eyes while the other eye looks at an object When the cover is removed, the uncovered eye may move to look at the object By observing the movement of the eye, the presence of a squint may be confirmed A number of tests can be carried out to analyse diplopia with the use of red-green goggles to dissociate the eyes The synoptophore . appearance of floaters usually described by the patient as small, semi-translucent particles of varying shapes moving across the visual field with the movement of the eye. Single or double floaters of. flashes of light due to stimulation of the retina and are seen in retinal tears and detachments and also in vitreous detachment. Other sensations of light may arise from migraine or lesions of the. at the centre of the pupil. If one of the eyes is misaligned, the reflex will not be at the centre of the pupil. In a convergent squint, the light reflex will be at the outer side of the cornea,