ADVANCES IN GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING – SOIL LIQUEFACTION AND SEISMIC SAFETY OF DAMS AND MONUMENTS pptx

ADVANCES IN GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING – SOIL LIQUEFACTION AND SEISMIC SAFETY OF DAMS AND MONUMENTS Edited by Abbas Moustafa Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments Edited by Abbas Moustafa Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Igor Babic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments, Edited by Abbas Moustafa p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0025-6 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Lessons Learned from Recent Earthquakes – Geoscience and Geotechnical Perspectives 1 Robert C. Lo and Yumei Wang Chapter 2 Lateral In-Situ Stress Measurements to Diagnose Liquefaction 43 Richard L. Handy Chapter 3 Review on Liquefaction Hazard Assessment 63 Neelima Satyam Chapter 4 Liquefaction Remediation 83 Sarfraz Ali Chapter 5 Simplified Analyses of Dynamic Pile Response Subjected to Soil Liquefaction and Lateral Spread Effects 113 Lin Bor-Shiun Chapter 6 Non-Linear Numerical Analysis of Earthquake-Induced Deformation of Earth-Fill Dams 139 Babak Ebrahimian Chapter 7 Selection of the Appropriate Methodology for Earthquake Safety Assessment of Dam Structures 167 Hasan Tosun and Evren Seyrek Chapter 8 Earthquake Response Analysis and Evaluation for Earth-Rock Dams 189 Zhenzhong Shen, Lei Gan, Juan Cui and Liqun Xu Chapter 9 Recent Landslide Damming Events and Their Hazard Mitigation Strategies 219 Ahsan Sattar and Kazuo Konagai VI Contents Chapter 10 Rate-Dependent Nonlinear Seismic Response Analysis of Concrete Arch Dam 233 Xiao Shiyun Chapter 11 Seismic Potential Improvement of Road Embankment 269 Ken-ichi Tokida Chapter 12 Seismic Response Analysis and Protection of Underground Monumental Structures – The Catacombs of Kom EL-Shoqafa, Alexandria, Egypt 297 Sayed Hemeda Chapter 13 Seismic Protection of Monolithic Objects of Art Using a Constrained Oscillating Base 333 Alessandro Contento and Angelo Di Egidio Chapter 14 Application of a Highly Reduced One-Dimensional Spring-Dashpot System to Inelastic SSI Systems Subjected to Earthquake Ground Motions 359 Masato Saitoh Chapter 15 Numerical Prediction of Fire Whirlwind Outbreak and Scale Effect of Whirlwind Behavior 383 Seigo Sakai Chapter 16 The Vibration of a Layered Rotating Planet and Bryan’s Effect 405 Michael Y. Shatalov, Stephan V. Joubert and Charlotta E. Coetzee Preface Despite the recent progress in seismic-resistance design of structures, earthquakes remain the first natural hazard causing large life loss and massive property destruction worldwide. The recent 2010 Haiti earthquake and the 2011 Japan earthquake are notable examples on life and economic losses in developing and developed countries. The 2010 Haiti earthquake killed more than 250,000 persons and left a long-term suffers for the people of that country. The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and the associated tsunami caused enormous economy loss and massive destructions to engineering structures off the Pacific coast of Tohoku in Japan. In fact, each new earthquake brings surprises with it that teach earthquake and structural engineers new lessons. The field of earthquake engineering has gained crucial advances during the last six decades or so starting from the use of analog seismographs, digital seismographs to the use of modern technologies and design methods such as sensors, structural control, health assessment and optimum design of structures under dynamic loads. This book sheds lights on recent advances in earthquake engineering with special emphasis on soil liquefaction, soil-structure interaction, seismic safety of dams and underground monuments, mitigation strategies against landslide and fire whirlwind resulting from earthquakes. The book contains sixteen chapters covering several interesting topics in earthquake engineering written by researchers from several countries. Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive review on lessons learned from earthquakes with special emphasis on geoscience and geotechnical aspects. Chapters 2-6 are devoted to soil liquefaction during earthquakes and its effect on engineering structures. Chapter 2 focuses on lateral in-situ stress measurements to diagnose soil liquefaction. Chapter 3 deals with hazard assessment due to soil liquefaction. The evaluation and remediation of soil liquefaction is addressed in chapter 4. Chapter 5 tackles the problem of seismic response of piles with soil liquefaction and lateral spread effects. Chapter 6 investigates the non-linear analysis of induced deformations and liquefaction of earth dams. Chapters 7-11 are related to seismic response analysis and safety assessment of dam structures. Chapter 7 deals with the selection of appropriate technique for safety assessment of dams. The seismic response and safety of earth-rock dams is studied in chapter 8. Chapter 9 explores the recent landslide of damming events and their hazard X Preface mitigation strategies. In chapter 10, the rate independent non-linear seismic response of arch dams is presented. Chapter 11 focuses on the seismic potential improvement of road embankments. The response analysis of underground monuments under earthquake ground motions is studied in chapter 12 with focus on the Catacombs of