EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS – NEW FRONTIERS IN SEISMOLOGY Edited by Sebastiano D'Amico Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology Edited by Sebastiano D'Amico Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Igor Babic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology, Edited by Sebastiano D'Amico p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-840-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Ground Motion Studies 1 Chapter 1 Strong Ground Motion Estimation 3 Daniel R.H. O’Connell, Jon. P. Ake, Fabian Bonilla, Pengcheng Liu, Roland LaForge and Dean Ostenaa Chapter 2 Prediction of High-Frequency Ground Motion Parameters Based on Weak Motion Data 69 Sebastiano D’Amico, Aybige Akinci, Luca Malagnini and Pauline Galea Chapter 3 Application of Empirical Green's Functions in Earthquake Source, Wave Propagation and Strong Ground Motion Studies 87 Lawrence Hutchings and Gisela Viegas Chapter 4 Seismic Source Characterization for Future Earthquakes 141 Jorge Aguirre Gonzales, Alejandro Ramirez-Gaytán, Carlos I. Huerta-López and Cecilia Rosado-Trillo Part 2 Site Characterization 153 Chapter 5 Evaluation of Linear and Nonlinear Site Effects for the M W 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake 155 C. Nunziata, M.R. Costanzo, F. Vaccari and G.F. Panza Chapter 6 Active and Passive Experiments for S-Wave Velocity Measurements in Urban Areas 177 C. Nunziata, G. De Nisco and M.R. Costanzo Chapter 7 Site-Specific Seismic Analyses Procedures for Framed Buildings for Scenario Earthquakes Including the Effect of Depth of Soil Stratum 195 P. Kamatchi, G.V. Ramana, A.K. Nagpal and Nagesh R. Iyer VI Contents Chapter 8 Microtremor HVSR Study of Site Effects in Bursa City (Northern Marmara Region, Turkey) 225 Elcin Gok and Orhan Polat Chapter 9 Revisions to Code Provisions for Site Effects and Soil-Structure Interaction in Mexico 237 J. Avilés and L.E. Pérez-Rocha Chapter 10 Influence of Nonlinearity of Soil Response on Characteristics of Ground Motion 255 Olga Pavlenko Part 3 Seismic Hazard and Early Warning 281 Chapter 11 Intraplate Seismicity and Seismic Hazard: The Gulf of Bothnia Area in Northern Europe Revisited 283 Päivi Mäntyniemi Chapter 12 Probabilistic Method to Estimate Design Accelerograms in Seville and Granada Based on Uniform Seismic Hazard Response Spectra 299 José Luis de Justo, Antonio Morales-Esteban, Francisco Martínez-Álvarez and J. M. Azañón Chapter 13 Development of On-Site Earthquake Early Warning System for Taiwan 329 Chu-Chieh J. Lin, Pei-Yang Lin, Tao-Ming Chang, Tzu-Kun Lin, Yuan-Tao Weng, Kuo-Chen Chang and Keh-Chyuan Tsai Part 4 Earthquake Geology 359 Chapter 14 Extracting Earthquake Induced Coherent Soil Mass Movements 361 Kazuo Konagai, Zaheer Abbas Kazmi and Yu Zhao Preface The assessment of seismic hazard is probably the most important contribution of seismology to society. The prediction of the earthquake ground motion has always been of primary interest to seismologists and structural engineers. Large earthquakes that have occurred in densely populated areas of the world in recent years (eg Izmit, Turkey, August 17, 1999; Duzce, Turkey, November 12, 1999; Chi-Chi, Taiwan, September 20, 1999; Bhuj, India, January 26, 2001; Sumatra, Indonesia, December 26, 2004; Wenchuan, China, May 12, 2008; L’Aquila, Italy, April 6, 2009; Haiti, January 2010; Turkey 2011) highlight the dramatic inadequacy of a massive portion of the buildings erected in and around the epicentral areas. It has been observed that many houses were unable to withstand the ground shaking. Building earthquake-resistant structures and retrofitting old buildings on a national scale can be extremely expensive and can represent an economic challenge even for developed Western countries. Planning and design should be based on available national hazard maps which, in turn, must be produced after a careful calibration of ground motion predictive relationships for the region, estimation of seismic site effects as well as studies for the characterization of seismicity, seismogenic sources etc. Updating existing hazard maps represents one of the highest priorities for seismologists who contribute by refining the ground motion scaling relations and reducing the related uncertainties. The chapters in this book are devoted to various aspects of earthquake research and analysis, from theoretical advances to practical applications. Chapters one to four are dedicated to ground motion studies, spanning the seismic source characterization to estimation of ground motion parameters. Chapters in the site characterization section tackle the significance of the local seismic response. This topic is of increasing importance in earthquake seismology and in the seismic microzonation since regional geology can have a large effect on the characteristics of ground motion. The site response of the ground motion may vary in different locations of the city according to the local geology. Some chapters are dedicated to seismic hazard and early warning systems. The final chapter presents a study in investigating land mass movements. Such studies could be integrated with the seismic hazard estimation and microzonation since ground deformations, along with severe shaking, could also be responsible for the devastation. X Preface I would like to express my special thanks to Mr. Igor Babic and Ms. Ivana Lorkovic. Last but not least, I would like to thank the whole staff of InTech Open Access Publishing, especially Mr. Igor Babic, for their professional assistance and technical support during the entire publishing process that has led to the realization of this book. Sebastiano D’Amico Research Officer III Physics Department University of Malta Malta [...]... important For instance, Catchings and Mooney (1992) showed that Moho reflections amplify ground motions in the > 100 km distance range in the vicinity of the New Madrid seismic zone in the central United States 16 Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology Factor Geometric spreading, Influence Amplitudes decrease with distance at 1/r, 1/r2, and 1/r4 for body r waves and 1/ r for surface... typically remain subshear, high-stress asperities can produce local regions of supershear rupture combined with high slip velocities Supershear rupture velocities have been observed or inferred to have occurred during several earthquakes, including the M 6.9 14 Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology 1979 Imperial Valley strike-slip earthquake (Olson and Apsel, 1982; Spudich and Cranswick,... California, earthquake showed that rupture velocities could exceed shear-wave velocities over a significant portion of a fault, and produced a peak vertical acceleration > 1.5 g (Spudich and Cranswick, 1984; Archuleta; 1984) The 1983 M 6.5 Coalinga, California, earthquake revealed a new class of seismic sources, blind thrust faults (Stein and Ekström, 4 Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology. .. Chapman and 20 Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology Shearer (1989) show that in some cases, far-field excitation of both quasi-shear wave and shear-wave splitting will result from an incident wave composed of only one of the quasishear waves The potential for stronger coupling of quasi-shear waves suggests that the influence of anisotropy on shear-wave polarizations and peak... cited as evidence for soil nonlinearity Finally, O’Connell (1999) and Hartzell et 22 Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology al (2005) show that in the near-fault region of M > 6 earthquakes linear wave propagation in weakly heterogeneous, random three dimensional crustal velocity can mimic observed, apparently, nonlinear sediment response in regions with large vertical velocity... rake rotations occurring during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake This dynamic rake rotation can reduce radiation-pattern coherence at increasing frequencies by increasingly randomizing rake directions for decreasing time intervals near the initiation of slip at each point on a fault, for increasingly complex initial stress distributions on faults Vidale (1989) showed that the standard double-couple... self-similar scaling as suggest by Somerville et al (1999) However, for strike-slip earthquakes, as moment increases in this magnitude range, they showed that seismic moments scale as the cube of fault length, but 12 Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology fault width saturates Thus, for large strike slip earthquakes average slip increases with fault rupture length, stress drop increases... processes during dip-slip rupture complicate dip-slip directivity by switching the region of maximum fault-normal horizontal motion from the hangingwall to the footwall as fault dips increase from 50 to 60 (O’Connell et al., 2007) 10 Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology Fig 3.2 Schematics of line source orientations for strike-slip (a) and thrust faults (c) and (e) relative... with cyclic loading of soil samples The stressstrain curve has a hysteretic behavior, which produces a reduction of shear modulus as well as an increasing in damping factor Fig 4.1 Hyperbolic model of the stress-strain space for a soil under cyclic loading Initial loading curve has a hyperbolic form, and the loading and unloading phases of the hysteresis path are formed following Masing's criterion... 1980 Irpinia normal-faulting earthquake (Belardinelli et al., 1999), the M 7.0 1992 Petrolia thrust-faulting earthquake (Oglesby and Archuleta, 1997), the M 7.3 Landers strike-slip earthquake (Olsen et al., 1997; Bouchon et al., 1998; Hernandez et al., 1999) the M 6.7 1994 Northridge thrust-faulting earthquake (O'Connell, 1999b), and the 1999 M 7.5 Izmit and M 7.3 Duzce Turkey strike-slip earthquakes . EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS – NEW FRONTIERS IN SEISMOLOGY Edited by Sebastiano D'Amico Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology. 1983 M 6.5 Coalinga, California, earthquake revealed a new class of seismic sources, blind thrust faults (Stein and Ekström, Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology 4. free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Earthquake Research and Analysis – New Frontiers in Seismology,