Kom El-Shoqafa in Egypt. Chapter 13 studies the seismic protection of monolithic objects of art using a constrained oscillating base. Chapter 14 examines the application of a highly reduced one-dimensional spring-dashpot system to inelastic soil-structure interaction systems under strong ground motions. Chapter 15 study the numerical prediction of fire whirlwind out break due to earthquakes with emphasis on the recent 2011 Tohoku Japan earthquake. The last chapter of the book handles the vibration of a layered rotating plant and Bryan's effect. I hope this little effort benefits graduate students, researchers and engineers working in the filed of structural/earthquake engineering. I'd like to thank authors of the chapters of this book for their cooperation and effort during the review of the book. Thanks are also to my teachers, C S Manohar, Indian Institute of Science, Sankaran Mahadevan, Vanderbilt University and Izuru Takewaki, Kyoto University who put my feet in the field of earthquake engineering and structural reliability. Prof. Abbas Moustafa Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt [...]... facilities, and draws some conclusions 2 Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments 2 Recent earthquakes 2.1 General Table 1 summarizes the characteristics and damages of the six recent events It provides a thumb-nail sketch of these events including: date and location, earthquake type and focal mechanism, peak ground acceleration and Modified... Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments Table 1 (continued) Summary of Relevant Earthquake and Damage Data for Six Recent Earthquakes In 2004 to 2011 Lessons Learned from Recent Earthquakes – Geoscience and Geotechnical Perspectives 5 The stealthy nature of tsunami onslaught of coastal inhabitants and international tourists around the Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean... The prompt and orderly nation-wide rescue and restoration programs were responsible for mitigating the suffering of affected population and the recovery of the region to normalcy The unique Chinese mechanism for emergency response, recovery and 10 Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments Fig 12 Landslide Activities above Hanging Wall... government buildings (see Fig 20) and buildings Fig 19 Damaged Buildings Located on Hill Slope http://www.worldcatastrophe.com 14 Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments used by the United Nation Stabilization Mission Headquarters, are generally inadequate to withstand this level of shaking (Fierro and Perry 2010) The earthquake fatality... News/AsiaPacific/New-Zealand 18 Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments The smaller aftershock caused significant casualties and heavier structure damages in Christchurch (see Figs 28, 29 and 30) than the main event, because it occurred much closer to the central business district, where many buildings had already suffered varying degrees of damage... severe seismic test during or shortly after its repair It may no longer be acceptable to lower the design criteria for retrofitted structures, even though it has been currently practiced in many countries as the experience of Christchurch in 2010 and 2011 shows 24      Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments Earthquake investigation... opposition It is uncertain how long will it take to bring the radiation problem at the Fukushima Dai-Ichi plant site under control Germany and Switzerland have indicated their 22 Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments plan to phase out nuclear power plants, while other countries have also starting the reassessment of their future nuclear-power... in Yongchang City about 25 km downstream of the destructed town with many traditional architectural elements of the local Qiang minority (see Fig 16) Fig 15 Relocated Community in Temporary Accommodation of Chongzhou, 2008 12 Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments Fig 16 City Scene Along Yongchang Boulevard, Yongchang, Sichuan –. .. Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments Due to the steep and rugged topography in the affected mountainous region, wide spread landslides (see Figs 9 and 10) have been major destructing factors, besides strong earthquake shaking (EEEV 2008, EERI 2008) About 20,000 fatalities, near one-fourth of the total, were caused by 15,000 geohazards in the form of landslides,... Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments Fig 4 Tsunami-Damaged Countries Around Indian Ocean, 2004 (UN OCHA 2005)  Two types of leading waves of tsunami were modelled back in 1994: a leading depression N-wave (LDN) and a leading elevation N-wave (LEN) Tide-gauge records on Fig 6 confirmed the validity of the earlier hydrodynamic modelling: LDN wave was . ADVANCES IN GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING – SOIL LIQUEFACTION AND SEISMIC SAFETY OF DAMS AND MONUMENTS Edited by Abbas Moustafa Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake. Town After Earthquake. http://www.eeri.org/site/meetings/us- china-us-china-symposium Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments. in general as well as with respect to lifelines facilities, and draws some conclusions. Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering – Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments